sábado, 26 de junho de 2010

1209 - LISTA DAS MELHORES FACULDADES DE CIÊNCIAS SOCIAIS NO MUNDO

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College and university rankings rankings da faculdade e universidade
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College and university rankings are lists of universities or equivalent institutions (eg liberal arts colleges ) in higher education , an order determined by any combination of factors. Faculdade e universidade rankings são listas de universidades ou instituições equivalentes (por exemplo, colégios de artes liberais ) na educação superior , uma ordem determinada por uma combinação de fatores. Rankings can be based on subjectively perceived "quality," on some combination of empirical statistics, or on surveys of educators, scholars, students, prospective students or others. Rankings pode basear-se subjetivamente percebido "qualidade", em uma combinação de estatísticas empíricas, ou em pesquisas de educadores, acadêmicos, estudantes, futuros ou outros. Rankings are often consulted by prospective students and their parents in the university and college admissions process. Rankings são frequentemente consultado por potenciais alunos e seus pais na universidade e colégio admissões processo.

In addition to rankings of institutions, there are also rankings of specific academic programs, departments, and schools. Além do ranking das instituições, há também rankings específicos de programas acadêmicos, departamentos e escolas. Rankings are conducted by magazines and newspapers and in some instances by academic practitioners. Rankings são realizadas por revistas e jornais e em alguns casos, por profissionais acadêmicos. (See, for example, law school rankings in the United States .) (Veja, por exemplo, o direito rankings escolares nos Estados Unidos .)

Rankings may vary significantly from country to country. [ citation needed ] Colleges outside of the English speaking world are believed to have a distinct disadvantage. [ citation needed ] [ according to whom? ] A Cornell University study found that the rankings in the United States significantly affected colleges' applications and admissions. [ 1 ] In the United Kingdom , several newspapers publish league tables which rank universities. Rankings podem variar significativamente de país para país. [ carece de fontes? ] faculdades fora do mundo falam Inglês são acreditados para ter uma desvantagem distinta. [ carece de fontes? ] [ de acordo com quem? ] A Universidade de Cornell estudo encontrou que as classificações no Estados Unidos significativamente afetados "aplicações faculdades e internações. [1] No Reino Unido , vários jornais publicam tabelas classificativas que classificam as universidades.

There has been much debate since the late 1990s about both the usefulness and political correctness of college rankings in the United States. Tem havido muita discussão desde o final dos anos 1990 sobre a utilidade e tanto politicamente correcto dos rankings da faculdade nos Estados Unidos. Some higher education experts, like Kevin Carey of Education Sector, have argued that such rankings as the US News and World Report' s college rankings system is merely a list of criteria that mirrors the superficial characteristics of elite colleges and universities. Alguns especialistas em educação superior, como Kevin Carey do Setor de Educação, têm argumentado que os rankings como o E.U. News and World Report 's College sistema de rankings é apenas uma lista de critérios que espelha as características superficiais de faculdades e universidades de elite. According to Carey, "[The] US News ranking system is deeply flawed. Instead of focusing on the fundamental issues of how well colleges and universities educate their students and how well they prepare them to be successful after college, the magazine's rankings are almost entirely a function of three factors: fame, wealth, and exclusivity." De acordo com Carey, "[A] E.U. sistema News ranking é profundamente errada. Em vez de focalizar as questões fundamentais de como as faculdades e universidades educar os seus alunos e como eles prepará-los para ser bem sucedido após a faculdade, os rankings das revistas são quase inteiramente uma função de três fatores: fama, riqueza e exclusividade. " He suggests that there are more important characteristics parents and students should research to select colleges, such as how well students are learning and how likely students are to earn a degree. [ 2 ] Ele sugere que existem importantes características mais pais e alunos devem pesquisar para selecionar colégios, como o quão bem os alunos estão aprendendo e como provavelmente os estudantes estão a ganhar um grau. [2]

Contents Conteúdo [hide]
1 International rankings from regional organizations Um ranking internacional de organizações regionais
1.1 Academic Ranking of World Universities 1,1 Ranking Académico das Universidades do Mundo
1.2 G-Factor 1,2 G Factor-
1.3 Global University Ranking 1,3 Universidade Global Ranking
1.4 HEEACT – Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities 1,4 HEEACT - Ranking de Performance de Artigos Científicos de Universidades do Mundo
1.5 Newsweek 1,5 Newsweek
1.6 SCImago institutions rankings: 2009 world report 1,6 ranking das instituições SCImago: Relatório Mundial 2009
1.7 THE – QS World University Rankings 1.7 - QS World University Rankings
1.8 Webometrics 1,8 Webometrics
1.9 Wuhan University 1,9 Universidade de Wuhan
2 Regional and national rankings 2 Regional e rankings nacionais
2.1 Africa 2.1 África
2.1.1 Egypt 2.1.1 Brasil
2.1.2 Ghana 2.1.2 Gana
2.1.3 Nigeria 2.1.3 Nigéria
2.1.4 South Africa 2.1.4 África do Sul
2.2 Asia 2,2 Ásia
2.2.1 China 2.2.1 China
2.2.2 Iran 2.2.2 Irã
2.2.3 Pakistan 2.2.3 Paquistão
2.2.4 India 2.2.4 Índia
2.2.5 Philippines 2.2.5 Brasil
2.3 Europe 2.3 Europa
2.3.1 European Union 2.3.1 União Europeia
2.3.2 France 2.3.2 França
2.3.3 Germany 2.3.3 Alemanha
2.3.4 Ireland 2.3.4 Irlanda
2.3.5 Italy 2.3.5 Itália
2.3.6 Romania 2.3.6 Roménia
2.3.7 Switzerland 2.3.7 Suíça
2.3.8 UK 2.3.8 Reino Unido
2.3.9 Ukraine 2.3.9 Ucrânia
2.4 South America 2,4 América do Sul
2.4.1 Argentina 2.4.1 Argentina
2.4.2 Brazil 2.4.2 Brasil
2.5 North America 2,5 América do Norte
2.5.1 Canada 2.5.1 Brasil
2.5.2 USA 2.5.2 E.U.A.
2.5.2.1 US News & World Report College and University rankings 2.5.2.1 E.U. News & World Report College e Universidade rankings
2.5.2.2 United States National Research Council Rankings 2.5.2.2 Estados Unidos Ranking Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa
2.5.2.3 Faculty Scholarly Productivity rankings 2.5.2.3 Faculdade douta rankings de produtividade
2.5.2.4 The Top American Research Universities 2.5.2.4 A investigação universidades americanas Top
2.5.2.5 Washington Monthly College rankings 2.5.2.5 Washington Monthly rankings College
2.5.2.6 Forbes College rankings 2.5.2.6 Forbes rankings College
2.5.2.7 Other rankings of US universities 2.5.2.7 Outros rankings de universidades E.U.
2.5.3 Mexico 2.5.3 México
2.5.3.1 Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM) 2.5.3.1 Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM)
3 Criticism (North America) Crítica 3 (América do Norte)
3.1 2007 movement 3,1 2,007 movimento
4 See also 4 Veja também
5 References 5 Referências
6 External links 6 ligações externas
6.1 Further reading 6.1 Leitura adicional
6.2 Ranking publishers Ranking 6,2 editores


[ edit ] International rankings from regional organizations [ editar rankings Internacional] de organizações regionais
Several regional organizations (arranged alphabetically here) provide worldwide rankings, including: Várias organizações regionais (em ordem alfabética aqui) fornecer rankings mundiais, incluindo:

[ edit ] Academic Ranking of World Universities [ editar ] Academic Ranking Mundial de Universidades
Main article: Academic Ranking of World Universities Ver artigo principal: Ranking Mundial de Universidades Acadêmica


Average positions from 3 International rankings: Newsweek , Academic Ranking of World Universities and Times Higher Education . posições média de três rankings internacionais: Newsweek , Academic Ranking Mundial de Universidades e Times Higher Education . Please note that some positions have changed, as this table was last updated in 2008. Por favor note que algumas posições mudaram, como este quadro foi atualizado em 2008. The Academic Ranking of World Universities compiled by the Shanghai Jiao Tong University , which was a large-scale Chinese project to provide independent rankings of universities around the world primarily to measure the gap between Chinese and "world class" universities. O Ranking Académico das Universidades do Mundo compilada pela Shanghai Jiao Tong University , que era uma escala chinesa grande projeto para fornecer rankings independentes das universidades ao redor do mundo principalmente para medir a diferença entre "classe mundial e chinesa" das universidades. The results have often been cited by The Economist magazine in ranking universities of the world. [ 3 ] As with all rankings, there are issues of methodology, and one of the primary criticisms of the ranking is its bias towards the natural sciences , over other subjects and English language science journals. [ 4 ] This is evidenced by the inclusion of criteria such as the volume of articles published by Science or Nature (both Journals devoted to the natural sciences published in English), or the number of Nobel Prize winners (which are predominantly awarded to the physical sciences) and Fields Medalists (mathematics). [ 4 ] Furthermore, the ranking does not take into the account whether those winners are still associated with the institutes nor consider where the award winning works were performed. Os resultados têm sido muitas vezes citado por The Economist revista em universidades do ranking mundial. [3] Como em todos os rankings, há questões de metodologia, e uma das principais críticas do ranking é o seu preconceito em relação ao das ciências naturais , em detrimento de outros assuntos de ciência e revistas idioma Inglês. [4] Isto é evidenciado pela inclusão de critérios como o volume de artigos publicados pela Science ou Nature (ambas as revistas dedicadas às ciências naturais publicada em Inglês), ou o número do Prêmio Nobel vencedores ( que são predominantemente atribuídos às ciências físicas) e Campos Medalhistas (matemática). [4] Além disso, o ranking não leva em conta se os vencedores são ainda associados com os institutos nem considerar que o premiado obras foram realizadas. As a result, it creates a superficial phantom award counting game in favor of older and more established institutes even though these institutes may not have active winners in their faculty rosters, or the rich American institutes that attract prize winners with big financial reward even though no award winning work was done there. Como resultado, cria-se um prêmio superficial fantasma contando jogo a favor dos mais velhos e institutos estabelecidas, mesmo que estes institutos não pode ter vencedores ativo em escalas de seu corpo docente, ou pelos institutos americanos ricos que atraem os vencedores do prémio com grande recompensa financeira, embora não trabalho premiado foi feito lá. Counting the number of articles in Nature and Science Journals as one of the major criteria in ranking institutes appears highly superficial because many award winning works were not published in these journals. Contando o número de artigos em revistas científicas Nature e como um dos critérios principais institutos ranking parece muito superficial, porque muitos trabalhos premiados prêmio não foram publicados nessas revistas. In addition to the criticisms, a 2007 paper from the peer-reviewed journal Scientometrics finds that the results from the Shanghai university rankings are irreproducible. [ 5 ] Além das críticas, um documento de 2007 do jornal peer-reviewed Scientometrics considera que os resultados dos rankings universitários de Xangai são irreproduzíveis. [5]

[ edit ] G-Factor [ editar ] G-Factor
A ranking of university and college web presence, the G-Factor methodology counts the number of links only from other university websites relying solely on Google 's search engine. Um ranking de universidades e presença na web da faculdade, o G-Factor metodologia de contagem do número de ligações só da universidade de outros sites baseando-se unicamente no Google é a pesquisa "motor. The G-Factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each university's website from the combined perspectives of the creators of many other university websites. O G-Factor é um indicador da popularidade ou da importância do website de cada universidade a partir das perspectivas combinadas dos criadores de muitos sites de outras universidades. It is therefore claims to be a kind of extensive and objective peer review of a university through its website – in social network theory terminology, the G-Factor measures the centrality of each university's website in the network of university websites. [ 6 ] É, portanto, pretende ser uma espécie de objectivo de revisão por pares e extenso de uma universidade através do seu website - na terminologia de rede teoria social, o G-Factor mede a centralidade da universidade de cada website na rede de sites da universidade. [6]

[ edit ] Global University Ranking [ editar ] Ranking Global da Universidade
Main article: Global University Ranking Ver artigo principal: Global University Ranking
Global University Ranking is ranking of over 400 "world-known" universities by the RatER, a Russian -based non-commercial independent rating agency supported by the academic society of Russia. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The methodology uses the pool of universities from what it has determined are the four main global rankings (Academic Rankings of World Universities, HEEACT, Times-QS, and Webometrics) and utilizes a pool of "experts" formed by project officials and managers to determine the rating scales for every indicator of performance of the universities in seven areas including academic performance, research performance, faculty expertise, resource availability, socially significant activities of graduates, international activities of the university, and international opinion of foreign universities. Global University Ranking ranking é de mais de 400 "mundo conhecido" universidades pelo Rater, um russo baseado comercial independente da agência de classificação não-apoiadas pela sociedade acadêmica da Rússia. [7] [8] A metodologia utiliza o pool de universidades o que determinou as quatro principais rankings mundiais (Academic Ranking Mundial de Universidades, HEEACT, Times-QS, e Webometrics) e utiliza um conjunto de "especialistas", formado por funcionários e gerentes de projeto para determinar as escalas de avaliação para cada indicador de desempenho das universidades em sete áreas, incluindo o desempenho acadêmico, o desempenho da investigação, a perícia do corpo docente, a disponibilidade de recursos, as actividades socialmente significativo de licenciados, as atividades internacionais da universidade, e da opinião internacional de universidades estrangeiras. Each expert performs his own evaluation of performance indicators of all the universities. Cada perito realiza sua própria avaliação de indicadores de desempenho de todas as universidades. The final evaluation of each indicator is determined as the average of all the expert evaluations. [ 9 ] A avaliação final de cada indicador é determinado como a média de todas as avaliações de especialistas. [9]

[ edit ] HEEACT – Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities [ editar ] HEEACT - Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universidades
Main article: HEEACT – Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities Ver artigo principal: HEEACT - Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universidades
The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities is a bibliometric based ranking produced by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan. [ 10 ] The performance measures are composed of eight indicators (11 years articles, Current articles, 11 years citations, Current citations, Average citations, H-index, Highly cited papers, High Impact journal articles) representing three different criteria of scientific papers performance: research productivity, research impact, and research excellence. A Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universidades é um ranking produzido pela bibliométricos da Educação Superior do Conselho de Avaliação e Acreditação de Taiwan. [10] As medidas de desempenho são compostos de oito indicadores (11 anos artigos, artigos atuais, 11 citações anos, atual citações, citações Average, índice H, altamente citados documentos, artigos de periódicos de alto impacto), representando três critérios diferentes de trabalhos científicos de desempenho: produtividade da pesquisa, impacto da pesquisa e excelência da investigação. This project employs bibliometric methods to analyze and rank the scientific papers performances of the top 500 worlds' universities and the top 300 worlds' universities among six fields. Este projeto emprega métodos bibliométricos para analisar e classificar o desempenho científico papéis das universidades top 500 do mundo e as universidades top 300 do mundo "entre os seis campos.

The HEEACT performance ranking system is designed for research universities. O desempenho HEEACT sistema de classificação é concebido para as universidades de pesquisa. The objective indicators used in this ranking system are designed measure both long-term and short-term research performance of each university. Os indicadores objectivos utilizados neste sistema de classificação são projetados medir tanto a longo prazo e de curto prazo do desempenho da pesquisa de cada universidade. The 2007 ranking methodology was determined to favor universities with medical schools, and in response, HEEACT added additional fields of ranking to the ranking. [ citation needed ] The six fields based rankings are based on the subject categorization of WOS, including Agriculture & Environment Sciences (AGE)、Clinical Medicine (MED)、Engineering, Computing & Technology (ENG)、Life Sciences (LIFE)、Natural Sciences (SCI) and Social Sciences (SOC). A metodologia do ranking de 2007 foi decidida a favor universidades com as escolas médicas, e em resposta, acrescentou HEEACT campos adicionais de classificação para o ranking. [ carece de fontes? ] Os seis campos de rankings baseados baseiam-se no tema da categorização WOS, incluindo Agricultura e Ciências Ambientais (AGE), Clínica Médica (MED), Engenharia, Informática e Tecnologia (ENG), Ciências da Vida (LIFE), Ciências Naturais (SCI) e Ciências Sociais (SOC).

[ edit ] Newsweek [ editar ] Newsweek
In August 2006, the American magazine Newsweek published a ranking of the Top 100 Global Universities , utilizing selected criteria from two pre-existing rankings (the Academic Ranking of World Universities by Shanghai Jiao Tong University and The Times Higher Education-QS rankings), with the additional criterion of library holdings (number of volumes). Em agosto de 2006, a revista americana Newsweek publicou um ranking das 100 melhores universidades do Global , utilizando critérios selecionados a partir de duas classificações pré-existentes (o Ranking Académico das Universidades do Mundo pela Shanghai Jiao Tong University e The Times-QS rankings Educação Superior), com o critério adicional de acervo da biblioteca (número de volumes). It aimed at taking into account openness and diversity, as well as distinction in research'. [ 11 ] Objetivou-se, tendo em conta a abertura e diversidade, bem como a distinção na investigação ". [11]

[ edit ] SCImago institutions rankings: 2009 world report [ editar SCImago rankings] instituições: Relatório Mundial 2009
SCImago Research Group's SCImago institutions rankings: 2009 world report ranks all institutions which had more than 100 outputs indexed in the multinational publishing giant Elsevier's Scopus database in 2007. Grupo de Pesquisa do SCImago instituições SCImago rankings: 2009 World Report classifica todas as instituições que tiveram mais de 100 saídas indexados no gigante multinacional de publicação da base de dados Scopus, da Elsevier em 2007. The ranking comprises 1,527 higher education institutions, 335 health organisations, 216 government organisations, 29 private bodies and 17 other organisations. O ranking é composto por 1.527 instituições de ensino superior, 335 organizações de saúde, 216 organizações do governo, 29 entidades privadas e 17 outras organizações. SCImago derives five measures from the Scopus database: total outputs, cites per document (which are heavily influenced by field of research as well as research quality), international collaboration, normalised Scimago journal rank and normalised citations per output [1] but the total output is the only criteria used for ranking. SCImago deriva cinco medidas do banco de dados Scopus: produção total, cita por documento (que são fortemente influenciados pelo campo de pesquisa, bem como a qualidade da pesquisa), a colaboração internacional, normalizado SCImago Journal Rank e citações normalizada por saída [1] mas a produção total é o único critério utilizado para a classificação.

[ edit ] THE – QS World University Rankings [ editar ] THE - QS World University Rankings
Main article: THES – QS World University Rankings Ver artigo principal: THES - QS World University Rankings
Main article: Times Higher Education World University Rankings Ver artigo principal: Times Higher World University Rankings Educação
From 2004 to 2009 Times Higher Education , a British publication on higher education, published the annual THE – QS World University Rankings in association with Quacquarelli Symonds . De 2004 a 2009 Times Higher Education , um britânico publicação no ensino superior, publicado no DO anuais - QS World University Rankings em associação com Quacquarelli Symonds . Times Higher Education published a table of the top 200 universities in the world and QS approximately 500 online, in book form, and via media partners such as US News and World Report. [ 12 ] Times Higher Education publicou uma tabela do top 200 universidades no mundo e cerca de 500 QS online, em formato de livro, e através de parceiros de mídia como E.U. News and World Report. [12]

Many more non-US universities (especially British) populate the upper tier of the THE ranking than appear prominently in other ranking systems. [ 13 ] The THE – QS ranking faces criticism due to the more subjective nature of its assessment criteria, which are largely based on a peer review of over 9000 scholars and academics in various fields and of over 3000 recruiters of graduates from around the world. [ 14 ] The best-known college and university rankings in the United States—compiled by US News & World Report —bases its "World's Best Universities" rankings on data from the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings . [ 15 ] Muitos não-americanos mais universidades (principalmente britânicos) preencher a camada superior do ranking de AS, bem visível em outros sistemas de classificação. [13] O DA QS ranking - enfrenta críticas devido à natureza mais subjetiva da avaliação de seus critérios, que são largamente com base numa avaliação dos pares das mais de 9000 pesquisadores e acadêmicos em diversas áreas e de mais de 3.000 recrutas graduados de todo o mundo. [14], mais conhecido colégio e rankings universitários nos Estados Unidos, compilados pela E.U. News & World Report - baseia o seu "Best Universidades do Mundo" rankings em dados do Times Higher Education QS World University Rankings- . [15]

On 30 October 2009, Times Higher Education broke with QS and signed an agreement with Thomson Reuters to provide the data for its annual World University Rankings, which are now called Times Higher Education World University Rankings . Em 30 de Outubro de 2009, Times Higher Education quebrou a QS e assinou um acordo com Reuters fornecer os dados para a sua anual World University Rankings, que agora são chamados de Times Higher World University Rankings Educação . The magazine will develop a new rankings methodology in the coming months, in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and the firm. A revista irá desenvolver uma metodologia rankings de novo nos próximos meses, em consulta com seus leitores, seu conselho editorial e da empresa. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education . Thomson Reuters irá coletar e analisar os dados utilizados para produzir os rankings em nome do Times Higher Education. The results will be published annually from autumn 2010. Os resultados serão publicados anualmente a partir do Outono de 2010. THE has stated that academic opinion will form part of its new offering. O afirmou que a opinião acadêmica farão parte da sua nova oferta.

QS, which has collected and analysed the rankings data for the past six years, will no longer have any involvement with Times Higher Education ’s World University Rankings. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] QS, que recolheu e analisou os dados do ranking nos últimos seis anos, deixará de ter qualquer envolvimento com o Times Higher Education 's World University Rankings. [16] [17]

Instead, QS will continue to use data from Scopus , part of the Elsevier publishing group, its own data gathering, and its own peer and recruiter review, to produce its World University Rankings. Em vez disso, QS continuará a usar dados de Scopus , uma parte da Elsevier grupo editorial, a coleta de dados próprios, e os seus próprios pares e revisão recruta, para produzir o seu World University Rankings. These are regarded as a stable product in universities around the world, and QS is keen to maintain them as a valuable reference for the global academic community. Estes são considerados como um produto estável em universidades de todo o mundo, e QS está empenhada em mantê-las como uma referência valiosa para a comunidade acadêmica mundial. QS is adding to them with new outputs such as the Asian University Rankings, [ 18 ] published first in 2009 and for the second time in 2010. QS está adicionando-lhes novas saídas, como a Universidade da Ásia Rankings, [18], publicado pela primeira vez em 2009 e pela segunda vez em 2010. QS managing director Nunzio Quacquarelli has stated that he welcomes more competition in this arena, as no ranking system can ever be completely right for all purposes. QS o diretor Nunzio Quacquarelli afirmou que ele recebe mais concorrência nesta área, como nenhum sistema de classificação pode ser completamente adequado para todos os fins. The rankings will be published online, [ 19 ] by media partners including US News and World Report, in book form and by other routes. O ranking será publicado online, [19] por parceiros de mídia, incluindo E.U. News and World Report, em forma de livro e por outras vias. The web site has over five million visitors per year. O site tem mais de cinco milhões de visitantes por ano.

In two subsequent research papers [ 20 ] [ 21 ] published by Academic Leadership (2009), then in an article [ 22 ] published by Times Higher Education, Paul Z. Jambor of Korea University established the connection between any unfavorable image/reputation universities may develop (and/or their association, by country, to those universities linked to the wrongdoing) to a halt in their climb or even to a drop in their Times Higher Education – QS World University Rankings . Em duas pesquisas posteriores [20] [21], publicado pela Academic Leadership (2009), em seguida, em um artigo [22], publicado pelo Times Higher Education, Z. Paul Jambor de Coréia Universidade estabeleceram a ligação entre qualquer imagem desfavorável / universidades reputação pode desenvolver (e / ou sua associação, por país, para as universidades ligadas ao delito) para uma parada em sua escalada ou até mesmo uma queda em suas Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings . This is because 40% and 10% of THE – QS World Methodology is based on Academic Peer Review and Employer Review respectively. Isso ocorre porque 40% e 10% de THE - QS World metodologia baseia-se na Académica Peer Review e revisão do empregador, respectivamente. In essence, any unfavorable image developed by a group of universities, associated by country, tends to harm their collective rankings. Em essência, qualquer imagem desfavorável desenvolvido por um grupo de universidades, associados com o país, tende a prejudicar os seus rankings coletivos. For this reason, universities worldwide should seriously consider adhering to internationally accepted standards so that they don not run the risk of sliding in the ranks on the international front. Por este motivo, as universidades em todo o mundo deveria considerar seriamente a observância das normas internacionalmente aceites de modo que eles não não correr o risco de deslizamento nas fileiras na frente internacional.

However, the Times Higher Education -QS World University Rankings have been criticised by many more [ 23 ] for placing too much emphasis on peer review, which receives 40 per cent of the overall score. No entanto, a Times Higher Education -QS World University Rankings têm sido criticadas por muitos mais [23] para colocar muita ênfase também na revisão por pares, que recebe 40 por cento da pontuação geral. Some people have expressed concern about the manner in which the peer review has been carried out. [ 24 ] In a report, [ 25 ] Peter Wills from the University of Auckland, New Zealand wrote of the Times Higher Education -QS World University Rankings: Algumas pessoas expressaram preocupação sobre a maneira pela qual a revisão pelos pares foi realizada. [24] Em um relatório, [25] Peter Wills da Universidade de Auckland, Nova Zelândia, escreveu do Times Higher Education QS World University Rankings-:

“But we note also that this survey establishes its rankings by appealing to university staff, even offering financial enticements to participate (see Appendix II). "Mas notamos também que este estudo estabelece a sua classificação, apelando para o pessoal da universidade, até mesmo oferecendo atrativos financeiros para participar (ver anexo II). Staff are likely to feel it is in their greatest interest to rank their own institution more highly than others. Funcionários são prováveis sentir que está em seu maior interesse para classificar a sua própria instituição muito mais do que outros. This means the results of the survey and any apparent change in ranking are highly questionable, and that a high ranking has no real intrinsic value in any case. Isto significa que os resultados do inquérito e qualquer mudança aparente no ranking são altamente questionáveis, e que uma alta classificação não tem valor intrínseco real, em qualquer caso. We are vehemently opposed to the evaluation of the University according to the outcome of such PR competitions.” Nós somos veementemente contra a avaliação da Universidade de acordo com os resultados de tais competições PR. "

Some errors have also been reported in the faculty-student ratio used in the ranking. Alguns erros também foram relatados na relação aluno-faculdade utilizado no ranking. At the 16th Annual New Zealand International Education Conference held at Christchurch, New Zealand in August 2007, Simon Marginson presented a paper [ 26 ] that outlines the fundamental flaws underlying the Times Higher Education -QS World University Rankings. Aos 16 Annual New Zealand International Education Conference, realizada em Christchurch, Nova Zelândia em agosto de 2007, Simon Marginson apresentou um documento [26] que descreve as falhas fundamentais subjacentes ao Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings. A similar article [ 27 ] (also published by the same author) appeared in The Australian newspaper in December 2006. Um artigo similar [27] (também publicado pelo mesmo autor) apareceu no jornal The Australian, em Dezembro de 2006. Some of the points mentioned include: Alguns dos pontos mencionados incluem:

“Half of the THES index is comprised by existing reputation: 40 per cent by a reputational survey of academics ('peer review'), and another 10 per cent determined by a survey of 'global employers'. "Metade do índice é composto por THES reputação existentes: 40 por cento por uma pesquisa de reputação dos acadêmicos (" peer review "), e outros 10 por cento determinada por um exame de 'empregadores global. The THES index is too easily open to manipulation as it is not specified who is surveyed or what questions are asked. O índice THES é muito fácil abrir a manipulação, pois não está especificado que seja vistoriada ou que perguntas sejam feitas. By changing the recipients of the surveys, or the way the survey results are factored in, the results can be shifted markedly. Ao alterar os beneficiários dos inquéritos, ou a forma como os resultados da pesquisa são fatorados dentro, os resultados podem ser deslocadas acentuadamente.

The pool of responses is heavily weighted in favour of academic 'peers' from nations where The Times ( sic ) is well-known, such as the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and so on. O conjunto de respostas é desequilibrada em favor do acadêmico "pares" de nações onde os tempos (sic) é bem conhecida, como o Reino Unido, Austrália, Nova Zelândia, Malásia e assim por diante.
It's good when people say nice things about you, but if it is better when those things are true. É bom quando as pessoas dizem coisas boas sobre você, mas se é melhor quando essas coisas são verdadeiras. It is hard to resist the temptation to use the THES rankings in institutional marketing, but it would be a serious strategic error to assume that they are soundly based. É difícil resistir à tentação de usar o ranking THES em marketing institucional, mas seria um erro estratégico grave supor que eles são uma base sólida.
Results have been highly volatile. Os resultados têm sido altamente volátil. There have been many sharp rises and falls, especially in the second half of the THES top 200 where small differences in metrics can generate large rankings effects. Fudan in China has oscillated between 72 and 195, RMIT in Australia between 55 and 146. Tem havido muitos grandes aumentos e quedas, especialmente na segunda metade do THES top 200, onde as pequenas diferenças em métricas podem gerar grandes efeitos rankings. Fudan, na China, tem oscilado entre 72 e 195, RMIT , na Austrália entre 55 e 146. In the US, Emory has risen from 173 to 56 and Purdue fell from 59 to 127.” Em os E.U., Emory aumentou 173-56 e Purdue caiu 59-127.
[ edit ] Webometrics [ editar ] Webometrics
Main article: Webometrics Ranking of World Universities Ver artigo principal: Ranking Mundial de Universidades Webometrics
The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities is produced by the Cybermetrics Lab (CCHS), a unit of the National Research Council (CSIC), the main public research body in Spain. O Webometrics Ranking Mundial de Universidades é produzido pelo laboratório Cybermetrics (CCHS), uma unidade da National Research Council (CSIC), o principal organismo de investigação público em Espanha. It offers information about more than 6,000 universities according to their web-presence (a computerised assessment of the scholarly contents and visibility and impact of the whole university webdomain). Ele oferece informações sobre mais de 6.000 universidades de acordo com sua presença na web (uma avaliação computadorizada dos conteúdos acadêmicos e visibilidade eo impacto do webdomain universidade inteira).

The Webometrics Ranking is built from a database of over 16,000 universities. O Webometrics Ranking é construído a partir de um banco de dados de mais de 16 mil universitários. The Top 6,000 universities are shown in the main rank, but even more are covered in the regional lists. O Top 6.000 universidades são mostradas na categoria principal, mas ainda mais são abrangidos nas listas regionais. Institutions from developing countries benefit from this policy as they obtain knowledge of their current position even if they are not World-Class Universities. Instituições de países em desenvolvimento beneficiar desta política, que tenham conhecimento de sua posição atual, mesmo que eles não são universidades de classe mundial.

The ranking started in 2004 and is based on a combined indicator that takes into account both the volume of the Web contents and the visibility and impact of this web publications according to the number of external inlinks they received. A classificação começou em 2004 e é baseado em um indicador combinado que leva em conta tanto o volume do conteúdo da Web e a visibilidade eo impacto deste web publicações de acordo com o número de inlinks externos recebidos. The ranking is updated every January and July, providing Web indicators for universities worldwide. O ranking é atualizado a cada janeiro e julho, fornecendo indicadores da Web para as universidades em todo o mundo. This approach takes into account the wide range of scientific activities represented in the academic websites, frequently overlooked by the bibliometric indicators. Esta abordagem leva em conta a ampla gama de atividades científicas representadas no site acadêmico, muitas vezes negligenciado pelos indicadores bibliométricos.

Webometric indicators are provided to show the commitment of the institutions to Web publication. indicadores webométricos são fornecidas para mostrar o compromisso das instituições para publicação na Web. Thus, Universities of high academic quality may be ranked lower than expected due to a restrained web publication policy. Assim, as universidades de elevada qualidade académica, pode ser classificado inferior à esperada devido a uma política contida web publicação. The results show a high correlation with others Rankings but also a larger than expected presence of US & Canada universities in the Top 200, delayed positions of small and medium size biomedical institutions as well as many French, Italian and Japanese universities not in top ranks. [ citation needed ] Os resultados mostram uma alta correlação com outras classificações, mas também uma maior presença de universidades do que o esperado de E.U. e Canadá no Top 200, as posições atraso de pequenas e médias instituições biomédicas, bem como muitos franceses, italianos e japoneses universidades não nos altos escalões. [ carece de fontes? ]

[ edit ] Wuhan University [ editar ] Universidade de Wuhan
Another ranking is by the Research Center for Chinese Science Evaluation at Wuhan University . Outra classificação é pelo Centro de Investigação do Chinese Science Avaliação em Wuhan University . The ranking is based on Essential Science Indicators (ESI), which provides data of journal article publication counts and citation frequencies in over 11,000 journals around the world in 22 research fields. [ 28 ] O ranking é baseado em Essential Science Indicators (ESI), que fornece dados de publicação do artigo do jornal e conta com freqüências de citações em mais de 11 mil jornais ao redor do mundo em 22 campos de pesquisa. [28]

[ edit ] Regional and national rankings [ editar ] Regional e rankings nacionais
Regional and national rankings are carried out in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. Regional e rankings nacionais são realizadas na África, Ásia, Europa, América do Norte, América do Sul e Oceania.

[ edit ] Africa [ editar ] África
[ edit ] Egypt [ editar ] Brasil
Cairo University is ranked between 401 to 500 in the QS World University Ranking for 2009. [ 29 ] Universidade do Cairo está classificado entre 401-500 na World University Ranking QS para 2009. [29]

[ edit ] Ghana [ editar ] Gana
[ edit ] Nigeria [ edit ] Nigéria
[ edit ] South Africa [ editar ] África do Sul
See also: League tables of South African universities Veja também: as tabelas do campeonato Africano das universidades do Sul
Academic League tables of South African universities are largely based on international university rankings, because there have not as yet been published any specifically South African rankings. tabelas Liga Acadêmica de universidades do Sul Africano são em grande parte com base em rankings internacionais de universidades, porque não tem como não foi ainda publicado nenhum ranking especificamente Sul Africano.

[ edit ] Asia [ editar ] Ásia
[ edit ] China [ editar ] China
The Chinese Academy of Management Science produces the Chinese university rankings . A Academia Chinesa de Ciências de Gestão produz os rankings de universidades chinesas .

There are also many rankings based on university's billionaire alumni , see: Há também muitos rankings baseados em universidade do bilionário ex-alunos , veja:

Chinese university ranking of billionaire alumni ranking de universidades chinesas de alunos bilionário
[ edit ] Iran [ editar ] Irã
Fakhre Razi magazine states the most significant universities of Iran and worldwide. Fakhre revista Razi afirma a significativa maioria das universidades do Irão e no mundo.

[ edit ] Pakistan [ editar ] Brasil
Higher Education Commission in Pakistan releases annual ranking of universities in Pakistan, based on strict standards. [ 30 ] Ensino Superior Comissão de Paquistão libera ranking anual das universidades no Paquistão, com base em normas estritas. [30]

[ edit ] India [ edit ] Índia
Magazines like India Today , Outlook , Mint , Dataquest and EFY conduct annual surveys with listed rankings in the major disciplines. Revistas como a India Today , Outlook , Mint , Dataquest e EFY realizar pesquisas anuais com rankings listados nas disciplinas mais importantes. For more information, visit Engineering college rankings in India . Para mais informações, visite rankings faculdade de engenharia na Índia .

[ edit ] Philippines [ editar ] Brasil
See also: Higher education in the Philippines Veja também: A educação superior no Brasil
Academic rankings in the Philippines are conducted by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Commission on Higher Education , and this is based on the average passing rates in all courses of all Philippine colleges and universities in the board tests. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] rankings Acadêmica no Brasil são conduzidas pela Comissão de regulamentação profissional e da Comissão de Educação Superior , e este é baseado na passagem taxas médias em todos os cursos de todas as faculdades e universidades filipinas nos testes de bordo. [31] [32]

[ edit ] Europe [ editar ] Europa
[ edit ] European Union [ editar ] da União Europeia
The European Commission also weighed in on the issue, when it compiled a list of the 22 universities in the EU with the highest scientific impact, [ 33 ] measuring universities in terms of the impact of their scientific output. A Comissão Europeia também opinou sobre o assunto, quando ele compilou uma lista das 22 universidades da UE com maior impacto científico, [33] medição universidades em termos de impacto da sua produção científica. This ranking was compiled as part of the Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators, [ 34 ] prepared by the Directorate General for Science and Research of the European Commission in 2003 (updated 2004). Este ranking foi elaborado como parte do Terceiro Relatório Europeu sobre Indicadores de Ciência e Tecnologia, [34] elaborado pela Direcção-Geral da Ciência e da Investigação da Comissão Europeia em 2003 (actualizado em 2004).

Being an official document of the European Union (from the office of the EU commissioner for science and technology), which took several years of specialist effort to compile, it can be regarded as a highly reliable source (the full report, containing almost 500 pages of statistics is available for download free from the EU website). Sendo um documento oficial da União Europeia (a partir do escritório do comissário da UE para a ciência e tecnologia), o que levou vários anos de esforço para compilar especialista, ela pode ser considerada como uma fonte altamente confiável (o relatório completo, contendo quase 500 páginas das estatísticas está disponível para download gratuitamente no site da UE). Unlike the other rankings, it only explicitly considers the top institutions in the EU, but ample comparison statistics with the rest of the world are provided in the full report. Ao contrário das outras classificações, que só considera explicitamente as instituições de topo na UE, mas as estatísticas comparação amplo com o resto do mundo são fornecidas no relatório completo. The report say "University College London comes out on top in both publications (the number of scientific publications produced by the university) and citations (the number of times those scientific publications are cited by other researchers)" however the table lists the top scoring university as "Univ London" indicating that the authors counted the scientific output of the University of London , rather than its individual constituent colleges. O relatório diz "University College de Londres sai por cima em ambas as publicações (o número de publicações científicas produzidas pela universidade) e citações (o número de vezes que as publicações científicas são citados por outros investigadores)", porém a tabela lista a universidade pontuação superior como "Univ London", indicando que os autores contados a produção científica da Universidade de Londres , ao invés de suas faculdades componente individual.

In this ranking, the top two universities in the EU are also Oxford and Cambridge, as in the Jiao Tong and Times ranking. Nesse ranking, os dois principais universidades da União Europeia são também Oxford e Cambridge, como no Jiao Tong e ranking Times. This ranking, however, stresses more the scientific quality of the institution, as opposed to its size or perceived prestige. [ citation needed ] Thus smaller, technical universities, such as Eindhoven (Netherlands) and Munich (Germany) are ranked third, behind Cambridge, and followed by University of Edinburgh in the UK. Esta classificação, no entanto, salienta mais a qualidade científica da instituição, ao contrário de seu tamanho ou percebida prestígio. [ carece de fontes? ] Deste modo menor, das universidades técnicas, tais como Eindhoven (Holanda) e Munique (Alemanha) estão em terceiro, atrás de Cambridge , e seguido por Universidade de Edimburgo , no Reino Unido. The report does not provide a direct comparison between EU and universities in the rest of the world – although it does compute complex scientific impact score, measured against a world average. O relatório não fornece uma comparação directa entre universidades da UE e no resto do mundo - embora não computar pontuação impacto complexo científico, medida contra uma média mundial.

In December 2008, the European Commission has published a call for tenders, inviting bidders to design and test a new multi-dimensional university ranking system with global outreach. Em dezembro de 2008, a Comissão Europeia publicou um convite à apresentação de propostas, convidando os licitantes para projetar e testar a nova universidade multi-dimensional do sistema de classificação com alcance global. The first results of the envisaged pilot project will be available in the first half of 2011. [ 35 ] Os primeiros resultados do projecto-piloto previstas estarão disponíveis no primeiro semestre de 2011. [35]

[ edit ] France [ editar ] França
Le Nouvel Observateur [ 36 ] and other popular magazines occasionally offer rankings of universities, " Grandes écoles " and their preparatory schools, the " Prépas ". Le Nouvel Observateur [36] e outras revistas populares ocasionalmente oferecem rankings de universidades, " Grandes Écoles "e as escolas preparatórias, a" Prépas ".

[ edit ] Germany [ editar ] Alemanha
CHE UniversityRanking CHE UniversityRanking
The English version of the German CHE University Ranking is provided by the DAAD . A versão em Inglês do Alemão CHE University Ranking é fornecida pelo DAAD .

CHE ExcellenceRanking CHE ExcellenceRanking
In December 2007, a new ranking was published in Germany from the Centre for Higher Education Development. Em dezembro de 2007, um novo ranking foi publicado na Alemanha a partir do Centro de Ensino Superior de Desenvolvimento. The CHE "Ranking of Excellent European Graduate Programmes" (CHE ExcellenceRanking for short) included the disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics. O CHE "Ranking da excelência europeia Programas de Pós-Graduação" (CHE ExcellenceRanking para breve) incluiu as disciplinas de biologia, química, matemática e física. The ranking is designed to support the search for master's or doctoral programmes at higher education institutions (HEIs). A classificação é concebido para apoiar a pesquisa de mestrado ou doutorado em programas de instituições de ensino superior (IES). Alongside this, the CHE wants to highlight the research strengths of European HEIs and provide those HEIs listed in the ranking with ideas for the further improvement of their already excellent programmes. Paralelamente, o CHE quer destacar os pontos fortes de investigação de instituições de ensino superior europeias e fornecer as IES listadas no ranking, com idéias para o aperfeiçoamento dos programas já excelente.

CHE ResearchRanking CHE ResearchRanking
Every year, the CHE also publishes a ResearchRanking showing the research strengths of German universities. Todo ano, o CHE publica também um ResearchRanking mostrando os pontos fortes das pesquisas de universidades alemãs. The CHE ResearchRanking is based on the research-related data of the CHE UniversityRanking. O ResearchRanking CHE é baseado nos dados relacionados com a investigação do UniversityRanking CHE.

[ edit ] Ireland [ editar ] Irlanda
The Sunday Times compiles a league of Irish universities based on a mix of criteria, for example: O Sunday Times compila uma liga de universidades irlandesas com base em uma combinação de critérios, por exemplo:

Average points needed in the Leaving Certificate (end-of-secondary-school examination) for entry into an undergraduate course Média pontos necessários no Leaving Certificate (fim-de-exame do ensino secundário) para a entrada em um curso de graduação
Completion rates, staff-student ratio and research efficiency As taxas de conclusão, o aluno-relação pessoal e da eficiência da investigação
Quality of accommodation and sports facilities Qualidade das acomodações e instalações desportivas
Non-standard entry (usually mature students or students from deprived neighbourhoods) Non-standard de entrada (estudantes, normalmente estudantes maduros ou de bairros desfavorecidos)
Athletics Atletismo
[ edit ] Italy [ editar ] Itália
Every year La Repubblica , in collaboration with CENSIS compiles a league of Italian universities. Todos os anos, La Repubblica em colaboração com Censis compila uma liga de universidades italianas.

[ edit ] Romania [ editar ] Roménia
A ranking of Romanian universities was published in 2006 and 2007 by the Ad Astra association of Romanian scientists. [ 37 ] Um ranking de universidades romeno foi publicado em 2006 e 2007 pelo Ad Astra associação de cientistas romenos. [37]

[ edit ] Switzerland [ editar ] Suíça
The swissUp Ranking provided a ranking for Swiss university and polytechnic students until 2004. O SwissUp Ranking forneceu um ranking para a universidade e os estudantes suíços politécnico até 2004. The swissUp Ranking is no more conducted. O Ranking SwissUp não é mais realizada. Switzerland has no ranking anymore or evaluation system of its universities. A Suíça não tem ranking mais ou sistema de avaliação de suas universidades.

[ edit ] UK [ editar ] Reino Unido
Main article: League tables of British universities Ver artigo principal: as tabelas do campeonato de universidades britânicas
The Research Assessment Exercises (RAE) are attempts by the UK government to evaluate the quality of research undertaken by British Universities. A Pesquisa de Avaliação Exercícios (RAE) são as tentativas do governo do Reino Unido para avaliar a qualidade das pesquisas realizadas por universidades britânicas. Each subject, called a unit of assessment is given a ranking by a peer review panel. Cada sujeito, chamado de unidade de avaliação, é dada uma classificação por um painel de revisão pelos pares. The rankings are used in the allocation of funding each university receives from the government. Os rankings são utilizados na atribuição de financiamento de cada universidade recebe do governo. The last assessment was made in 2001. A última avaliação foi feita em 2001. The RAE provides quality ratings for research across all disciplines. O RAE fornece avaliações de qualidade de investigação em todas as disciplinas. Panels use a standard scale to award a rating for each submission. Os painéis usam uma escala padrão para atribuição de uma classificação para cada apresentação. Ratings range from 1 to 5*, according to how much of the work is judged to reach national or international levels of excellence. Avaliações intervalo 1-5 *, de acordo com o quanto o trabalho é avaliado para atingir níveis nacional ou internacional de excelência. Higher education institutions (HEIs) which take part receive grants from one of the four higher education funding bodies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Instituições de ensino superior (IES) que participam recebem subvenções de uma das quatro financiamento da educação superior corpos na Inglaterra, Escócia, País de Gales e Irlanda do Norte.

There are several annual University and College Rankings: Existem vários University College anual e Rankings:

Times Good University Guide Times Good University Guide
Independent Complete University Guide Independente Universidade Complete Guide
The Sunday Times University Guide A University Guide Sunday Times
The Guardian – University Guide (mainly for undergraduate studies) The Guardian - University Guide (principalmente para estudos de graduação)
Standards of undergraduate teaching are assessed by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA), an independent body established by the UK's universities and other higher education institutions in 1997. Padrões de ensino de graduação são avaliados pela Agência de Garantia de Qualidade para o Ensino Superior (QAA), um órgão independente criado pelo Reino Unido universidades e outras instituições de ensino superior em 1997. The QAA was under contract to the Higher Education Funding Council for England to assess quality for universities in England in a system of subject review. O QAA estava sob contrato para o financiamento do Ensino Superior do Conselho para a Inglaterra para avaliar a qualidade das universidades na Inglaterra, em um sistema de análise de assunto. This replaced a previous system of Teaching Quality Assessments (TQAs) which aimed to assess the administrative, policy and procedural framework within which teaching took place did directly assess teaching quality. Este substituiu um anterior sistema de Avaliação de Qualidade de Ensino (TQAs), que teve como objetivo avaliar a administração, política e processual quadro no qual o ensino ocorreu foi avaliar diretamente a qualidade do ensino. As this system of universal inspection was hugely burdensome, it was replaced by a system of information provision, one part of which is a national student survey which has been run three times, and publishes scores which have been used by the league table industry. Como este sistema de controlo universal era extremamente pesado, foi substituído por um sistema de prestação de informações, uma parte da qual é um exame nacional de estudantes que foi executado por três vezes, e publica resultados que têm sido utilizados pela indústria tabela classificativa. The rankings have had to create artificial differences, however, as students are generally very satisfied. As classificações tiveram de criar diferenças artificiais, no entanto, que os alunos são em geral muito satisfeitos.

[ edit ] Ukraine [ editar ] A Ucrânia
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine performs official yearly university evaluations. [ 38 ] Zerkalo Nedeli newspaper ranked the top 200 Ukrainian universities in 2007. [ 39 ] Kyiv Student Council ranks universities on criteria of students` satisfaction. [ 40 ] Ministério da Educação e Ciência da Ucrânia, realiza as avaliações oficiais da universidade anualmente. [38] Zerkalo Nedeli jornal classificou os 200 maiores universidades da Ucrânia em 2007. [39] Kyiv Conselho Estudantil fileiras universidades em critérios de satisfação estudantes ». [40]

[ edit ] South America [ editar ] América do Sul
[ edit ] Argentina [ editar ] Argentina
In Argentina the evaluation, accreditation, and ranking of the higher education programs is made by the National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation. [ 41 ] Na Argentina, a avaliação, acreditação e avaliação dos programas de educação superior é feita pela Comissão Nacional de Avaliação e Credenciamento Universitário. [41]

[ edit ] Brazil [ editar ] Brasil
See Brazil University Rankings Veja Brasil University Rankings

[ edit ] North America [ editar ] América do Norte
[ edit ] Canada [ editar ] Brasil
Maclean's , a Canadian news magazine, publishes an annual ranking of Canadian Universities, called the Maclean's University Rankings . [ 42 ] The criteria used by the magazine include characteristics of the student body, classes, faculty, finances, the library, and reputation. Maclean's , uma revista canadense, publica um ranking anual de universidades canadenses, chamada de Universidade Maclean Rankings . [42] Os critérios utilizados pela revista incluem características do corpo discente, turmas, professores, as finanças, a biblioteca, e sua reputação. The rankings are split into three categories: primarily undergraduate (schools that focus on undergraduate studies with few to no graduate programs), comprehensive (schools that have both extensive undergraduate studies and an extensive selection of graduate programs), and medical doctoral (schools that have a professional medical program and a selection of graduate programs). [ 43 ] Os rankings são divididos em três categorias: as escolas de graduação em primeiro lugar (que se concentram em estudos de graduação com poucos ou nenhum programa de pós-graduação), escolas global (que ambos os estudos de graduação extenso e uma vasta selecção de programas de pós-graduação), e as escolas doutorais médicos (que um médico profissional e um programa de seleção de programas de pós-graduação). [43]

These rankings have received scrutiny and criticism from universities. Estas classificações têm recebido análise e crítica das universidades. For example, the University of Calgary produced a formal study examining the methodology of the ranking, illuminating the factors that determined the university's rank, and criticizing certain aspects of the methodology. Por exemplo, a Universidade de Calgary produziram um estudo formal analisar a metodologia do ranking, iluminando os fatores que determinaram a posição da universidade, e criticar determinados aspectos da metodologia. In addition, the University of Alberta and the University of Toronto have both expressed displeasure over Maclean's ranking system. Além disso, a Universidade de Alberta e da Universidade de Toronto têm tanto descontentamento expresso sobre a classificação do sistema Maclean. A notable difference between rankings in the United States and Maclean's rankings, however, is that Maclean's does not include privately-funded universities in its rankings. Uma diferença notável entre os rankings no Estados Unidos e de rankings Maclean, porém, é que Maclean's não inclui-financiado universidades privadas no seu ranking. However, the vast majority and the best-known universities in Canada are publicly funded. No entanto, a grande maioria e as universidades mais conhecidas no Brasil são financiados por fundos públicos.

Beginning in September 2006, a number (over 20) of Canadian universities, including several of the most prestigious and largest universities such as the University of Toronto , University of British Columbia , University of Alberta and McMaster University , jointly refused to participate in Maclean's survey. [ 44 ] The president of the University of Alberta , Indira Samarasekera , wrote of this protest that Maclean's initially filed a "Freedom of Information" request but that "it was too late" for the universities to respond. Começando em setembro de 2006, um número (mais de 20) de universidades canadenses, incluindo vários dos prestígio e maior na maioria das universidades como a Universidade de Toronto , University of British Columbia , University of Alberta e da Universidade McMaster , em conjunto se recusaram a participar da pesquisa Maclean . [44] O presidente da Universidade de Alberta , Indira Samarasekera , escreveu este protesto que Maclean's numa primeira fase, "Freedom of Information pedido", mas que "já era tarde demais" para as universidades para responder. Samarasekera further stated, "Most of [the universities] had already posted the data online, and we directed Maclean's staff to our Web sites. In instances where the magazine staff couldn't find data on our Web site, they chose to use the previous year's data." [ 45 ] Samarasekera declarou ainda: "A maioria [das] as universidades já tinha publicado os dados online, e dirigida pessoal Maclean's em nossos sites. Nos casos em que a revista pessoal não poderia encontrar dados sobre o nosso site, eles optaram por utilizar o anterior dados do ano. " [45]

[ edit ] USA [ editar ] E.U.A.
[ edit ] US News & World Report College and University rankings [ editar ] E.U. News & World Report College e Universidade rankings


Top 40 "National Universities" according to US News & World Report, 2007 Top 40 "Nacional de Universidades" de acordo com E.U. News & World Report, 2007 The best-known American college and university rankings [ 46 ] have been compiled since 1983 by the magazine US News & World Report and are based upon data which US News collects from each educational institution either from an annual survey sent to each school or from the school's website. O mais conhecido American College e rankings universitários [46] foram compilados a partir de 1983 pela revista E.U. News & World Report e são baseadas em dados que E.U. News recolhe de cada instituição de ensino, quer de um inquérito anual enviado para cada escola ou do website da escola. It is also based upon opinion surveys of university faculty and administrators who do not belong to the school. [ 47 ] The college rankings were not published in 1984, but were published in all years since. É também com base em pesquisas de opinião de professores universitários e administradores que não pertencem à escola. [47] Os rankings universitários não foram publicadas em 1984, mas foram publicados em todos os anos desde então. The precise methodology used by the US News rankings has changed many times, and the data are not all available to the public, so peer review of the rankings is limited. A metodologia utilizada pelo precisas Notícias rankings E.U. mudou muitas vezes, e os dados não estão disponíveis ao público, de modo peer review do ranking é limitado. As a result, many other rankings arose and seriously challenged the result and methodology of US News's ranking, as shown in other rankings of US universities section below. Como resultado, muitas outras classificações surgiram e seriamente desafiou o resultado e metodologia de Notícias do ranking E.U., como mostrado no ranking de outras universidades E.U. seção a seguir. The US News rankings, unlike some other such lists, create a strict hierarchy of colleges and universities in their "top tier,". A notícia E.U. rankings, ao contrário de algumas dessas listas outro, criar uma hierarquia rígida de faculdades e universidades nas suas "top tier". Rather than ranking only groups or "tiers" of schools; the individual schools' order changes significantly every year the rankings are published. Ao invés de ranking somente grupos ou "camadas" de escolas, para as escolas indivíduo muda significativamente todos os anos os rankings forem publicados. The US News Tiers rank from Tier 1, the highest, to Tier 4, the lowest. Os E.U. Notícias rank Tiers de Tier 1, a mais alta, a Tier 4, a mais baixa. The most important factors in the rankings are: Os fatores mais importantes no ranking são:

Peer assessment: a survey of the institution's reputation among presidents, provosts, and deans of admission of other institutions Peer avaliação: um estudo sobre a reputação da instituição, entre presidentes, reitores e decanos de admissão de outras instituições
Retention: six-year graduation rate and first-year student retention rate Retenção: A taxa de graduação de seis anos e taxa de retenção no primeiro ano de estudante
Student selectivity: standardized test scores of admitted students, proportion of admitted students in upper percentiles of their high-school class, and proportion of applicants accepted
Faculty resources: average class size, faculty salary, faculty degree level, student-faculty ratio, and proportion of full-time faculty
Financial resources: per-student spending
Graduation rate performance: difference between expected and actual graduation rate
Alumni giving rate
All these factors are combined according to statistical weights determined by US News . The weighting is often changed by US News from year to year, and is not empirically determined (the National Opinion Research Center methodology review said that these weights "lack any defensible empirical or theoretical basis"). Critics have charged that US News intentionally changes its methodology every year so that the rankings change and they can sell more magazines. The first four of the listed factors account for the great majority of the US News ranking (80%, according to US News's 2005 methodology), and the "reputational measure" (which surveys high-level administrators at similar institutions about their perceived quality ranking of each college and university) is especially important to the final ranking (accounting by itself for 25% of the ranking according to the 2005 methodology). [ 48 ]

A New York Times article reported that, given the US News weighting methodology, "it's easy to guess who's going to end up on top: Harvard , Yale and Princeton round out the first three essentially every year. In fact, when asked how he knew his system was sound, Mel Elfin, the rankings' founder, often answered that he knew it because those three schools always landed on top. When a new lead statistician, Amy Graham, changed the formula in 1999 to one she considered more statistically valid, the California Institute of Technology jumped to first place. Ms. Graham soon left, and a slightly modified system pushed Princeton back to No. 1 the next year." [ 49 ] A San Francisco Chronicle article argues that "almost all of US News factors are redundant and can be boiled down to one characteristic: the size of the college or university's endowment." [ 50 ]

Some higher education experts, like Kevin Carey of Education Sector, have argued that US News and World Report' s college rankings system is merely a list of criteria that mirrors the superficial characteristics of elite colleges and universities. According to Carey, "[The] US News ranking system is deeply flawed. Instead of focusing on the fundamental issues of how well colleges and universities educate their students and how well they prepare them to be successful after college, the magazine's rankings are almost entirely a function of three factors: fame, wealth, and exclusivity." He suggests that there are more important characteristics parents and students should research to select colleges, such as how well students are learning and how likely students are to earn a degree. [ 2 ]

[ edit ] United States National Research Council Rankings
Main article: United States National Research Council Rankings
The National Research Council ranks the doctoral research programmes of universities across the US but the last time it produced a report was in 1995. There is no announced date for the next report but data collection for it began in 2006. [ 51 ]

[ edit ] Faculty Scholarly Productivity rankings
The Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index by Academic Analytics ranks universities based on faculty publications, citations, research grants and awards. [ 52 ] A total of 354 institutions are studied. [ citation needed ]

[ edit ] The Top American Research Universities
A research ranking of American universities is researched and published in the Top American Research Universities by The Center for Measuring University Performance . The list has been published since 2000. The measurement used in this report is based on data such as research publications, citations, recognitions and funding, as well as undergraduate quality such as SAT scores. The information used can be found in public-accessible materials, reducing the possibility of manipulation. The research method is consistent from year to year and any changes are explained in the publication itself. References from other studies are cited. [ 53 ]

[ edit ] Washington Monthly College rankings
The Washington Monthly 's "College Rankings", last published in 2009, began as a research report in 2005 and introduced its first official rankings in the September 2006 issue. It offers American university and college rankings [ 54 ] based upon the following criteria:

a. a. "how well it performs as an engine of social mobility (ideally helping the poor to get rich rather than the very rich to get very, very rich)"
b. b. "how well it does in fostering scientific and humanistic research"
c. c. "how well it promotes an ethic of service to country". [ 55 ]
[ edit ] Forbes College rankings
In 2008, Forbes.com published a list of "America's Best Colleges." [ 56 ] Forbes updated the list in 2009. [ 57 ] The Forbes rankings use the listing of alumni published in Who's Who in America , student evaluations of professors from ratemyprofessors.com, self-reported salaries of alumni from payscale.com, four-year graduation rates, numbers of students and faculty receiving "nationally competitive awards," and four-year accumulated student debt to calculate the rankings. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] The 2009 rankings were notable for their inclusion of less commonly recognized colleges in their rankings as well as their higher rankings of US military academies; however, they were also strongly criticized in great part due to their heavy reliance on highly subjective sources (50% of the rankings depend on Who's Who in America and ratemyprofessor.com) [ 60 ] as well as for their significantly lower rankings given to many nationally recognized colleges and research institutions, including members of the Ivy League . [ citation needed ] The validity of rankings in which the federal service academies which are completely funded with taxpayer money are compared to institutions that must find their own funds is also open to question. [ citation needed ]

Forbes also published "Top Colleges For Getting Rich." These rankings are considered questionable because they were partly based upon anonymous readers' votes. [ citation needed ] It ranks schools based on figures obtained by payscale.com, which in turn collects data through self-reported earnings of graduates. [ 61 ]

[ edit ] Other rankings of US universities
Other organizations which compile general US annual college and university rankings include the Fiske Guide to Colleges , Princeton Review , and College Prowler . Many specialized rankings are available in guidebooks for undergraduate and graduate students , dealing with individual student interests, fields of study, and other concerns such as geographical location, financial aid , and affordability.

One commercial ranking service is Top Tier Educational Services. [ 62 ] Student centered criteria are used and despite the two-year completely updated study, the rankings are updated every quarter from new input data. The criteria include subjective data, such as peer assessment, desirability, and objective data, such as ACT and SAT scores, and the high school GPA of admitted students.

Such new rankings schemes measures what decision makers think as opposed to why. They may or may not augment these statistics for reputation with hard, qualitative information. The authors discuss their rankings system and methodology with students but do not share their specific research tools or formulas. Again, the problem with such a ranking that uses subjective opinions is that it is very prone to personal bias, prejudice and bounded rationality. Also, public universities will be penalized because besides an academic mission, they have a social mission. Além disso, as universidades públicas serão penalizados porque, além de uma missão acadêmica, têm uma missão social. They simply cannot charge as much money, or be as selective, as private universities. Also, the fact that the ranking service is a commercial company raises the question whether there are any hidden business motives behind its rankings.

Among the rankings dealing with individual fields of study is the Philosophical Gourmet Report or "Leiter Report" (after its founding author, Brian Leiter , then of the University of Texas at Austin , now [update] University of Chicago ), a ranking of philosophy departments. This report has been at least as controversial within its field as the general US News rankings, attracting criticism from many different viewpoints. Notably, practitioners of continental philosophy , who perceive the Leiter report as unfair to their field, have compiled alternative rankings.

Avery et al. recently published a working paper for the National Bureau of Economic Research titled "A Revealed Preference Ranking of US Colleges and Universities." Rather than ranking programs by traditional criteria, their analysis uses a statistical model based on applicant preferences. They based their data on the applications and outcome of 3,240 high school students. The authors feel that their ranking is less subject to manipulation compared to conventional rankings (see criticism below).

The Gourman Report , which was last published in 1996, ranked the quality of undergraduate majors and graduate programs.

There also exist Gallup polls that ask American adults, "All in all, what would you say is the best college or university in the United States?" [ 63 ]

Global Language Monitor produces a "TrendTopper MediaBuzz" rankings of the Top 225 US colleges and universities twice a year, according to their appearances on the internet, in blogs, social media, and global electronic and print media. [ 64 ] It publishes overall results for both University and College categories using the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching 's classifications as the basis to distinguish between Universities and Liberal Arts Colleges. The rankings include 125 top universities, the 100 top colleges, the change in the rankings over time, a "Predictive Quantities Indicator" (PQI) Index number (for relative rankings), as well as rankings by Momentum (yearly and 90-day snapshots), and rankings by State. Most recently, the schools were ranked on November 1, 2009, with the last day of 2008 as the base, with two interim snapshots in 2009. The PQI index is produced by Global Language Monitor's proprietary PQI algorithm, [ 65 ] which has been criticized by some linguists for its use in a highly publicized counting of the total number of English words. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] The Global Language Monitor also sells the TrendTopper MediaBuzz Reputation Management solution for higher education for which "colleges and universities can enhance their standings among peers". [ 70 ] The Global Language Monitor states that it "does not influence the Higher Education rankings in any way". [ 71 ]

[ edit ] Mexico [ editar ] México
[ edit ] Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM)
Mexican colleges, universities and other research institutions have been compared in the Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM) produced within the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México ( UNAM ). [ 72 ] ECUM provides data on intitutional participation in articles on ISI Web of Knowledge indexed journals; faculty participation in each of the three levels of Mexico's National Researchers System ( SNI ); graduate degrees within CONACYT 's (National Council of Science and Technology) register of quality graduate programs ( PNPC ); and number of academic research bodies ( cuerpos academicos ) according to the Secretariat of Public Education (SEP) program PROMEP .

ECUM provides online access to data for 2007 and 2008 through the Explorador de datos del ECUM (ExECUM) . Institutional data can be visualized through three options:

a) A selection of the most prominent 58 universities (43 publics and 13 privates). This selection accounts for more than 60 percent of undergraduate and graduate enrollments. It includes public federal universities ( UNAM , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana , Universidad Pedagógica Nacional , Universidad del Ejercito y la Fuerza Aérea, Colegio de México , Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo , Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro ); 35 public state universities ( UPES ), and a group of private institutions that feature within ECUM's selected classification data.
b) Result tables for the top 20 institutions in each of the data labels in this study. These include some of the selected universities in addition to the rest of Mexico's higher education institutions, as well as institutes, centers and other research producing organizations.
c) A personalized selection option from more that 600 institutions. These are classified by institutional type, institutional gatherings, by activity sector or in alphabetical order.
ExECUM has been designed in order to allow users to establish comparison types and levels which they consider relevant. For this purpose data is presented in its raw form and virtually no indicators or ponderations are built within this system. Users can establish relationships between variables and build their own indicators according to their own need and analythical perspectives.

Based on this comparative study project, the Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional at UNAM, creators of ECUM, have published a two reports called Desempeño de Universidades Mexicanas en la Función de Investigación: Estudio Comparativo and Estudio comparativo de universidades mexicanas. Segundo reporte: desempeño en investigación y docencia providing an analysis of the data for 2007 and 2008.

[ edit ] Criticism (North America)
Main article: Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)
American college and university ranking systems have drawn criticism from within and outside higher education in Canada and the United States . Some institutions critical of the ranking systems include Reed College , Alma College , Mount Holyoke College , St. John's College , Earlham College , MIT , and Stanford University .

[ edit ] 2007 movement
Main article: Criticism of college and university rankings (2007 United States)
On 19 June 2007, during the annual meeting of the Annapolis Group , members discussed the letter to college presidents asking them not to participate in the "reputation survey" section of the US News and World Report survey (this section comprises 25% of the ranking). As a result, "a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the meeting said that they did not intend to participate in the US News reputational rankings in the future." [ 73 ] However, the decision to fill out the reputational survey or not will be left up to each individual college as: "the Annapolis Group is not a legislative body and any decision about participating in the US News rankings rests with the individual institutions." [ 74 ] The statement also said that its members "have agreed to participate in the development of an alternative common format that presents information about their colleges for students and their families to use in the college search process." [ 74 ] This database will be web based and developed in conjunction with higher education organizations including the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities and the Council of Independent Colleges .

US News and World Report editor Robert Morse issued a response on 22 June 2007, in which he argued:

"in terms of the peer assessment survey, we at US News firmly believe the survey has significant value because it allows us to measure the " intangibles " of a college that we can't measure through statistical data . Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job and plays a key part in which grad school someone will be able to get into. The peer survey is by nature subjective , but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges ." [ 75 ]

In reference to the alternative database discussed by the Annapolis Group, Morse also argued:

"It's important to point out that the Annapolis Group's stated goal of presenting college data in a common format has been tried before [...] US News has been supplying this exact college information for many years already. And it appears that NAICU will be doing it with significantly less comparability and functionality. US News first collects all these data (using an agreed-upon set of definitions from the Common Data Set). Then we post the data on our website in easily accessible, comparable tables. In other words, the Annapolis Group and the others in the NAICU initiative actually are following the lead of US News ." [ 75 ]

In 1996, according to Gerhard Casper , then-president of Stanford University , US News & World Report simply changes the formulas used to calculated financial resources:

Knowing that universities – and, in most cases, the statistics they submit – change little from one year to the next, I can only conclude that what are changing are the formulas the magazine's number massagers employ. And, indeed, there is marked evidence of that this year. In the category "Faculty resources," even though few of us had significant changes in our faculty or student numbers, our class sizes, or our finances, the rankings' producers created a mad scramble in rank order [...data...]. Then there is "Financial resources," where Stanford dropped from #6 to #9, Harvard from #5 to #7. Our resources did not fall; did other institutions' rise so sharply? I infer that, in each case, the formulas were simply changed, with notification to no one, not even your readers, who are left to assume that some schools have suddenly soared, others precipitously plummeted. [ 76 ]

[ edit ] See also [ editar ] Ver também
League tables of British Universities
League tables of South African universities
Law School Rankings Rankings Law School
MBA program rankings
Princeton Review Princeton Review
US News & World Report E.U. News & World Report
Academic Ranking of World Universities Academic Ranking Mundial de Universidades
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^ "College Rankings" . The Global Language Monitor . http://www.languagemonitor.com/college_rankings . Retrieved 2009-11-10 . Obtido 2009/11/10.
^ ECUM has been produced by the Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional (DGEI) at UNAM.
^ Jaschik, Scott (20 June 2007). "More Momentum Against 'US News'" . Inside Higher Ed . http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/06/20/usnews .
^ a b "ANNAPOLIS GROUP STATEMENT ON RANKINGS AND RATINGS" . Annapolis Group . 19 June 2007 . http://www.collegenews.org/x7131.xml .
^ a b Morse, Robert (22 June 2007). "About the Annapolis Group's Statement" . US News and World Report . http://www.usnews.com/blogs/college-rankings-blog/2007/6/22/about-the-annapolis-groups-statement.html#read_more .
^ "Criticism of College Rankings – September 23, 1996" . Stanford.edu. 1996-09-23 . http://www.stanford.edu/dept/pres-provost/president/speeches/961206gcfallow.html . Retrieved 2010-06-08 . Obtido 2010/06/08.
[ edit ] External links [ editar Ligações externas]
Institute for Higher Education Policy Ranking Systems Clearinghouse
University of Illinois Library – College and University Rankings
[ edit ] Further reading [ editar ] Leitura
College Rankings Reformed: The Case for a New Order in Higher Education
Jambor, Paul Z. 'The Changing Dynamics of PhDs and the Future of Higher Educational Development in Asia and the Rest of the World' Department of Education – The United States of America: Educational Resources Information Center, September 26, 2009 (Accessed in October, 2009)
[ edit ] Ranking publishers
Paked – THES World University Rankings 2009
TIMES Higher Education – official website
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities 2009
Shanghai Jiao Tong Ranking 2008
HEEACT-Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities
SCImago institutions rankings: 2009 world report
A compilation of rankings (THES, ARWU, Leiden) made by Swiss Universities
Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings "
Categories : University and college rankings | Educational assessment and evaluation
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 | All NPOV disputes | NPOV disputes from August 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 | All articles containing potentially dated statements

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