Libraries as the Future of Culture and History. Bibliotecas como o futuro da cultura e história. ISSN 1932-8559 ISSN 1932-8559
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Archive for the 'history of librarianship' Category Arquivo para a história da biblioteconomia 'Categoria
« Older Entries «Entradas mais antigos Library Journal and School Library Journal –Without Them 'The PushBack' Will Lose a Great Ally. Library Journal e School Library Journal, sem eles "O pushback" vai perder uma grande aliada. No. 8.6. No. 8.6. 2009. 2009. 108. 108.
Thursday, August 6th, 2009 Quinta-feira, 6 de agosto de 2009
In the 20 the century Library Journal and School Library Journal provided pushback against wrongs in the library world, support to those fighting for justice and voices of dissent that amplified the public sphere. Nos 20 do século Library Journal e School Library Journal desde pushback contra erros na biblioteca do mundo, de apoio àqueles que lutam por justiça e as vozes da dissidência que ampliaram a esfera pública.
The current notice of sale of these journals should cause us to take note of their importance to library workers. O atual anúncio de venda desses periódicos deve levar-nos a tomar conhecimento de sua importância para os trabalhadores da biblioteca.
The trio of brilliant editors– Eric Moon , John N. Berry III and Lillian Gerhardt provided the framework for a questing, vibrant librarianship that bears examination. O trio de brilhantes editores- Eric Moon , John N. Berry III e Gerhardt Lillian desde o quadro de uma vibrante questing biblioteconomia, que leva o exame. The center was the sheer bravery of these editors–their willingness to stand up, say what they thought and ask the library workers of the world to take public stands as well. O centro era a pura bravura destes editores, a sua vontade de se levantar, dizer o que pensavam e fazer os trabalhadores biblioteca do mundo a tomar posições públicas bem.
, ,
If death rattle Snark like the Annoyed Librarian can be jettisoned maybe these important journals will survive. Se estertor Snark como o bibliotecário Irritado pode ser descartada, talvez essas revistas importantes irão sobreviver.
Posted in Uncategorized , history of librarianship , library press | No Comments » Publicado em Uncategorized , a história da biblioteconomia , biblioteca de imprensa | No Comments »
Librarianship in Gilded Age America An Anthology of Writings, 1868–1901 . Biblioteconomia na América Gilded Age uma antologia de textos, 1868-1901. No. 8.5. No. 8.5. 2009.107. 2.009,107.
Wednesday, August 5th, 2009 Quarta-feira 5 de agosto de 2009
Librarianship in Gilded Age America Biblioteconomia na América Gilded Age
An Anthology of Writings, 1868–1901 Uma antologia de textos, 1868-1901
Edited by Leonard Schlup and Stephen H. Paschen Editado por Schlup Leonard e Stephen H. Paschen
ISBN 978-0-7864-4191-4 ISBN 978-0-7864-4191-4
photos, appendices, bibliography, index fotografias, apêndices, bibliografia, índice
[336]pp. [P. 336]. softcover (7 x 10) 2009. softcover (7 x 10) 2009.
Looks good, but women missing mostly. Parece bom, mas falta principalmente as mulheres.
Posted in history of librarianship , women | No Comments » Postado em história da biblioteconomia , mulheres | No Comments »
Librarian's Life. Librarian's Life. No. 7.22.2009. Não. 2009/07/22. 103. 103.
Wednesday, July 22nd, 2009 Quarta-feira, 22 de julho de 2009
—from Little Lyrics for Librarians by William Fitch Smyth (1857-1940). A partir Lyrics para bibliotecários por William Fitch Smyth (1857-1940).
See the whole story at Library History Buff Blog. Veja a história inteira na Biblioteca de História Buff Blog.
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Arsenal of Democracy: The Public Library. Arsenal da Democracia: A Biblioteca Pública. No. 3.30. N º 3.30. 2009. 2009. 51. 51.
Monday, March 30th, 2009 Segunda-feira, 30 de marco de 2009
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Great Arsenal of Democracy Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Great Arsenal da Democracia
speech delivered December 29, 1940. discurso proferido 29 dezembro de 1940.
The phrase, “Arsenal of Democracy,” has been used as the title of many many books, but our favorite arsenal is the public library: A frase, "O Arsenal da Democracia", tem sido utilizada como título de muitos livros, mas o nosso arsenal preferido é a biblioteca pública:
Arsenals of a democratic culture; a social history of the American public library movement by Sidney Herbert Ditzion. Arsenais de uma cultura democrática, uma história social da biblioteca movimento público americano por Sidney Herbert Ditzion. American Library Association, 1947. American Library Association, 1947.
Arsenal of democracy, the story of American war production , 1946. Arsenal da democracia, a história da produção de guerra americana , 1946.
Arsenal of democracy II : American military power in the 1980s , 1981. Arsenal da democracia II: o poder militar americano na década de 1980 , 1981.
Arsenal of democracy in the face of change : economic policy for industrial mobilization in the 1990s , 1989. Arsenal da democracia em face da mudança: a política económica para a mobilização industrial na década de 1990 , 1989.
Building the arsenal of democracy : the government's role in expansion of industrial capacity, 1940 to 1945 . Construindo o arsenal da democracia: o papel do governo na ampliação da capacidade industrial, 1940-1945 . 1994. 1994.
The Late, Great Arsenal of Democracy .1995. The Great, Arsenal Late of Democracy 0,1995.
An arsenal for democracy : media accountability systems , 2003. Um arsenal para a democracia: responsabilidade sistemas de mídia , 2003.
Arsenal of Democracy America's War on Terror Continues . Arsenal de Guerra da Democracia para a América o terror continua . 2004. 2004.
The arsenal of democracy in the age of terror : evaluating the effectiveness of military assistance as a counter-terrorism strategy , 2004. O arsenal da democracia na era do terror: avaliar a eficácia das intervenções militares como uma estratégia de luta contra o terrorismo , de 2004.
POETRY – Motown, Arsenal of Democracy , 2005. POESIA - Motown, o Arsenal da Democracia , 2005.
Detroit's wartime industry : arsenal of democracy , 2007. guerra da indústria de Detroit: arsenal da democracia , 2007.
And coming soon… Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security — From World War II to the War on Terrorism ,” will be published this fall by Julian E. Zelizer. E em breve ... Arsenal da Democracia: a política de Segurança Nacional - A partir da Segunda Guerra Mundial à Guerra contra o Terrorismo ", será publicado esta queda por Julian Zelizer E..
Posted in democracy , history of librarianship , public history , public libraries | No Comments » Publicado em democracia , a história da biblioteconomia , história da saúde pública , bibliotecas públicas | No Comments »
“Archives of Dissent.” No. 11.05.2008. "Archives of Dissent". No. 2008/11/05. 197. 197.
Wednesday, November 5th, 2008 Quarta-feira, 5 de novembro, 2008
The “Archives of Dissent” panel held at UC Berkeley 9/18/2008 can now be seen on YouTube: O Arquivo "do painel Dissent", realizada na Universidade de Berkeley 2008/09/18 pode agora ser visto no YouTube:
Archives of Dissent brought together librarians, curators, oral historians, conservators, publishers, booksellers, and others working to prevent the loss and erasure of radical voices, events and movements of both the past and the present. Archives of Dissent reuniu bibliotecários, museólogos, historiadores orais, restauradores, editores, livreiros, e outros que trabalhem para evitar a perda e de apagamento das vozes radicais, eventos e movimentos do passado e do presente.
It includes presentations by: Ele inclui apresentações por:
• Julie Herrada, Labadie Collection Librarian, University of Michigan, and curator of a “1968″ special exhibit. • Julie Herrada, Labadie Collection bibliotecário da Universidade de Michigan, e curador de "exibição especial 1968". The Labadie Collection is an internationally renowned archive of social protest materials. A coleção Labadie é um arquivo de renome internacional de materiais de protesto social.
• Kalim Smith –UC Berkeley doctoral student in anthropology and folklore, researching the preservation of Native American languages threatened with extinction. • Kalim Smith-UC Berkeley estudante de doutorado em antropologia e folclore, pesquisando a preservação de línguas americanas nativas ameaçadas de extinção.
• Lincoln Cushing, independent librarian and Docs Populi archivist. • Lincoln Cushing, bibliotecário independente e Docs Populi arquivista.
• Megan Shaw Prelinger & Rick Prelinger, Co-founders of the Prelinger Library • Megan Prelinger Shaw & Rick Prelinger, Co-fundadores da Biblioteca Prelinger
Posted in archives , history of librarianship , social justice | No Comments » Postado em arquivos , a história da biblioteconomia , da justiça social | No Comments »
“Poverty, Democracy and Public Libraries.” No. 5.11.2008. "Pobreza, Democracia e bibliotecas públicas." No. 2008/11/05. 88. 88.
Sunday, May 11th, 2008 Domingo, 11 de maio de 2008
I did this book chapter right after I wrote A Place at the Table . Eu fiz este capítulo do livro logo depois que eu escrevi um lugar na mesa . Much has happened since 2001, but I thought this might be useful for anyone wanting to review this aspect of the history of public Libraries. Muita coisa aconteceu desde 2001, mas eu pensei que isso poderia ser útil para quem deseja rever esse aspecto da história das bibliotecas públicas.
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Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones Bibliotecas e Democracia: os pilares of Liberty. da Liberdade.
Ed.Nancy Kranich, American Library Association, 2001. Ed.Nancy Kranich, Associação Americana de Bibliotecas, 2001.
(revised from); “Poverty, Democracy and Public Libraries.” (Revistas), "Pobreza, Democracia e Bibliotecas Públicas".
Kathleen de la Peña McCook Kathleen de la Peña McCook
1 . 1. Origins and Development of Public Library Service Framed As Contributory to Democracy Origens e Desenvolvimento do Serviço de Biblioteca Pública enquadrado como contribuinte para a Democracia
2. 2. Democracy for All Through Libraries? Democracia para todos através das bibliotecas? Standards, Principles, Role Setting and Transformation Normas, princípios, definição de funções e de Transformação
3. 3. The Search for Broad Mission A busca para a Missão Gerais
4 . 4. Local Communities Include Poor and Working Class People Comunidades locais incluem pobres e pessoas da classe trabalhadora
5. 5. Librarians, Democracy and the Implementation of the Poor People's Policy Bibliotecários, a Democracia ea implementação da Política Poor's Popular do
6. 6. Democracy: The Only Way Out of Poverty Democracia: A única maneira de sair da pobreza
Poverty, Democracy and Public Libraries , Democracia e Bibliotecas Públicas da Pobreza
A central feature of public librarianship in the United States is that librarians have worked to develop a climate of openness by defining library policies to create an institution where all are welcome. Uma característica central da biblioteconomia público nos Estados Unidos é que os bibliotecários têm trabalhado para desenvolver um clima de abertura, definindo políticas biblioteca para criar uma instituição onde todos são bem-vindos. In 1990 the American Library Association adopted the policy, “Library Services for the Poor,” in which it is stated, “it is crucial that libraries recognize their role in enabling poor people to participate fully in a democratic society, by utilizing a wide variety of available resources and strategies.” ( ALA Handbook of Organization, 1999-2000 , policy 61). Em 1990, a American Library Association adotou a política ", Biblioteca Serviços para os Pobres", em que se afirma, "é fundamental que as bibliotecas reconhecer o seu papel em permitir que as pessoas pobres de participar plenamente numa sociedade democrática, utilizando uma grande variedade dos recursos disponíveis e as estratégias. "(ALA Manual de Organização, 1999-2000, a política de 61). This policy was adopted because there had been a shifting level of emphasis in the interpretation of “openness” since the establishment of the public library. Esta política foi adotada porque havia um nível de mudança de ênfase na interpretação de "abertura" desde a criação da biblioteca pública. Open doors are very different from proactive service. Abra as portas são muito diferentes de serviço proativo. In this chapter the socio-economic context of poverty is explored to gain an understanding of the role librarians can play today to provide opportunity for poor people to participate in democracy. Neste capítulo, o contexto sócio-económico da pobreza é explorada para ganhar uma compreensão do papel dos bibliotecários pode jogar hoje para dar oportunidade para as pessoas pobres de participar na democracia. A brief review of key writing and documents that define public library service is provided to establish the historical foundation. Uma breve revisão da escrita e dos documentos-chave que definem o serviço de biblioteca pública está prevista para estabelecer a base histórica.
The administration and policy-setting of public agencies supported by taxes are not well understood by most residents. 1 Roads, schools, sanitation, police and fire protection, social services, and libraries are used when needed and relatively few residents attempt to influence or change their performance except at times of perceived crisis. A administração e de definição de políticas de organismos públicos suportados pelos impostos não são bem compreendidos pela maioria dos residentes de 1. Estradas, escolas, saneamento básico, da polícia e de protecção contra incêndios, serviços sociais, e as bibliotecas são utilizadas quando necessário, e alguns moradores relativamente tentativa de influenciar ou alterar seu desempenho, exceto em tempos de crise percebida. For the most part these public services are supported by taxes, administered by local jurisdictions and overseen by elected or appointed technical experts. Para a maior parte destes serviços públicos são suportados por impostos, administrados pelas jurisdições locais e supervisionados por eleição ou nomeação de peritos técnicos.
Changing the mode of operation of any public service by external means generally only takes place by legislation or administrative action (desegregation rulings, welfare-to-work regulations, zoning changes), or when an influx of new monies is available (community policing, funds for new construction). Mudar o modo de funcionamento de qualquer serviço público por meios externos, geralmente só ocorre por via legislativa ou administrativa (desagregação decisões, regulamentos de bem-estar ao trabalho, mudanças de zoneamento), ou quando um influxo de dinheiro novo está disponível (policiamento comunitário, os fundos para a construção de novo). Although such actions are the result of the political process, they are not often the result of action initiated at the local level. Embora tais ações é o resultado do processo político, não são muitas vezes o resultado da ação iniciada no nível local. Efforts by residents to affect public services they receive locally are almost always in reaction to specific situations rather than contributory to changes of broader policy. Os esforços dos moradores para afetar os serviços públicos que recebem no local são quase sempre em reacção a situações específicas e não contribui para mudanças de política mais abrangente. For instance, a road through a neighborhood to add better access to a big box store might bring residents to a zoning meeting only to learn that the zoning had been authorized years before. Por exemplo, uma estrada através de um bairro para adicionar um melhor acesso a uma caixa grande loja pode trazer os moradores para uma reunião de zoneamento apenas para descobrir que o zoneamento foi autorizada anos antes. While local boards and advisory entities provide some representation that drives the shape of public service, there is evidence that the actions and advice of these groups are no more representative of “all the people” than any other form of representative government. 2 Enquanto conselhos locais e entidades de consultoria fornecer alguma representação que dirige a forma de serviço público, há evidências de que as ações e pareceres destes grupos não são mais representativos de "todas as pessoas" do que qualquer outra forma de governo representativo, 2. This is not to say that there is not strong sentiment by public agencies for greater civic participation, but there is a need to foster inclusiveness with more commitment as Gates and O'Connor point out: “Working our collaborative and citizen-based efforts into the formal, local political structure will not only create policy that reflects the values of citizens but will also hasten reform of local government from that of a purely representative form to a highly participatory and dynamic decision-making structure.” 3 Isso não quer dizer que não há sentimento forte por órgãos públicos para uma maior participação cívica, mas existe uma necessidade de promover a inclusão com mais compromisso, Gates e O'Connor destacam-se: "Trabalhando a nossa colaboração e os esforços dos cidadãos com base na formal, a estrutura política local, não só criar uma política que reflita os valores dos cidadãos, mas também acelerar a reforma do governo local do que de uma forma puramente representativa para uma participativa e dinâmica a tomada de decisões estrutura altamente "3.
Agencies that operate in the public service sector must conduct self-analysis to make improvements that respond to community needs. As agências que operam no setor de serviço público deve realizar a auto-análise para fazer melhorias que respondem às necessidades da comunidade. Librarianship exemplifies a public service which carries out a sustained effort to improve services through a complex set of internal actions, association developmental activities and participation by working members. Biblioteconomia exemplifica um serviço público que realiza um esforço sustentado para melhorar os serviços através de um complexo conjunto de ações internas, a associação actividades de desenvolvimento e participação de membros de trabalho. While trustees and library board members do provide resident involvement, libraries have not been able to bring to their planning and policy deliberations a truly representative community voice. Embora administradores e membros do conselho biblioteca prevêem o envolvimento dos residentes, as bibliotecas não têm sido capazes de trazer para seu planejamento e deliberações políticas uma voz verdadeiramente representativa da comunidade.
To understand how librarians have broadened and strengthened their commitment to serving all people, by working with all people—especially poor people— to enhance participation in the democratic process is very complex. Para entender como os bibliotecários têm ampliado e reforçado seu compromisso para servir todas as pessoas, trabalhando com todas as pessoas, especialmente os pobres, para aumentar a participação no processo democrático é muito complexa. A general understanding of the origins of the public library movement and the work of librarians over the last 150 years to develop mechanisms to respond to their communities is necessary. Uma compreensão geral das origens do movimento biblioteca pública e do trabalho dos bibliotecários nos últimos 150 anos para se desenvolver mecanismos para responder às suas comunidades é necessária.
Origins and Development of Public Library Service Framed As Contributory to Democracy Origens e Desenvolvimento do Serviço de Biblioteca Pública enquadrado como contribuinte para a Democracia
“The modern public library in large measure represents the need of democracy for an enlightened electorate, and its history records its adaptation to changing social requirements.” "A biblioteca pública moderna, em larga medida representa a necessidade da democracia para um eleitorado esclarecido, e sua história registra a sua adaptação às novas exigências sociais."
–Jesse H. Shera, Foundations of the Public Library , 1949. 4 -Jesse H. Shera, Fundações da Biblioteca Pública, 1949 4.
It was over a century from the beginning of the establishment of a tax-supported public library in the United States to the first major histories of public library development. Foi mais de um século, desde o início da criação de uma biblioteca de impostos suportados público nos Estados Unidos as primeiras histórias importantes de desenvolvimento da biblioteca pública. In the years following World War II several major publications and actions established broad examination of the public library movement with a special focus on the democratic philosophies that framed it. Nos anos seguintes à Segunda Guerra Mundial, várias publicações importantes e ações estabelecidas análise ampla do movimento de biblioteca pública com um foco especial sobre a filosofia democrática que é enquadrada. Any serious considerations of democracy and libraries must be informed with knowledge of their contents. Todas as considerações sérias da democracia e bibliotecas devem ser informados com o conhecimento do seu conteúdo.
In Foundations of the Public Library Jesse H. Shera provided well-documented analysis of the factors leading to the public library, as we know it today. Em Fundações da Biblioteca Pública Jesse H. Shera desde bem documentada análise dos factores que conduziram à biblioteca pública, tal como a conhecemos hoje. Complex as these factors may be and somewhat open to interpretation, 5 it is Shera's identification of the democratizing function of the public library from its very founding that is important for this discussion. Complexos como estes fatores podem ser, e pouco abertas à interpretação, 5 é a identificação da função de Shera democratização da biblioteca pública de sua fundação, que é muito importante para esta discussão. Shera identified four factors linking the movement for universal schooling and the movement for tax-supported public libraries: Shera identificou quatro fatores que ligam o movimento para a educação universal eo movimento para o imposto suportado bibliotecas públicas:
a) a) A growing awareness of the ordinary man and his importance to the group, A crescente conscientização do homem comum e sua importância para o grupo,
b) b) The conviction that universal literacy is essential to an enlightened people, A convicção de que a alfabetização universal é essencial para um povo esclarecido,
c) c) A belief in the practical value of technical studies, A crença no valor prático de estudos técnicos,
d) d) An enthusiasm for education for its own sake. 6 Um entusiasmo para a educação por si só 6.
Understanding these factors has remained central to the conceptualization of public library service by the profession's leaders as it has been transmitted and reconfigured for each changing era. A compreensão desses fatores manteve central para a conceituação do serviço de biblioteca pública pelos líderes da profissão, tal como foi transmitido e reconfigurado a cada mudança de época. Exploring the contributions that the US public library makes to support democracy is not a new topic. Explorando as contribuições que a biblioteca faz E.U. público de apoio à democracia não é um tema novo. The monograph, Arsenals of a Democratic Culture by Sidney Ditzion (1947) analyzed the public library's role in supporting democracy. A monografia, arsenais de uma cultura democrática por Ditzion Sidney (1947) analisaram público o papel da biblioteca no apoio à democracia. Ditzion noted that in the latter decades of the nineteenth century libraries continued “the educational process where the schools left off and by conducting a people's university, a wholesome capable citizenry would be fully schooled in the conduct of a democratic life.” 7 Ditzion notar que nas últimas décadas do século XIX bibliotecas continuou: "o processo educacional das escolas onde parou e conduzindo as pessoas da universidade, um cidadão capaz saudável seriam totalmente educados na condução de uma vida democrática" 7.
The histories by Shera and Ditzion coincided with initiatives of the American Library Association to identify the future of the public library in a time of great change. As histórias por Shera e Ditzion coincidiu com as iniciativas da American Library Association para identificar o futuro da biblioteca pública em um momento de grande mudança. The National Plan for Public Library Service (1948) established two main objectives for public libraries: to promote enlightened citizenship and to enrich personal life. 8 The National Plan was the final part of the work of the American Library Association's Committee on Post-War Planning and formed part of the basis for the Public Library Inquiry. O Plano Nacional para a Biblioteca Pública de Serviço (1948) estabeleceu dois objectivos principais para as bibliotecas públicas: a iluminada cidadania promover e enriquecer a vida pessoal. 8 º O Plano Nacional foi a parte final do trabalho da American Library Association's Comité sobre Pós-Guerra Planejamento e fazia parte da base para a Biblioteca Pública de Inquérito.
In his analysis of the Public Library Inquiry (carried out and published between 1947-1952) Douglas Raber characterized the Inquiry as a professional legitimating project and noted that the discourse of the Inquiry, “constituted an exercise in identity creation that relied heavily on the role of the public library as a sustaining contributor to American democracy.” 9 Em sua análise da Biblioteca Pública Inquérito (realizados e publicados entre 1947-1952) Douglas Raber caracteriza o inquérito como um projeto de legitimação profissional e notou que o discurso do Inquérito, "constituiu um exercício de criação de identidade que dependia fortemente sobre o papel da biblioteca pública como um fator de sustentação para a democracia americana "9. The results of the Inquiry yielded some recommendations, that if followed, played down the role of the public library among the general public in favor of opinion leaders in the community. 10 This point was made by Robert D. Leigh, who, as director of the Inquiry, wrote the general report that is the most frequently consulted overview. Os resultados do inquérito produziu algumas recomendações, que se seguiu, minimizou o papel da biblioteca pública entre o público geral em favor dos líderes de opinião na comunidade. 10 Este ponto foi feito por Robert D. Leigh, que, como diretor de O inquérito, escreveu o relatório geral, que é a visão geral mais freqüentemente consultado. Leigh characterized opinion leaders as those for whom the public library was most important. 11 Leigh caracterizada líderes de opinião como aqueles para os quais a biblioteca pública era o mais importante 11.
These four events– the histories by Shera and Ditzion, the reports of the Committee on Post-War Planning, and the set of volumes issued by the Public Library Inquiry 12 – provided the framework in which US librarians worked at mid century. Estes quatro eventos, as histórias por Shera e Ditzion, os relatórios da Comissão de Pós-Guerra Planejamento, e do conjunto de volumes emitidos pela Biblioteca Pública de Inquérito 12 - desde que o quadro em que os bibliotecários E.U. trabalhou em meados do século. To gain an historical framework of the concepts linking democracy to libraries readers are directed to these books and primary source documents as well as the examination of the Public Library Inquiry by Raber, Librarianship and Legitimacy. Para obter um quadro histórico dos conceitos de democracia para os leitores que ligam as bibliotecas são direcionadas para esses livros e documentos de fonte primária, bem como o exame da Biblioteca Pública de Inquérito por Raber, Biblioteconomia e legitimidade. Suffice it to say that in the general perception—both of the public and the profession in general, as the nation moved into the second half of the century –the identification of libraries with the support and promotion of democracy was strong. Basta dizer que, no geral, tanto a percepção do público e da profissão em geral, como a nação se mudou para a segunda metade do século, a identificação das bibliotecas, com o apoio e promoção da democracia era forte.
Public librarians also worked diligently to assist immigrants and minorities as a central part of their mission and librarians have developed expertise in working with underserved groups. bibliotecários públicos também trabalharam diligentemente para ajudar imigrantes e das minorias, como parte central de sua missão e bibliotecários têm desenvolvido experiência em trabalhar com grupos carentes. In 1918 the American Library Association established the Committee on Work with the Foreign Born to address the need s of immigrants for library services, but also to assist with “Americanization.” Em 1918 a American Library Association estabeleceu a Comissão de Trabalho com o nascimento dos Negócios Estrangeiros para atender à necessidade s de imigrantes para os serviços de biblioteca, mas também para ajudar a "americanização".
Because the US southern states Porque os Estados do Sul E.U. did not permit African-Americans to use public libraries segregated facilities were established in some cities such as Charlotte , North Carolina ; Houston , Texas ; and Memphis , Tennessee . não permitir que Africano-americanos a utilizar as bibliotecas públicas segregadas instalações foram criadas em algumas cidades, como Charlotte, North Carolina, Houston, Texas, e Memphis, Tennessee. But very few libraries surveyed in 1922 employed African Americans or made special effort to serve this community . Mas poucas bibliotecas muito pesquisados em 1922 empregados Africano americanos ou fez um esforço especial para servir esta comunidade. Although there were some notable exceptions such as the Harlem branch of the New York Public Library, few African-Americans had library services until the New Deal initiatives of the 1930s under President Franklin Roosevelt. Embora houvesse algumas exceções notáveis, como o ramo do Harlem de Nova York Public Library, alguns Africano-americanos tinham serviços da biblioteca até que o negócio Novas iniciativas da década de 1930 sob a presidência de Franklin Roosevelt. By 1941 only four states had integrated library services for all. Em 1941, somente quatro estados tiveram serviços de biblioteca integrada para todos. [see:J ones, PA [Ver: os J, PA Jr. Libraries, Immigrants, and the American Experience : Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut 1999. Bibliotecas Jr., Imigrantes e da experiência americana: Greenwood Press: Westport, Connecticut, 1999. Josey, EJ The Black Librarian in America , Josey, EJ O Bibliotecário Black nos Estados Unidos, Scarecrow, Metuchen, NJ, 1970;; Tucker, JM Untold Stories: Civil Rights, Libraries and Black Librarianship. University of Illinois: Urbana-Champaign:, 1998; Dawson, A. "Celebrating African- American Librarians and Librarianship," Library Trends 49 (summer 2000), 49-87.] Espantalho, Metuchen, NJ, 1970;; Tucker, JM Untold Stories: Direitos Civil, Biblioteconomia e Bibliotecas Preto. Universidade de Illinois: Champaign-Urbana: de 1998 Dawson;, A. "Africano-Americano Bibliotecários Celebrar e Biblioteconomia," Tendências Biblioteca 49 (verão 2000), 49-87.]
DEMOCRACY FOR ALL THROUGH LIBRARIES: STANDARDS,PRINCIPLES,ROLE SETTING AND TRANSFORMATION Democracia para todos através de bibliotecas: normas, princípios, LOCAL PAPEL E TRANSFORMAÇÃO
“Public libraries continue to be of enduring importance to the maintenance "As bibliotecas públicas continuam a ser de uma importância efetiva para a manutenção
of our free democratic society. da nossa sociedade livre e democrática. There is no comparable institution in American life.” Não há nenhuma instituição comparável na vida americana. "
–Public Library Principles Task Force, 1982 13 Biblioteca Pública Princípios Task Force, 1982 13
As Leigh pointed out in The Public Library in the United States Como Leigh sublinhou na Biblioteca Pública dos Estados Unidos (1950) there was political efficacy in attending to the needs of opinion leaders, for from them would come support—especially as the nation's libraries sought broader funding through federal legislation during the '50s. (1950), houve eficácia política no atendimento às necessidades dos líderes de opinião, para a partir deles viria apoio, especialmente as bibliotecas do país procuraram mais amplo de financiamento, através de legislação federal durante os anos 50. In a study conducted by the System Development Corporation (SDC) for the US Office of Education, The Public Library and Federal Policy (1974) the authors noted, “The public library community must determine whether public libraries should be principally concerned with serving the information and library needs of the sophisticated information user or whether they should try to serve the needs of all segments of the population.” 14 Em um estudo realizado pelo Sistema de Desenvolvimento Corporation (SDC) para o Office E.U. da Educação, da Biblioteca Pública e da Política Federal (1974) observaram os autores, "A comunidade da biblioteca pública deve determinar se as bibliotecas públicas devem ser, principalmente, preocupado com as informações que servem e as necessidades da biblioteca do usuário de informação sofisticados, ou se deveria tentar atender às necessidades de todos os segmentos da população. "14 Leigh and the SDC study bracket the third-quarter of the 20 th century in terms of library direction. Leigh e suporte de estudo SDC terceiro quarto do século 20 º em termos de direção da biblioteca. Between the post-World War II histories and studies and the SDC study US librarians could look back to the years since World War II with recognition that the profession had endeavored to expand its service base without coming to consensus on who should receive priority for service. Entre o pós-II Guerra Mundial histórias e estudos e do SDC bibliotecários estudo E.U. poderia olhar para trás com os anos desde a II Guerra Mundial com o reconhecimento que a profissão tinha esforçado para expandir a sua base de serviços sem chegar a um consenso sobre quem deve receber prioridade para o serviço.
The Library Services Act passed in 1956 aided libraries in small towns and rural areas. A Biblioteca Services Act passou em 1956 ajudou bibliotecas em cidades pequenas e zonas rurais. Its successor, the Library Services and Construction Act passed in 1964 provided the means for brick and mortar and well as interlibrary cooperation. Seu sucessor, o Serviço de Biblioteca e Construção lei aprovada em 1964, desde que os meios de tijolo e argamassa e bem como a cooperação entre bibliotecas. Libraries also applied for and were awarded support under programs of the War on Poverty. As bibliotecas também foram solicitadas e concedidas ao abrigo de programas de apoio à guerra contra a pobreza. Participation in these programs was a factor that changed the way the profession looked at its articulation of service. A participação nestes programas é um fator que mudou a forma como a profissão olhou para a sua articulação de serviço.
While some have looked back at the demonstration projects of the War on Poverty period and decided that librarians tried to do too much, these projects nevertheless helped to foster a grassroots movement within the American Library Association that fought to expand the meaning of outreach. Embora alguns tenham olhou para os projectos de demonstração da guerra no período da Pobreza e decidiu que os bibliotecários tentaram fazer muito, esses projetos, no entanto, ajudaram a promover um movimento dentro da American Library Association que lutaram para expandir o significado de evangelismo. In 1968 the American Library Association Council voted to establish a Coordinating Committee on Service to the Disadvantaged which became the Office for Library Service to the Disadvantaged in 1970 (and today is the Office for Literacy and Outreach Services). Em 1968, a American Library Association Conselho votaram a favor da criação de um Comité de Coordenação de Serviço para os mais desfavorecidos, que se tornou o Instituto de Serviço de Biblioteca é a Carenciados em 1970 (e hoje o Instituto de Alfabetização e serviços de proximidade). This is the ALA home for the Subcommittee on Library Services to Poor and Homeless People. Esta é a casa ALA para a Subcomissão de Serviços de Biblioteca para os pobres e desabrigados. The Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT) of the American Library Association held its first formal meeting in 1969. A Responsabilidade Social Round Table (SRRT), da American Library Association realizou sua primeira reunião formal em 1969. Today SRRT includes a Task Force on Hunger, Homelessness and Poverty. Hoje SRRT inclui uma Força-Tarefa sobre a Fome, pobreza e pobreza.
A number of publications during and after the War on Poverty shaped ideals of the library as an agent for change and contributed to the dialogue about expanded activist service during this time. Um número de publicações durante e após a guerra contra a pobreza ideais de forma a biblioteca como um agente de mudança e contribuiu para o diálogo sobre a expansão do serviço ativista durante este tempo. These included (inter alia) the 1967 ALA survey, Library Services to the Disadvantaged, Margaret E. Monroe's “Readers' Services to the Disadvantaged in Inner Cities,” Kathleen Weibel's Evolution of Library Outreach 1960-1975, Helen Lyman's Literacy and the Nation's Libraries , and Clara S. Jones', Public Library and Information Referral Service. 15 Estes incluíam (entre outros) o inquérito ALA 1967, Biblioteca Serviços para os menos favorecidos, E. Monroe 's Margaret "Readers' Serviços para os menos favorecidos em Inner Cities", Weibel Evolution Kathleen da Biblioteca Outreach 1960-1975, Lyman de Alfabetização Helen e Nação Bibliotecas da e Clara S. Jones, Biblioteca Pública e Serviço de Consulta de Informação 15. The perspective of serving poor people was passionately described and well-defined by librarians during this period. A perspectiva de servir as pessoas pobres foi descrita apaixonadamente e bem definidos pelos bibliotecários, durante este período.
Over this same Durante este mesmo period (1950-1975) the American Library Association issued two standards documents (1956 and 1966). 16 The 1966 Standards came out amidst the War on Poverty and were seen as inadequate to the times. período (1950-1975) da American Library Association publicou dois documentos de normalização (1956 e 1966) 16. Normas de 1966 saiu no meio da guerra contra a pobreza e eram vistos como inadequados para os tempos. Many librarians felt that national standards could no longer reflect local community needs. bibliotecários Muitos sentiram que as normas nacionais poderiam já não reflectem as necessidades da comunidade local. In fact, the 1966 Minimum Standards for Public Library Systems would be the last effort at national public library standards issued by the Association. 17 Na verdade, a 1.966 normas mínimas para Biblioteca Pública de Sistemas seria o último esforço a nível nacional as normas da biblioteca pública emitido pela Associação 17.
The complex process of the Public Library Association moving from the 1966 standards to a planning process in the seventies is viewed by Verna L.Pungitore as a major innovation. O processo complexo da Biblioteca Pública Associação de movimento de 1966 as normas para um processo de planejamento na década de setenta é visto por Verna L. Pungitore como uma inovação importante. In her study of the adoption of the public library planning process Pungitore examined how the set of techniques, developed and promoted by the Public Library Association allowed public librarians to engage in user-oriented planning, community-specific role setting, and self-evaluation. 18 This transformation of planning for public library service replaced nationally developed standards with locally derived goals. Em seu estudo sobre a adoção do processo de planejamento biblioteca pública Pungitore examinaram como o conjunto de técnicas, desenvolvido e promovido pela Biblioteca Pública Associação permitido bibliotecários público a participar no planejamento orientada para o utilizador, definindo o papel da comunidade específica, e auto-avaliação. 18 Esta transformação do planejamento para o serviço de biblioteca pública substituído nacional desenvolvido com padrões derivados metas localmente. Attempts to track a particular value or focus—such as the role of democracy– are naturally more complex as the devolution of mission to the local level makes it inappropriate to identify generalizations about all public libraries. Tentativas de controlar um determinado valor ou o foco, como o papel da democracia são naturalmente mais complexos como a desconcentração da missão para o nível local torna inadequado para identificar generalizações sobre todas as bibliotecas públicas. McCook, reviewing the history of the activation of the library's clientele through the filter of standards observed that the planning process is “an iconoclastic challenge to the previous statements that tried to define the role and purpose of the public library…libraries are to develop services which their community needs. McCook, revendo a história da ativação da clientela da biblioteca através do filtro de normas observou que o processo de planejamento é "um desafio iconoclasta as declarações anteriores que tentaram definir o papel ea finalidade da biblioteca pública ... as bibliotecas para desenvolver serviços que sua comunidade necessita. There are no prescriptions offered.” 19 Não existem receitas oferecidas. "19
Once the Public Library Association developed the planning process, each public library had a methodology to use at the local level to develop its own mission, goals and objectives in collaboration with community and staff. Uma vez que a Biblioteca Pública Associação desenvolveu o processo de planejamento, cada biblioteca pública tinha uma metodologia para utilização a nível local para desenvolver a sua própria missão, metas e objetivos, em colaboração com a comunidade e funcionários. The 1980 manual, Planning Process for Public Libraries, and the 1982 Output Measures for Public Libraries provided the tools for planning and measurement. 20 The role of the public library in serving democracy was no longer a value imbedded in a formal public library standards document, for no such document existed at the national level. O manual de 1980, Processo de Planejamento de Bibliotecas Públicas, ea saída Medidas de 1982 para Bibliotecas Públicas forneceu os instrumentos de planejamento e de medição. 20 O papel da biblioteca pública ao serviço da democracia não era mais um valor embutido em um documento as normas da biblioteca pública formal, de tal documento existia a nível nacional.
There were two documents issued by the Public Library Association during the launching of the planning process that need examination in light of this discussion: The Public Library Mission Statement and Its Imperatives for Service 21 (1979), a product of the PLA Goals, Guidelines, and Standards Committee intended as a bridge between standards and the planning process and “The Public Library: Democracy's Resource, A Statement of Purpose,” 22 put together by the Public Library Principles Task Force in 1982. Havia dois documentos emitidos pela Biblioteca Pública de Associação, durante o lançamento do processo de planejamento que precisam de análise, à luz desta discussão: A Biblioteca Pública de Missão e seus imperativos para o serviço de 21 (1979), um produto das Metas do PLA, orientações, Standards Committee e pretende ser uma ponte entre as normas eo processo de planejamento e "A biblioteca pública: de Recursos democracia, uma Declaração de Propósito", 22 juntos pela Biblioteca Pública Princípios Task Force em 1982.
The Mission Statement was not well received. A Declaração de Missão não foi bem recebida. In fact, as Pungitore points out, some of the members of the Committee disavowed it after it was approved. 23 However, the Statement’s idealism reflected a desire by public librarians to have an over-arching mission statement while recognizing the need to establish a new methodology for local planning. De fato, como Pungitore aponta, alguns dos membros da Comissão negou-lo depois que foi aprovado. 23 No entanto, Declaração de idealismo reflete um desejo por bibliotecários público ter uma abrangente declaração de missão-over, reconhecendo a necessidade de estabelecer uma nova metodologia para o planejamento local. This Statement is an important reflection of the profession's thoughtful reaction to the ideas of the Other America. 24 The classic thesis (old standards), antithesis (1979 Mission Statement) , synthesis (1982“ Statement of Principles”/ new planning process) formulation works here. Esta declaração é uma reflexão importante é pensativo reação a profissão com as idéias da América Outros 24. A tese clássica (padrões de idade), antítese (1979 Mission Statement), a síntese (1982 a "Declaração de Princípios" / novo processo de planejamento) formulação de obras aqui.
The 1982 “Statement of Principles,” De 1982 "Declaração de Princípios", “ The Public Library: Democracy's Resource,” was issued amidst the adoption of the new Public Library Association planning process. "A Biblioteca Pública: Recurso Democracia", foi lançado em meio a adopção da nova Biblioteca Pública Associação processo de planejamento. It incorporated support for the planning model in its declaration. Ela integra suporte para o modelo de planejamento na sua declaração. This one page document (issued suitable for framing) identified the public library as offering access freely to all members of the community “without regard to race, citizenship, age, education level, economic status, or any other qualification or condition.” 25 It is a document of synthesis for it provides a strong sense of mission yet incorporates the new process of local role identification. Este documento de uma página (emitido apropriado para moldar) identificou a biblioteca pública, oferecendo acesso livre a todos os membros da comunidade ", sem distinção de raça, nacionalidade, idade, escolaridade, situação econômica, ou qualquer outra qualificação ou condição." 25 A é um documento de síntese para ele fornece um forte senso de missão ainda incorpora o novo processo de identificação do papel local.
By the late eighties the publications and initiatives that comprised the public library planning process were characterized as the Public Library Development Program (PLDP). Até o final dos anos oitenta as publicações e iniciativas que compõem o processo de planejamento público biblioteca foram caracterizados como a Biblioteca Pública do Programa de Desenvolvimento (PLDP). The publications issued under this designation included the Public Library Data Service Statistical Report and its ongoing annual successor, the Statistical Report, a 2 nd edition of Output Measures for Public Libraries (1987) , Planning and Role Setting for Public Libraries (1987), a manual for trainers (1988), Output Measures for Public Library Service to Children (1992) and Output Measures and More: Planning and Evaluating Public Library Services for Young Adults (1995). 26 As publicações editadas sob esta designação incluiu a Biblioteca Pública de Serviço de Dados e Relatório Estatístico seu sucessor em curso anual, o relatório estatístico, um nd 2 ª edição de Medidas de saída para Bibliotecas Públicas (1987), Planeamento e Ambiente Papel de Bibliotecas Públicas (1987), um manual para instrutores (1988), "Medidas de saída para Biblioteca Pública de Serviço à Criança (1992) e as medidas de saída e mais: Planejamento e Avaliação da Biblioteca Pública de Serviços para Jovens Adultos (1995) 26.
In 1994 the Public Library Association Committee on Planning and Evaluation commissioned a study to evaluate the effectiveness and re-define the direction of the PLDP as public libraries entered the 21 st century. Em 1994, a Biblioteca Pública do Comité de Associação de Planejamento e Avaliação encomendou um estudo para avaliar a eficácia e re-definir a direção do PLDP como bibliotecas públicas entrou no século 21. The study, “An Evaluation of the Public Library Development Program” completed in 1995 recommended a revised PDLP. 27 The Public Library Association then appointed a ReVision committee in 1996 to oversee the process in collaboration with consultants. O estudo, "Uma Avaliação da Biblioteca Pública do Programa de Desenvolvimento", completada em 1995 recomendou uma PDLP revista. 27 A Public Library Association, em seguida, nomeou um comitê de revisão, em 1996, para supervisionar o processo em colaboração com consultores. In 1998 Planning for Results: A Public Library Transformation Process was published as the new PLA planning document moving from library roles to library responses. Em 1998 Planejamento para Resultados: A Biblioteca Pública de Processo de Transformação foi publicado como documento de planejamento do PLA novo movimento dos papéis da biblioteca para biblioteca respostas. Among the changes was a new planning component highlighting the importance of community and visioning statements. 28 However, as pointed out in her analysis of the role of libraries in building communities, McCook identifies this point of connection as most crucial for public library inclusion in national community initiatives and not treated with sufficient attention. 29 Entre as mudanças foi um componente novo planejamento destacando a importância da comunidade e as declarações sobre a visão. 28 No entanto, como salientou na sua análise do papel das bibliotecas na construção de comunidades, McCook identifica esse ponto de conexão como a mais crucial para a inclusão na biblioteca pública nacional iniciativas da comunidade e não tratados com a devida atenção 29.
What can be seen by this summary of the move by public librarians from national standards to a planning and transformation process is an internal philosophical struggle to create a process that would reflect local community needs. O que pode ser visto por esse resumo do movimento pelos bibliotecários públicos a partir de normas nacionais para um planejamento e processo de transformação é uma luta interna filosófico para criar um processo que refletem as necessidades da comunidade local. This was carried out at the same time the nation, the states, and local jurisdictions were struggling to find ways to enable local communities to build capacity. Esta avaliação foi realizada ao mesmo tempo, a nação, os estados e jurisdições locais estavam lutando para encontrar formas de permitir que as comunidades locais para a construção de capacidade.
The Search for Broad Mission A busca para a Missão Gerais
“Since their inception, libraries have served as pivotal community institutions upholding, strengthening, and realizing some of the most fundamental democratic ideals of our society.” "Desde a sua criação, as bibliotecas têm servido como instituições comunitárias central a defesa, fortalecimento e realização de alguns dos ideais mais democráticos fundamentais da nossa sociedade."
–Nancy Kranich, “Libraries: The Cornerstone of Deomocracy.” 30 –2000 Nancy Kranich, "Bibliotecas: a pedra angular Deomocracy." 30 -2000
When the Public Library Association began to move to a planning process and the PLDP program in the place of national standards, the effort to establish a national mission for public libraries was no longer part of the PLA agenda although, as noted above the 1979 Mission Statement and 1982 “Democracy's Resource” statement were surely such efforts. Quando a Public Library Association começou a mover-se para um processo de planejamento e do programa PLDP no lugar de normas nacionais, o esforço para estabelecer uma missão nacional de bibliotecas públicas foi mais parte nenhuma da agenda PLA, embora, como mencionado acima de 1979 Missão e 1982 "Resource Democracia declaração" foram certamente esses esforços.
Ongoing debate on the mission of the public library included Hafner's 1994 reaffirmation of the library's democratic purpose and critique of the move to popularization. 31 While the PLA pulled back from broad mission definition regarding democracy for all libraries after 1982, the American Library Association and the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science continued to provide general statements of direction. debate em curso sobre a missão da biblioteca pública incluída em 1994 reafirmação Hafner da democrático finalidade biblioteca e crítica do movimento de popularização. 31 Embora o PLA puxado para trás da definição da missão amplo em matéria de democracia para todas as bibliotecas a partir de 1982, a American Library Association e da Comissão Nacional de Bibliotecas e Ciência da Informação continuou a prestar declarações gerais de direção. This is not a place for a sidebar on the role of the American Library Association or other entities versus ALA's type of library associations to speak for all libraries, but in the absence of a broad mission by the Public Library Association, such actions were inevitable. Este não é um lugar para uma barra lateral, sobre o papel da American Library Association e outras entidades versus tipo ALA de associações de bibliotecários para falar por todas as bibliotecas, mas na ausência de uma ampla missão da Biblioteca Pública de associação, tais ações foram inevitáveis.
In 1995 the ALA's journal, American Libraries, listed “12 Ways Libraries Are Good for the Country,” and included in the prefatory material the statement, “Libraries safeguard our freedom and keep democracy healthy.” Em 1995, o Jornal da ALA, American Libraries, enumerados "12 Ways Bibliotecas são boas para o País", e incluída no material preliminar da instrução, "Bibliotecas salvaguardar nossa liberdade e manter a democracia saudável." With a photograph of the Statue of Liberty in the background the first of the “12 Ways” listed was “to inform citizens,” because democracy and libraries have a symbiotic relationship. 32 Com uma fotografia da Estátua da Liberdade ao fundo a primeira das "12 Ways" foi listado "para informar os cidadãos", porque a democracia e bibliotecas têm uma relação simbiótica 32.
The 1999 ALA Council adopted the statement, “Libraries: An American Value,” included it as an official public policy statement (Policy 53.8), and printed it on the cover of the Association's 1999-2000 Handbook. This statement noted, “we preserve our democratic society by making available the widest possible range of viewpoints, opinions and ideas.” 33 That same year the ALA sponsored a Congress on Professional Education that resulted in an effort to develop “A Statement on Core Values,” 34 and the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science passed a resolution adopting the Principles for Public Library Service based on the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto. These Principles include the key mission that the public library will be a “gateway to knowledge,” and that “Freedom, Prosperity and the Development of Society and of individuals are fundamental human values. Em 1999, ALA Conselho aprovou a declaração, "Bibliotecas: An American Value", incluída como uma declaração de política pública oficial (Policy 53,8), e impresso na capa da Associação de 1999-2000, a Handbook. Esta declaração notável, "que preserve nossa sociedade democrática, disponibilizando o maior número possível de pontos de vista, opiniões e idéias. "33 Naquele mesmo ano, o ALA patrocinou um Congresso sobre Educação Profissional, que resultou em um esforço para desenvolver" A Declaração sobre a Core Values ", 34 e da Comissão Nacional de Bibliotecas e Ciência da Informação aprovou uma resolução que aprova os Princípios para Biblioteca Pública de Serviço baseado no Manifesto da UNESCO Biblioteca Pública. Esses princípios incluem a missão fundamental que a biblioteca pública será uma "porta de entrada para o conhecimento" e que "a liberdade, a prosperidade eo desenvolvimento da sociedade e dos indivíduos são valores humanos fundamentais. They will be attained through the ability of well-informed citizens to exercise their democratic rights and to play an active role in society.” 35 Eles serão alcançados através da capacidade de cidadãos bem informados para exercerem os seus direitos democráticos e ter um papel activo na sociedade. "35
This summary of the last fifty years of public libraries' efforts in the United States to establish standards and move to planning Este resumo dos últimos cinqüenta anos de esforços de bibliotecas públicas nos Estados Unidos para estabelecer padrões e mover-se ao planejamento at the start of a new century is a history of a sustained and consistent commitment to the ideals of democracy. no início do novo século é uma história de um compromisso sustentado e coerente com os ideais da democracia. The language and location of this commitment may vary from document to document, but the idea of democracy emerges again and again. A língua ea localização deste compromisso pode variar de um documento a documento, mas a idéia de democracia emerge novamente e novamente. The expansion of the idea of service in support of democracy became even broader during the War on Poverty to delineate the heretofore left behind. A expansão da idéia de serviço em prol da democracia tornou-se ainda maior durante a guerra contra a pobreza para delinear o até então deixados para trás. This caused consternation among some that libraries were trying to do too many things. Isso causou consternação entre alguns que as bibliotecas estavam tentando fazer coisas demais. Yet others held fast to a comprehensive commitment to work with all people. No entanto, enquanto outros sustentavam firme a um compromisso global para trabalhar com todas as pessoas. This summary is only intended to provide a foundation for asserting that public librarians have remained constant in their hearts. Este resumo destina-se apenas a fornecer uma base para afirmar que os bibliotecários públicos permaneceram constantes em seus corações. Though much labor has gone into procedures and techniques, the essence remains a firm commitment to democratic values. Apesar de muito trabalho foi em procedimentos e técnicas, a essência continua a ser um firme compromisso com os valores democráticos.
This essence is a temptation to metaphorical rhapsodizing that might seem too simple in its purity. Esta essência é uma tentação para rhapsodizing metafórica que pode parecer muito simples na sua pureza. But it can not be helped. Mas não pode ser ajudado. For librarians democracy is our arsenal, our cornerstone, our beacon, our strongest value. Para os bibliotecários a democracia é o nosso arsenal, a nossa base, nosso farol, nosso valor mais forte. And a commitment to democracy leads us without a doubt to be committed to serving poor people. E um compromisso com a democracia nos leva, sem dúvida, a ser comprometida em atender as pessoas pobres.
LOCAL COMMUNITIES INCLUDE POOR AND WORKING CLASS PEOPLE Comunidades locais incluem pobres e pessoas da classe trabalhadora
“Although we profess that we are citizens of a democracy, and although we may vote once every four years, millions of our people feel deep down in their heart of hearts that there is no place for them—that they do not 'count.' "Embora nós professamos que somos cidadãos de uma democracia, e embora possamos votar uma vez a cada quatro anos, milhões de nosso povo sente no fundo do fundo do coração que não há lugar para eles que eles contam não '. They have no voice of their own, no organization (which is really their own instead of absentee) to represent them, no way in which they may lay their hand and their heart to the shaping of their own destinies.” Eles não têm voz própria, nenhuma organização (que é realmente a sua própria, em vez de ausente) para representá-los, de maneira nenhuma em que se pode fixar a sua mão e seu coração para a formação de seus próprios destinos. "
–Saul Alinsky “Statement of Purpose of the Industrial Areas Foundation,” 36 – -Saul Alinsky "Declaração de Propósito da Fundação zonas industriais," 36 - 1941 1941
“When we say 'for the poor,' we do not take sides with one social class…what we do is invite all social classes, rich and poor without distinction, saying to everyone: Let us take seriously the cause of the poor as though it were our own.” "Quando dizemos 'para os pobres," nós não tomar partido de uma classe social ... o que fazemos é convidar todas as classes sociais, ricos e pobres sem distinção, dizendo a todos: "Vamos levar a sério a causa dos pobres, como se fosse a nossa. "
– Oscar Romero, The Violence of Love, 37 – - Oscar Romero, The Violence of Love, 37 - 1979 1979
The Public Library Association has developed powerful new tools that can assist public libraries in developing service configured to the needs of the local community. A Public Library Association desenvolveu novas ferramentas poderosas que podem ajudar no desenvolvimento de bibliotecas públicas de serviço configurado para as necessidades da comunidade local. The American Library Association at its policy levels has reaffirmed democracy as a central library value. A American Library Association em níveis reafirmou sua política de democracia como um valor biblioteca central. Citizen input and the librarian's connection to the community are crucial. This is where there lies a potential for misstep. The total community is not easily involved—not for community visioning, not for library visioning. Yet the ALA's policy on services to the poor, specifically objective 10, says that librarians have decided collectively that we will work to make this so. The policy states, “promoting direct representation of poor people and anti-poverty advocates through appointments to local boards…such appointments to include library-paid transportation and stipends.”
The standards and planning efforts by the Public Library Association are impressive for their sustained commitment by so many which is apparent and sincere. The best legacy these documents and processes provide is great freedom to work with communities and forge a vision. But there are many levels and layers of communities within any given community. There are homeowners, business people, professionals and the working poor. The communities with which the librarians find themselves most often working or the communities that choose to work with the librarian are most likely not the communities that include poor people. This is not an act of commission, but an act of omission. It is hard to get poor people to the many meetings at which vision statements are formed—not just for the library, but also for the community as a whole. Poor people are simply working too hard to be able to exercise their chances to participate in the democratic process in a way that is sustained enough for their voices to be heard.
Poverty in the United States is defined by a changing income level calculated since 1969 that is adjusted each year for inflation using the consumer price indexes. 38 In 2000 the poverty threshold was calculated at $8,350 for a single person and $17, 050 for a family of four. Yet this threshold is extremely inadequate for a modest standard of living. It is deceptive. It ignores the costs of childcare, difference in health insurance, and changes under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. 39
In the 2000 report, Does a Rising Tide Lift all Boats? labor economist Linda Barrington has constructed a series of poverty statistics that provide four major findings:
1) 1) Poverty has risen in both the number and share of those employed full-time and year round since 1973. Gains of the 1960s ceased in the mid-1970s.
2) 2) Long-term economic growth has had little impact on poverty among full-time workers.
3) 3) There are great differences in the poverty experience of full-time workers living in different regions of the country and belonging to different racial/ethnic groups.
4) 4) Ethnic minorities working full-time move in and out of poverty more often than whites. 40
The October, 2000 analysis of census data by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities reports that 11.9 percent of all US citizens still live in poverty and the child poverty rate is 16.9 percent. This means that 32.3 million people still live below the official poverty threshold of $17, 050 for a family of four. In fact, those who have remained poor have grown poorer. The poverty gap—the total amount by which the income of all poor households falls below the poverty line—has increased as the truly poor have experienced reductions in means-tested benefits that offset increases in earnings. The minimum wage still remains substantially below the levels of the 1970s in purchasing power. 41 Children are more likely to live in poverty than any other age group with eight percent of all American children living with incomes 50 percent below the poverty line. Additionally, it should be noted that many children (40 percent) are “near” poor and just above the poverty line. 42
In the State of Working America 2000-2001 it is made clear that the typical American family is working more hours, taking on high levels of household debt and that increases in income are based on more hours worked. Middle and lower income workers have increased time at work by 19 weeks since 1969. There is simply less time for middle and working class families. 43 This aspect of degraded family time is also explored by Theda Skocpol in The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy. 44
Without time to participate in community discussions poor and working class people seldom have their particular needs heard in community forums. Without the tools of discourse their efforts to be heard, even if they make them, are not. Librarians striving to develop comprehensive community involvement in planning must realize that to include poor and working class people there must be special effort. The involvement of the poor and working class in community development and the democratic process is critical if their needs are to be factored into decision-making. What can librarians do?
Librarians, Democracy and the Implementation of the Poor People's Policy
“The happiness of others is a goal worth pursuing, and the method for achieving it, democracy, is a risk worth taking.”
— Earl Shorris, Riches for the Poor, 45 – 2000
Participation in the democratic process requires a perception that one is a member of the community and that one can make an effect on the community. The May, 2000 issue of American Libraries focused on isolating aspects of poverty including homelessness, imprisonment, rural lack of connectivity and lack of access to the ideas of the humanities. 46 Providing a way to learn the ideas of the humanities as the way for poor people to break free of poverty has been presented by Earl Shorris in his book, Riches for the Poor, in which he lays out the argument that in the United States the poor have been excluded from the circle of power. 47 One way to ameliorate this is to provide an entrance to reflection and the political life through the humanities. 48 Shorris' case for the humanities as a “radical antidote to long-term poverty rests finally on the question of who is born human and to what extent a person is capable of enjoying his or her humanity.” 49 Shorris makes the point, like Jonathan Kozol in his book Ordinary Resurrections, that poor people in our society are seen as people who work to survive but are not given the given the opportunity for reflection. 50
What better service can librarians provide to poor people than to develop support for them at the beginning of a journey to full participation in democracy? The first step in this journey is, of course, literacy. The American Library Association has a long history of support to literacy initiatives as do state library agencies and libraries at the local level. 51 This support continues with renewed emphasis today. “Literacy in Libraries Across America” is a current three-year national initiative in partnership with the Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund designed to strengthen library-based adult literacy programs. programas. Its purpose is to support selected public libraries in their efforts to provide educational services to adult learners. Public libraries in four states are receiving a total of $2.7 million to improve the curriculum and instruction available to adult students. In addition, the libraries are expanding their use of computer technology and developing better methods to measure and document the gains made by learners. The Fund has made a related grant of $1.3 million to the ALA to coordinate technical assistance to participating libraries, organize a series conferences for participants, develop a telecommunications network, create a World Wide Web site for library literacy and implement other strategies to strengthen the field of library-based literacy programs. 52
Individuals make their own journey toward participation in democracy. The structure librarians can provide for adult literacy is a basic way to help poor people. Activating opportunities for new readers to have access to the ideas of the humanities is another way through support of reading and discussion programs such as National Connections or Prime Time Literacy, reading and discussion programs for new readers funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities. 53
With the integration of electronic technology in all aspects of US life and work librarians have made a concerted effort to provide equitable access to digital resources. This effort has had a national focus in the successful work to move from the LSCA to the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA) achieved in 1996. Administered through the Institute of Museum and Library Services the LSTA continues to make money available to local libraries through state agencies. Its priorities include electronic networking and targeting the unserved. 54 There are specific provisions for developing services to help people whose incomes are below the poverty threshold. Additional technology support for libraries serving communities with residents in poverty has come from the Gates Library Foundation which has partnered with libraries to provide access to the Internet.
Helping to create an information literate society is also a strong emphasis for librarians as exemplified by Nancy Kranich's Committee on Information Literacy Community Partnerships intended to bring together librarians and community members/organizations. Through this initiative librarians will “ help the public learn how to identify and evaluate information that is essential to making decisions that affect the way they live, work, learn and govern…. These are the critical-thinking skills so essential to lifelong learning, so necessary for effective participation in our democracy.” 55 One pertinent example of the kind of information literacy analysis that examines the use of technology for social activism demonstrates the need for information literacy to teach both paper-based and digital sources to support democratic citizen action. 56
Literacy, reflection on the ideas of the humanities and the ability to find and evaluate information in an information society are among the needs of poor people. The involvement of librarians in these initiatives working with poor people has come about because librarians have a history of collective action. The fifteen policy objectives of ALA's poor people's policy, as librarians work to achieve them, may all be seen as contributing to building a greater capacity for poor people to participate in the democratic process. But we still have much work to do.
DEMOCRACY: THE ONLY WAY OUT OF POVERTY
“To be prevented from participation in the political life of the community cannot but be a major deprivation.”
—Amartya Sen, “Democracy: The Only Way Out of Poverty, 57 – 2000. - 2000.
In his January 2000 presentation for the Wingspread Conference on “The New Information Commons,” Harry C. Boyte characterized civic professionalism as public craft that does not deny the importance of scientific knowledge, disciplined effort or assiduously learned skills but integrates such things into far more contextualized and interactive practice—work “with” people rather than simply “for” them. Professions practiced as public crafts add public judgment or wisdom to knowledge. Boyte goes on to state that forms of civic work influenced many professional traditions through most of the 20 th century, including librarians, who saw themselves as citizens first. 58 These ideas are explored in a forthcoming book by Ronald B. McCabe, Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Mission of the Public Library which reaffirms the traditional public library mission of providing education for a democratic society. 59
The social mission of the public library can only be activated through librarian participation in the life of the various communities served. For this reason some librarians participated in the Dialogue on Poverty 2000: Leading America to Community Action , the democracy project of the national network of community action agencies to re-engage Americans, especially poor people, with each other and the process of public policy development to address the dilemma of poverty in the midst of plenty. 60 Being with the community as its residents identify the direction they choose is at the heart of working with the community to build capacity for participating in democracy and making changes for a better quality of life. 61
And the responsibility of librarians extends beyond the local community to considerations of what can be done by librarians to ameliorate information inequity in a global context. These are the concerns of the International Federation of Library Association's Social Responsibilities Discussion Group identified in a composite paper edited by Alfred Kagan,”The Growing Gap between the Information Rich and the Information Poor Both Within and Between Countries.” 62 As librarians deliberate their role in supporting democracy among all people in the United States and among all people in the world the idea of a “pragmatic solidarity,” as optimistically described by Heena Patel in Dying for Growth . 63 can be supported by libraries. During Jubilee 2000 librarians can work with international organizations to provide information about relief for highly indebted poor countries. 64 Working with people librarians will practice their profession as a public craft recognizing with Amartya Sen, Nobel winner in economics, that democracy is the only way out of poverty. 65
McCook/Poverty
Notes Notas
1 Because many poor people may be undocumented or working in the United States without legal status the term “residents” is used throughout this paper rather than “citizens” to be more inclusive except in the case of quotations.
2 Jane Robbins, Citizen Participation and Public Library Policy (Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1975). This provides a thoughtful analysis of citizen participation that makes valid points of continuing value.
3 Christopher T. Gates and Drew O'Connor, “Toward a Healthy Democracy,” National Civic Review 89 (Summer 2000): 167.
4 Jesse H.Shera, Foundations of the Public Library: The Origins of the Public Library Movement in New England 1629-1855 (1949) reprint edition (Hamden, CT: Shoestring Press, 1974), p.vi.
5 See for instance, Michael H. Harris, “State, Class and Cultural Reproduction: Toward a Theory of Library Service in the United States,” in Advances in Librarianship , edited by Wesley Simonton (New York: Academic Press, 1986), pp. 211-252.
6 Shera, pp.221-222.
7 Sidney H. Ditzion, Arsenals of a Democratic Culture: A Social History of the American Public Library Movement in New England and the Middle States from 1850-1900 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1947), p. 74. 74.
8 Carlton B. Joeckel and Amy Winslow, A National Plan for Public Library Service (Chicago: American Library Association, 1948), p. 16. 16.
9 Douglas Raber, Librarianship and Legitimacy: The Ideology of the Public Library Inquiry (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997), p.3.
10 Kathleen de la Peña McCook (Heim), “Stimulation,” in The Service Imperative for Libraries: Essays in Honor of Margaret E. Monroe edited by Gail A. Schlachter (Littleton, CO.: Libraries Unlimited, p. 127.
11 Robert t D. Leigh, The Public Library in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), p. 19. 19.
12 The Public Library Inquiry consisted of seven volumes all published by Columbia University Press: Bernard Berelson, The Library's Public (1949); Alice I. Bryan, The Public Librarian (1952); Oliver Garceau, The Public Library in the Political Process (1949); Leigh, op.cit.; James L. McCamy, Government Publications for the Citizen (1949); William Miller, The Book Industry (1949); and Gloria Waldren, The Information Film (1949). Supplementary reports were issued on library finance, public use of the library, effects of the mass media, music materials, and work measurement. For complete list see Raber, op. cit, p.82.
13 Public Library Association, Public Library Principles Task Force, “”The Public Library: Democracy's Resource, A Statement of Principles,” Public Libraries 21 (1982): 92.
14 Jean B. Wellisch et al, The Public Library and Federal Policy. Sponsored by the System Development Corporation Under a Grant from the United States Office of Education. (Westport, CT,: Greenwood Press, 1974), p. 161. 161.
15 American Library Association, Committee on Economic Opportunity Programs, Library Service to the Disadvantaged: A Study Based on Responses to Questionnaires from Public Libraries Serving Populations over 15,000 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1969); Margaret E. Monroe, “Reader Services to the Disadvantaged in Inner Cities,” in Advances in Librarianship edited by Melvin J. Voight (New York: Seminar Press, 1971), pp. 253-274; Kathleen Weibel, The Evolution of Library Outreach, 1960-1975 and Its Effects on Reader Services: Some Considerations (University of Illinois, Occasional Paper, Number 16. Urbana, IL.: Graduate School of Library and Information Science, 1982). ERIC ED 231376; Helen Lyman, Literacy and the Nation's Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1977); Clara S. Jones, Public Library Information and Referral Service (Syracuse, NY: Gaylord Professional Publications, 1978).
16 American Library Association, Coordinating Committee on Revision of Public Library Standards, Public Library Service: A Guide to Evaluation, with Minimum Standards (Chicago: ALA, 1956); American Library Association, Public Library Association, Standards Committee, Minimum Standards for Public Library Systems, 1966 (Chicago: ALA, 1967).
17 States, however, did continue to develop standards. It should be noted that actions of the Public Library Association and the American Library Association which tend to be the narrative thread that is followed in this discussion, are by no means the entire story of the development of public library mission and direction. State library agencies through their own long-range planning, state library associations, federal entities such as the Department of Education's Office of Library Programs, the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science, (and today the Institute on Museums and Library Services), private foundations, multi-type library consortia, library systems and local libraries and their boards are all participants in the constant process of deliberating on the directions of public library service.
18 18 Verna L. Pungitore, Innovation and the Library: The Adoption of New Ideas in Public Libraries (Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press, 1995), p. xi. xi.
19 McCook, “Stimulation,” p. 134. 134.
20 Vernon E. Palmour et al. A Planning Process for Public Libraries (Chicago, American Library Association, 1980); Douglas L. Zweizig and Eleanor Jo Rodger, Output Measures for Public Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1982).
21 Public Library Association, Goals, Guidelines and Standards Committee, The Public Library Mission Statement and Its Imperatives for Service (Chicago: American Library Association, 1979).
22 Public Library Association, Public Library Principles Task Force.
23 Pungitore, p.94.
24 Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States (New York, Macmillan, 1962). While libraries do not figure in the works of Harrington, readers might be interested to note that, as a student at St. Louis University High School, Edward M. Harrington was a member of the Library Association. See Maurice Isserman, The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington (New York: Public Affairs, 2000), photo following page 178.
25 Public Library Association. Public Library Principles Task Force.
26 26 Public Library Association, Public Library Data Service, Statistical Report (annual, 1992—present) (Chicago: Public Library Association) continues Public Library Data Service Statistical Report (Chicago: Public Library Association, 1988-1991); Nancy Van House, et. al Output Measures for Public Libraries: A Manual of Standardized Procedures (Chicago: American Library Association, 1987); Charles R. McClure, et. al, Planning and Role Setting for Public Libraries: A Manual of Options and Procedures (Chicago: American Library Association, 1987); Peggy O'Donnell, Public Library Development Program: Manual for Trainers (Chicago: American Library Association, 1988); Virginia A. Walter, Output Measures for Public Library Service to Children: A Manual of Standardized Procedures (Chicago: Association for Library Services to Children, Public Library Association, American Library Association, 1992) and Virginia A. Walter, Output Measures and More: Planning and Evaluating Public Library Services for Young Adults (Chicago: Young Adult Library Services Association, Public Library Association, American Library Association, 1995) The committee, association and consultant collaboration that resulted in the PLDP projects are explained with clarity by Pungitore, in “PLDP: The Modified Innovation,” 107-119.
27 Debra Wilcox Johnson, “An Evaluation of the Public Library Development Program,” for the Public Library Association, 1995.
28. 28. Ethel Himmel and William James Wilson with the ReVision Committee of the Public Library Association, Planniong for Results: A Public Library Transformation Process (Chicago, American Library Association, 1998).
29 Kathleen de la Peña McCook, A Place at the Table: Participating in Community Building (Chicago: American Library Association, 2000), p. 29. 29.
30 Nancy Kranich, “Libraries: The Cornerstone of Democracy,” American Libraries 31 (August 2000): 5.
31. 31. Arthur W. Hafner and Jennifer Sterling-Folker, “Democratic Ideals and the American Public Libraru,” in Democracy and the Public Library (Westport,CT: Greenwood Press, 1994),pp. 9-43.
32 12 Ways Libraries are Good for the Country,” American Libraries 26 (December 1995): 1113-1119. Also on the American Libraries website at http://www.ala.org.alonline/news/12ways.html
33 33 American Library Association, ALA Handbook of Organization 1999-2000 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999, p. 45.
34 “Librarianship and Information Service: A Statement on Core Values,” http://www.ala.org/congress/corevalues/draft5.html
35 ”NCLIS Adopts Principles for Public Library Service,” http://www.nclis.gov/news/pr99.html
36 Saul Alinsky, “Statement of Purpose of the Industrial Areas Foundation,” as quoted in Sanford D. Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel: Saul Alinsky, His Life and Legacy (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), p. 105. 105.
37 Oscar Romero, The Violence of Love (compiled and translated by James R. Brockman, SJ) (Farmington, PA: The Plough Publishing Co., 1998), p. 162. 162.
38 Gordon M. Fisher, “The Development and History of the Poverty Thresholds,” Social Security Bulletin 55 (Winter, 1992): 3-14.
39 “Revising the Poverty Measure,” Focus 19 (Spring, 1998). This is the newsletter of the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison. This issue reports on the project, “Implementing New Measures of American Poverty,” funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation.
40 Linda Barrington, Does a Rising Tide Lift All Boats? America's Full-Time Working Poor Reap Limited Gains in the New Economy (New York: The Conference Board, 2000) p. 5. 5.
41 Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, “Poverty Rate Hits Lowest Level Since 1979 as Unemployment Reaches a 30-Year Low,”—news release, October 10, 2000. http://www.cbpp.org/9-26-00pov.htm
42 National Center for Children in Poverty, “Young Child Poverty Fact Sheet,”—July, 2000. http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/nccp/ycpf.html
43 Lawrence Mishel, et. al. The State of Working America 2000-2001 (Cornell University Press, 2001).
44 Theda Skocpol, The Missing Middle: Working Families and the Future of American Social Policy (New York: WW Norton & Co., 2000).
45 Earl Shorris, Riches for the Poor: The Clemente Course in the Humanities (New York: WW Norton, 2000), p.256.
46 Kathleen de la Peña McCook, “Ending the Isolation of Poor People,” American Libraries 31 (May, 2000): 45.
47 Earl Shorris, Riches for the Poor: The Clemente Course in the Humanities (New York: WW Norton, 2000), p.72.
48 Shorris, p. 100. 100.
49 Shorris, p. 115. 115.
50 Jonathan Kozol, Ordinary Resurrections: Children in the Years of Hope (New York: Crown Publishers, 2000).
51 Gary O. Rolstad, “Literacy Services in Public Libraries,” in Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries edited by KMHeim and Danny P. Wallace (Chicago: American Library Association, 1990), pp. 245-265.
52 American Library Association, Office for Literacy and Outreach Services, “Literacy in Libraries Across America,” http://www.ala.org/literacy
53 McCook, Place at the Table, p.63. (For background on National Connections); Prime Time Reading Program http://www.ala.org/publicprograms/primetim/guidelines.html
54 Gwen Gregory, “ From Construction to Technology: An Update on Federal Funding American Libraries 30 (June/July, 1999): 22-23. See also Institute of Museums and Libraries http://www.imls.gov/
55 Nancy Kranich, “ Building Partnerships for 21 st Century Literacy,” American Libraries 31 (September, 2000): 7.
56 Dorothy A. Warner and John Buschman, “The Internet and Social Activism: Savage Inequalities Revisited,” Progressive Librarian 17 (Summer 2000): 44-53.
57 Amartya Sen, “Democracy: The Only Way Out of Poverty” New Perspectives Quarterly 17 (Winter, 2000): 29.
58 Harry C.Boyte, “Professions as Public Crafts,” prepared for the Wingspread Conference on the New Information Commons. Center for Democracy and Citizenship. http://www.publicwork.org/case/nic2000.htm
59 Ronald B. McCabe, Civic Librarianship: Renewing the Social Mission of the Public Library (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow 2001).
60 Dialogue on Poverty 2000: Leading America to Community Action. “National Data Report, Preliminary Findings. http://www.nacaa.org/d2.htm
61 Kathleen de la Peña McCook, “Librarians and Comprehensive Community Initiatives,” Reference and User Services Quarterly 40 (Fall 2000): 20-22.
62 Alfred Kagan, ed. “The Growing Gap between the Information Rich and the Information Poor, Both Within Countries and Between Countries.” IFLA Social Responsibilities Discussion Group in Alternative Library Literature,1998/1999 ed. By Sanford Berman and James P. Danky (Jefferson,NC: McFarland & Company,Inc., 2000),pp. 293-300. See also the IFLA website for revision of recommendations http://www.ifla.org/VII/dg/srdg/index.html#1
62 Heena Patel et al, “Pragmatic Solidarity,” in Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000), p. 392. 392.
63 Robert W. Edgar, “Jubilee 2000:Paying Our Debts.” The Nation 271 (April 24, 2000):20-21.
63 Amartya Sen, p. 29. 29.
========== ==========
Article from pages: 28-46.
Kathleen de la Peña McCook is distinguished professor of library and information science at the University of South Florida (USF) in Tampa. She has chaired the American Library Association, Advisory Committee for the Office for Literacy and Outreach Services.
Posted in KdlPMcC , adult education , democracy , history of librarianship , poverty , public libraries | No Comments »
“Libraries over the whole land.” 4.13.2008.65.
Sunday, April 13th, 2008 Domingo 13 abril, 2008
“Had I the power, I would scatter libraries over the whole land, as the sower sows his wheat-field.”
–Horace Mann, 1883.
== ==
I saw the Horace Mann quote on an e-mail announcement from Caroline Nappo [Information Services,Library of the Health Sciences-Urbana].
I was able to find reference to it in the Educational history of Ohio a history of its progress since the formation of the state, together with the portraits and biographies of past and present state officials.
by James Jesse Burns, Harvard, 1905, p. 425. 425.
Posted in adult education , history of librarianship | No Comments »
Updated Standards for the Accreditation of Library & Information Science Programs by the American Library Association Strengthen Commitment to Social Justice and Diversity. No.1.21.2008.21.
Monday, January 21st, 2008
Programs that educate librarians can be accredited by the American Library Association. Accreditation is a voluntary, nongovernmental, and collegial process of self-review and peer review. The American Library Association's (ALA) Committee on Accreditation (COA) accredits programs leading to the first professional degree in library and information studies, which is the master's degree.
At the 2008 Midwinter Meeting the American Library Association Council approved updating the language in Accreditation Standards related to diversity. See lines 110 to 114 of the Foreword and lines 150, 190, 240, 278, and 494.
Rationale: The 1992 Standards include consistent use of the expression “multicultural, multiethnic, and multilingual.” COA and the Subcommittee found this expression, while
sweeping, to nonetheless lack inclusiveness. The updating process concluded that any enumerative approach to describing diversity would not be as inclusive as is ALA's policy 60, in particular, 60.5.
LINE CHANGES PRESENTED:
The American Library Association's policy 60.5, “Library Education to meet the Needs
111 of a Diverse Society,” encourages graduate library and information science programs to
112 ensure that their student bodies, faculties, and curricula reflect the diverse histories and
113 information needs of all people that are served. These standards should be interpreted in
114 the spirit of that policy.
150 I.2.8 the role of library and information services in a diverse global society, including the
151 role of serving the needs of underserved groups
190 II.3.4 responds to the needs of a diverse society including the needs of underserved
191 groups
III.3 The school has policies to recruit and retain faculty from diverse backgrounds.
241 Explicit and equitable faculty personnel policies and procedures are published,
242 accessible, and implemented.
The school has policies to recruit and retain students
278 who reflect the diversity of North America's communities. The composition of the A composição da
279 student body is such that it fosters a learning environment consistent with the school's
280 mission and program goals and objectives.
The nature of twenty-first century society, which is demonstrably diverse, is referenced
488 throughout the Standards because of the desire to recognize diversity, defined in the
489 broadest terms, when framing goals and objectives, designing curricula, and selecting and
490 retaining faculty and students.
Deleted: ”multicultural, multiethnic,
and multilingual”
491 491
492 492
493 The most important issues at the time of the revision (1989-1992) were these: action
494 orientation; definition of the field; discrimination; distance education; diversity;
495 excellence; future focus; globalization; innovation; interaction with other fields of study
496 and other campus units; management; multiple degree programs; ongoing evaluation
497 processes; philosophy, principles and ethics; research; specialization; technology; users.
Posted in American Library Association , Library Services for the Poor , disabilities , diversity , history of librarianship , human rights , librarian education , librarians , social justice | No Comments »
Open Content Alliance.No. 1.2.2008. 2. 2.
Wednesday, January 2nd, 2008
The Internet Archive (IA), under the leadership of cofounder and director Brewster Kahle, began the Open Content Alliance in 2005 with the initial goal of extending IA's reach “to help bring digital materials online or take the 'born digital' and help make them more readily accessible” into the world of book digitization. The 501(c)3 nonprofit Internet Archive did not stick to the non-profit sector for partners — counting Yahoo! as one of its founders and Microsoft as an early (though now ex-) partner in the Alliance. Kahle described the IA's mission as “born out of the digital opportunity of universal access to all knowledge. The idea of getting all the books, music, video on the Net and making them accessible to people anywhere … that's where we're coming from.”
See the OPEN LIBRARY.
Posted in history of librarianship , open libraries | No Comments »
John Buschman, Ed D'Angelo, Al Gore, Public Libraries and the Public Sphere. No. 6.3. 2007. 2007. 118. 118.
Sunday, June 3rd, 2007
2003: 2003:
Dismantling the Public Sphere: Situating and Sustaining Librarianship in the Age of the New Public Philosophy [Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, 2003] by John E. Buschman is a reasoned defense of the importance of libraries in a democratic society.
2004: 2004:
In Introduction to Public Librarianship . [New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2004] I argued that public librarians stimulate community discussion on issues through support of events like the National Issues Forum, reading discussion programs, such as, “A Response to September 11,” and reading viewing programs, such as, “The Sixties: Decade of Crisis and Change.”. Public libraries activate the public sphere through support of life-long learning and discussion programs and strengthen the public's desire for opportunities to address issues that are salient to the community.
2006: 2006:
In Barbarians at the Gate of the Public Library: How Post Modern Consumer Capitalism Threatens Democracy, Civil education and the Public Good [Library Juice Press, 2006] Ed D'Angelo analyzes how government policymakers have missed the most important function of a public library, which is to promote and sustain the knowledge and values necessary for a democratic civilization.
2007: 2007:
Now in Assault on Reason: How the Politics of Fear, Secrecy, and Blind Faith Subvert Wise Decision Making, Degrade Our Democracy, and Put Our Country and Our World in Peril [Penguin, 2007], Al Gore has written a manifesto that shows the connection between democracy and informed voters. Librarianship has a core literature on the importance of the public sphere as argued by Buschman and others (above, inter alia) that provides the antidote to the assault on reason.
Al Gore won the 2006 Academcy Award for documentary film for An Inconvenient Truth , the slideshow documentary (paired with a more reflective and personal book) that warned of global warming's mortal threat to mankind. With his new book, Assault on Reason , Al Gore has given us another urgent warning – that our democracy is slip-sliding away from its moorings - in a very different book that does not concern our physical survival, but is perhaps more serious.
Drawing on psychology, neuroscience, history and his own long career in government, Gore puts forth the persuasive premise that American democracy flourished under a print-based “marketplace of ideas” where reason reigned supreme. But with the rise of television and money's increasing domination of politics (specifically the 30-second TV ad), reason has played a diminished role in our public discourse – and, thanks to the Bush administration, it has come under assault.
== ==
More books by Librarians on the public sphere and librarians' role in civic discussion:
Libraries & Democracy: the Cornerstones of Liberty. Ed. Ed. By Nancy Kranich. [ALA, 2001].
Civic Librarianship .
By Ronald B. McCabe [Scarecrow, 2001].
A Place at the Table: Participating in Community Building. By Kathleen de la Peña McCook. [ALA, 2000].
Posted in George W. Bush , KdlPMcC , democracy , history of librarianship , intellectual freedom , politicians , public libraries , public sphere | No Comments »
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Kathleen de la Peña McCook, AFT Local 7463.
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Texto original em inglês:
The trio of brilliant editors– Eric Moon , John N. Berry III and Lillian Gerhardt provided the framework for a questing, vibrant librarianship that bears examination.
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