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Anne Anne
Queen Anne, in a 1705 portrait by Michael Dahl Queen Anne, in a 1705 portrait by Michael Dahl
Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland ( more... ) Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland ( more ... )
Reign Reign 8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707 8 March 1702-1 May 1707
Coronation Coronation 23 April 1702 23 April 1702
Predecessor Ancestor William III & II William III & II
Queen of Great Britain and Ireland ( more... ) Queen of Great Britain and Ireland ( more ... )
Reign Reign 1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714 1 May 1707-1 August 1714
Successor Successor George I George I
Spouse Spouse Prince George of Denmark Prince George of Denmark
14 other children 14 Other children Issue Issue
Prince William of Denmark Prince William of Denmark
House House House of Stuart House of Stuart
Father Father James II & VII James II & VII
Mother Mother Lady Anne Hyde Lady Anne Hyde
Born Born 6 February 1665 ( 1665-02-06 ) 6 February 1665 (02/06/1665)
16 February 1665 ( NS ) 16 February 1665 ( NS )
St. James's Palace , London St. James's Palace , London
Died Died 1 August 1714 ( 1714-08-01 ) (aged 49) 1 August 1714 (08/01/1714) (aged 49)
12 August 1714 (NS) 12 August 1714 (NS)
Kensington Palace , London Kensington Palace , London
Burial Burial Westminster Abbey , London Westminster Abbey , London
Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714 [ 1 ] ) ascended the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland on 8 March 1702, succeeding her cousin and brother-in-law, William III of England and II of Scotland . Anne (6 February 1665-1 August 1714 [1] ) ascended the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland on 8 March 1702, Succeeding her cousin and brother-in-law, William III of England and II of Scotland . Her Catholic father, James II and VII , was deemed by the English Parliament to have abdicated when he was forced to retreat to France during the Glorious Revolution of 1688/9; her brother-in-law and her sister then became joint monarchs as William III & II and Mary II . Her Catholic father, James II and VII , was deemed by the Parliament to Have Inglês abdicated When he was forced to retreat to France During the Glorious Revolution of 1688 / 9; her brother-in-law and her sister then Became the joint monarchs William II & III and Mary II . After Mary's death in 1694, William continued as sole monarch until his own death in 1702. After Mary's death in 1694, William continued the sole monarch Until his own death in 1702.
On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707 , England and Scotland were united as a single sovereign state , the Kingdom of Great Britain . On 1 May 1707, under the Acts of Union 1707 , England and Scotland as a single united Were sovereign state , the Kingdom of Great Britain . Anne became its first sovereign , while continuing to hold the separate crown of Queen of Ireland and the title of Queen of France . Anne ITS Became first sovereign , while Continuing to hold separate the crown of Queen of Ireland and the title of Queen of France . Therefore she was, technically, the last Queen of England and the last Queen of Scots. Therefore she was, technically, the last Queen of England and the last Queen of Scots. Anne reigned for twelve years until her death in August 1714. Anne reigned for twelve years Until her death in August 1714.
Queen Anne's life was marked by many crises, both personal and relating to succession of the Crown and religious polarisation. Queen Anne's life was marked by many crises, personal and BOTH Relating to Succession of the Crown and religious polarization. Because she died without surviving children, Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . Because she Surviving Died without children, Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart . She was succeeded by her second cousin , George I , of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth , daughter of James I and VI . [ 2 ] She was succeeded by her second cousin , George I , of the House of Hanover , who was a descendant of the Stuarts through his maternal grandmother, Elizabeth , daughter of James I and VI . [2]
Contents Contents [hide]
1 Early life 1 Early life
1.1 Accession of James II and VII 1.1 Accession of James II and VII
1.2 "Glorious Revolution" 1.2 "Glorious Revolution"
1.3 William and Mary 01/03 William and Mary
1.4 Act of Settlement 1.4 Act of Settlement
2 Reign 2 Reign
2.1 War of the Spanish Succession 2.1 War of the Spanish Succession
2.2 Act of Union 2.2 Act of Union
2.3 Two-party politics 2.3 Two-party politics
2.4 Death of her husband 2.4 Death of her husband
2.5 Later years 2.5 Later years
2.6 Death 2.6 Death
3 Legacy 3 Legacy
3.1 In popular culture 3.1 In popular culture
4 Titles, styles, honours and arms 4 Titles, styles, honors and arms
4.1 Titles and styles 4.1 Titles and styles
4.2 Arms 4.2 Arms
5 Ancestry 5 Ancestry
6 Issue Issue 6
7 See also 7 See also
8 Notes 8 Notes
9 References 9 References
10 External links 10 External links
[ edit ] Early life [ edit ] Early life
The Lady Anne at the time of her marriage The Lady Anne at the time of her marriage Anne was born at St. Anne was born at St. James's Palace , London, the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde . James's Palace , London, the fourth child and second daughter of James, Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde . Lady Anne Hyde was the daughter of Edward Hyde, the First Earl of Clarendon. Lady Anne Hyde was the daughter of Edward Hyde, the First Earl of Clarendon. Queen Anne's paternal uncle was King Charles II , who ruled the three kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland . Queen Anne's paternal uncle was King Charles II , who ruled the three kingdoms of England , Scotland and Ireland . She was baptised into the Anglican faith at the Chapel Royal at St. James's, and her older sister, Mary , was one of her godparents. She was baptized into the Anglican faith at the Chapel Royal at St. James's, and her older sister, Mary , was one of her godparents. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Duke and Duchess of York HAD eight children, Anne and Mary Were But the only ones to survive into adulthood. [2] [3]
As a child, Anne suffered from an eye infection. As a child, Anne Suffered from an eye infection. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her grandmother, the Queen Dowager, Henrietta Maria , at the Château de Colombes near Paris. For medical treatment, she was sent to France, she lived with her WHERE grandmother, the Queen Dowager, Henrietta Maria , at the Château de Colombes near Paris. Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henriette Anne, Duchess of Orléans , who had two daughters of her own, Marie Louise and Anne Marie d'Orléans . Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henriette Anne, Duchess of Orleans , who HAD two Daughters of her own, Marie Louise and Anne Marie d'Orléans . On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year. [ 4 ] Her mother Died The Following year. [4]
In about 1673, Anne made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings , who became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. [ 5 ] Jennings later married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough), who was to become Anne's most important general. [ 6 ] In about 1673, Anne made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings , who Became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. [5] Jennings later married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough), who was to Become Anne's most important general. [6]
In 1673, Anne's father's conversion to Roman Catholicism became public when he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena , who was only six and half years older than Anne. In 1673, Anne's father's conversion to Roman Catholicism Became public When He married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena , who was only six and half years older than Anne. On the instructions of Charles II, Anne and her sister Mary were raised as Protestants. [ 7 ] They were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London , and their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. [ 8 ] As the King had no surviving legitimate children, the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne. On the Instructions of Charles II, Anne and her sister Mary Were raised the Protestants. [7] They Were Brought up separated from father in Their Own Their establishment at Richmond, London , and Their education was focused on the Teachings of the Anglican church. [8] As the King HAD Surviving the legitimate children, the Duke of York was next in the line of Succession, Followed by his two Daughters Surviving from his first marriage, Mary and Anne. Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father. [ 9 ] Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York HAD ten children, But Were Either all or stillborn Died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne in the second and third line of Succession after Their father. [9]
On 28 July 1683, Anne married in the Chapel Royal the Protestant Prince George of Denmark , brother of King Christian V of Denmark (and her second cousin once removed through Frederick II ). On 28 July 1683, Anne married in the Chapel Royal the Protestant Prince George of Denmark , brother of King Christian V of Denmark (and her second cousin once removed through Frederick II ). Though it was an unpopular union, it was one of great domestic happiness. [ 10 ] Sarah Churchill became Anne's Lady of the Bedchamber . Though it was an unpopular union, it was one of great domestic happiness. [10] Sarah Churchill Became Anne's Lady of the Bedchamber . By Anne's desire to mark their mutual intimacy and affection, all deference due to her rank was abandoned and the two ladies called each other Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman. [ 6 ] [ 11 ] Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant but the baby was stillborn. By Anne's desire to mark Their mutual intimacy and affection, all due deference to her rank was abandoned and the two ladies called each other Mrs Morley and Mrs. Freeman. [6] [11] Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant But the baby was stillborn. Anne recovered quickly, [ 12 ] and gave birth to two daughters in quick succession, Mary and Anne Sophia. [ 13 ] Anne Quickly recovered, [12] Gave birth to two and Daughters in Quick Succession, Mary and Anne Sophia. [13]
[ edit ] Accession of James II and VII [ edit ] Accession of James II and VII When Charles II died in 1685 (possibly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed), Anne's father became king as James II and VII. [ 14 ] James was not well received by the English people, who were concerned about his Catholicism . [ 15 ] Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. When Charles II Died in 1685 (possibly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed), Anne's father Became king as James II and VII. [14] James was not well received by the Inglês people, Who Were Concerned about his Catholicism . [15] Anne shared the general concern, and continued to Attend Anglican services. Her sister had married William of Orange in 1677, and William and Mary were living in the Netherlands, leaving Anne and her family the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England. [ 16 ] Her sister HAD married William of Orange in 1677, and William and Mary Were living in the Netherlands, leaving Anne and her family the only members of the royal family Attending religious services in Protestant England. [16]
In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne had another stillborn child and her husband and two young daughters caught smallpox . In early 1687, Within a matter of days, another stillborn child HAD Anne and her husband and two young Daughters caught smallpox . Both of Anne's daughters died. Rachel Wriothesley, Lady Russell , wrote that George and Anne had "taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined." [ 17 ] Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth. [ 13 ] Both of Anne's Daughters Died. Rachel Wriothesley, Lady Russell , George and Anne wrote That had "taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes They wept, Sometimes They mourned in words, then sat silent, hand in hand, he sick in bed, and she the nurse to him carefullest That Can Be imagined. " [17] Later That year, she Suffered another stillbirth. [13]
Public alarm at James's Catholicism increased when his wife, Mary of Modena , became pregnant for the first time since James's accession. Public alarm at James's Catholicism Increased When his wife, Mary of Modena , Became pregnant for the first time since James's Accession. In a letter to her sister Mary, Anne raised suspicions about the pregnancy, and implied that the Queen was not pregnant at all but faking it. In a letter to her sister Mary, Anne Suspicions raised about the pregnancy, and implied the Queen That was not pregnant at all But faking it. She wrote, "they will stick at nothing, be it never so wicked, if it will promote their interest ... there may be foul play intended." [ 18 ] The following month, Anne became dangerously ill, perhaps after a miscarriage or because of worry over the Queen's pregnancy, and left London to recuperate in the spa town of Bath, Somerset . [ 19 ] She wrote, "they stick at nothing Will, be it never so wicked, if it Will Promote Their interest ... there May Be Intended foul play." [18] The Following month, Anne Became dangerously ill, Perhaps after a miscarriage or because of worry over the Queen's pregnancy, and left London to recuperate in the spa town of Bath, Somerset . [19]
The Queen gave birth to a son ( James Francis Edward ) on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic dynasty became more likely. [ 20 ] Anne was still at Bath, so she did not witness the birth, which fed the belief that the child was spurious; Anne may have left the capital deliberately to avoid being present, or because she was genuinely ill, [ 21 ] but it is most probable that James desired the exclusion of all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state. [ 22 ] "I shall never now be satisfied", Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "whether the child be true or false. It may be it is our brother, but God only knows ... one cannot help having a thousand fears and melancholy thoughts, but whatever changes may happen you shall ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours." [ 23 ] The Queen Gave birth to a son ( James Francis Edward ) on 10 June 1688, and a Catholic dynasty Became more Likely. [20] Anne was still at Bath, so she did not witness the birth, Which fed the Belief That the child was spurious; Anne May Have left the capital to Avoid Being deliberately present, or because she was ill Genuinely, [21] But it is most probable That the exclusion of James desired all Protestants, including his daughter, from affairs of state. [22] "I Shall Never Be satisfied now," Anne wrote to her sister Mary, "Whether the child Be true or false. It May Be it is our brother, but God only knows ... one can not help Having a thousand melancholy thoughts and Fears , But whatever changes May Happen Shall you ever find me firm to my religion and faithfully yours. " [23]
To scotch rumours of a suppositious child, James had 40 witnesses attend a Privy Council meeting, but Anne claimed she could not attend because she was pregnant herself and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary". [ 24 ] To scotch rumors of a child suppositious, James HAD 40 witnesses Attend the Privy Council meeting, Anne But she claimed not could because she was pregnant Attend herself and then declined to read the depositions because it was "not necessary". [24]
[ edit ] "Glorious Revolution" [ edit ] "Glorious Revolution"
Queen Anne, in a 1687 portrait by Willem Wissing Queen Anne, in a 1687 portrait by Willem Wissing In November 1688, Anne's brother-in-law, William of Orange , invaded England with the intent to dethrone the unpopular King in what became known as the " Glorious Revolution ". In November 1688, Anne's brother-in-law, William of Orange , invaded England with the intent to dethrone the unpopular King Became known what the in the " Glorious Revolution ". Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1688, Anne did correspond with her and was no doubt aware of William's plans to invade the country. Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1688, Anne did correspondence with her and was no doubt aware of William's plans to invade the country. On the advice of the Churchills (Anne's conduct during this period was probably influenced a great deal by them) [ 25 ] she refused to side with James after William landed and wrote instead to William, declaring her approval of his action. On the advice of the Churchills (Anne's Conduct During this period was influenced Probably a great deal by them) [25] she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William, declaring her approval "of his action. Churchill abandoned the king on the 24th of that month, Prince George on the 25th, and when James returned to London on the 26th, he found that Anne and her lady-in-waiting had done likewise the previous night. [ 26 ] He put the women under house arrest in the Palace of Whitehall. Churchill abandoned the king on the 24th Of That month, Prince George on the 25th, And When James returned to London on the 26th, he found That Lady Anne and her-in-waiting HAD likewise done the previous night. [26] He put the women under house arrest in the Palace of Whitehall. However, escaping from Whitehall by a back staircase they put themselves under the care of the bishop of London , spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived on 1 December at Nottingham, where the princess first made herself known and appointed a council. However, escaping from Whitehall by a back staircase Themselves They put under the care of the bishop of London , spent one night in his house, and on 1 December Subsequently arrived at Nottingham, WHERE the princess first made herself known and appointed a council. Then she travelled to Oxford, where she met Prince George in triumph, escorted by a large company. Then she traveled to Oxford, she met Prince George WHERE in triumph, escorted by a large company. Like Mary, she was reproached for showing no concern at the news of the king's flight, but her justification was that "she never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint." Like Mary, she was reproached for showing concern in at the news of the king's flight, But her JUSTIFICATION Was That "she never loved to Do Anything That Looked like an Affected constraint." She returned to London on 19 December, where she was at once visited by her brother-in-law William . [ citation needed ] She returned to London on 19 December, Where She was at once visited by her brother-in-law William . [ citation needed ]
In 1689, a Convention Parliament assembled and declared that James had abdicated the realm when he attempted to flee, and that the Throne was therefore vacant. In 1689, the Convention Parliament assembled and Declared That HAD James abdicated the realm When he attempted to flee, and That the Throne was vacant Therefore. The Crown was offered to Mary, but accepted jointly by William and Mary, who thereafter ruled as the only joint monarchs in British history. [ 27 ] The Bill of Rights 1689 settled succession to the Throne; Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary. The Crown was to Mary Offered, But jointly accepted by William and Mary, who thereafter ruled the the only joint monarchs in British history. [27] The Bill of Rights 1689 settled Succession to the Throne, Anne and her descendants Were to Be in the Succession after line of William and Mary. They were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage. [ 28 ] They Were to Be Followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage. [28]
On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, William , who, though ill, survived infancy. On 24 July 1689, Anne Gave birth to a son, William , who, though ill, Survived infancy. As William and Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the crown. [ citation needed ] The William and Mary had the children, it Looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the crown. [ citation needed ]
[ edit ] William and Mary [ edit ] William and Mary
Anne, ca. Anne, ca. 1690, as painted by Michael Dahl 1690, the painted by Michael Dahl Soon after their accession, William and Mary rewarded Churchill by granting him the Earldom of Marlborough. Soon after Their accession, William and Mary Churchill Rewarded by Granting him the Earldom of Marlborough. Their subsequent treatment of the Marlboroughs, however, was not as favourable. Their subsequent treatment of the Marlborough, However, was not the favourable. In 1692, suspecting that the Duke of Marlborough was a Jacobite , Mary dismissed him from all his offices. In 1692, suspecting That the Duke of Marlborough was a Jacobite , Mary dismissed him from all his offices. The Duchess of Marlborough was subsequently removed from the royal household, leading Princess Anne to angrily leave her royal residence for Syon House , the home of the Duke of Somerset . The Duchess of Marlborough was removed from Subsequently the royal household, leading Princess Anne to angrily leave her royal residence for Syon House , the home of the Duke of Somerset . Princess Anne was then stripped of her guard of honour, and the guards at the royal palaces were forbidden to salute her husband. [ 25 ] Princess Anne was then stripped of her guard of honor, and the guards at the royal palaces Were forbidden to salute her husband. [25]
When Mary II died of smallpox in 1694, William III and II continued to reign alone. When Mary II Died of smallpox in 1694, William III and II continued to reign alone. Anne then became his heir apparent , since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession. Became Anne then his Heir Apparent , since he any children by another wife Might Have Were assigned to a lower place in the line of Succession. Seeking to improve his own popularity (which had always been much lower than that of his wife), he restored Princess Anne to her previous honours, allowing her to reside in St. Seeking to Improve his own popularity (Which HAD Been always much lower than that of his wife), he restored to her previous Princess Anne honors, Allowing her to reside in St. James's Palace . James's Palace . At the same time William kept her in the background and refrained from appointing her regent during his absence. [ citation needed ] At The Same Time William Kept her in the background and refrained from appointing her regent During his absence. [ citation needed ]
In 1695, William sought to win Princess Anne's favour by restoring Marlborough to all of his offices. In 1695, William sought to win favor by Princess Anne's Restoring Marlborough to all of his offices. In return, Anne gave her support to William's government, though about this time, in 1696—according to James, in consequence of the near prospect of the throne—she wrote to her father asking for his leave to wear the crown at William's death, and promising its restoration at a convenient opportunity. [ 29 ] The unfounded rumour that William contemplated settling the succession after his death on James's son, provided he were educated a Protestant in England, may possibly have alarmed her. [ 30 ] In return, Anne Gave her support to William's government, though about this time, in 1696-According to James, in consequence of the near prospect of the throne, she wrote to her father Asking For his leave to wear the crown at William's death, and promising ITS restoration at a convenient opportunity. [29] The unfounded rumor That William contemplated settling the Succession after his death on James's son, Were Provided he educated a Protestant in England, possibly May Have Alarmed her. [30]
[ edit ] Act of Settlement [ edit ] Act of Settlement
Princess Anne with her son William, Duke of Gloucester in a painting from the school of Sir Godfrey Kneller , ca . Princess Anne with her son William, Duke of Gloucester in the painting from the school of Sir Godfrey Kneller , ca. 1694 1694 By 1700, Anne had been pregnant at least eighteen times; thirteen times, she miscarried or gave birth to stillborn children. By 1700, Anne HAD Been pregnant at least eighteen times, thirteen times, she miscarried or stillborn Gave birth to children. Of the remaining five children, four died before reaching the age of two years. Of the five Remaining children, four died before reaching the age of two years. Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, a medical historian has diagnosed disseminated lupus erythematosus . [ 31 ] Other suggested causes are rhesus incompatibility , diabetes , and intrauterine growth retardation . [ 32 ] Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so may not fit with the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, William, Duke of Gloucester , was born after a series of stillbirths. [ 33 ] Based on her fetal Losses and Physical Symptoms, a medical historian has Diagnosed disseminated lupus erythematosus . [31] Other Suggested Causes are rhesus incompatibility , diabetes , and intrauterine growth retardation . [32] Rhesus incompatibility, However, Generally worsens with Successive meaningfulness, and May Not so fit with the pattern of Anne's meaningfulness, the only son to survive her infancy, William, Duke of Gloucester , was born after a series of stillbirths. [33]
Anne's sole surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died at the age of eleven on 29 July 1700, precipitating a succession crisis. [ 2 ] William and Mary had not had any children; thus, Anne was the only individual remaining in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689 . Anne's Sole Surviving child, William, Duke of Gloucester, Died at the age of eleven on 29 July 1700, precipitating the Succession crisis. [2] William and Mary had not HAD any children; Thus, Anne was the only individual Remaining in the line of Succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689 . If the line of succession were totally extinguished, then it would have been open for the deposed King James or his son James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") to claim the Throne. [ citation needed ] If the Line of Succession Were totally extinguished, then it would Have Been open for the deposed King James or his son James Francis Edward Stuart (the "Old Pretender") to claim the Throne. [ citation needed ]
To preclude a Catholic restoration, Parliament enacted the Act of Settlement 1701 , which provided that, failing the issue of Princess Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown would go to Sophia, Electress of Hanover , and her descendants. To preclude the Catholic restoration, Parliament enacted the Act of Settlement 1701 , Which Provided That, failing the issue of Princess Anne and of William III by any future marriage, the Crown would go to Sophia of Hanover Electress , and her descendants. Sophia was the granddaughter of James I and VI through his daughter Elizabeth , who was the sister of Anne's grandfather Charles I. Sophia was the granddaughter of James I and VI through his daughter Elizabeth , who was the sister of Anne's grandfather Charles I. Dozens of genealogically senior claimants (including Sophia's elder sister) were disregarded due to their Catholicism. Dozens of genealogically senior Claimants (including Sophia's elder sister) Were disregarded due to Their Catholicism. Anne's father died in September 1701. Anne's father Died in September 1701. His widow, Anne's stepmother, the former Queen, wrote to Anne to inform her that her father forgave her and remind her of her promise to seek the restoration of his line. His widow, Anne's stepmother, the former Queen, Anne wrote to her to inform her father forgave her That and remind her of her promise to seek the restoration of his line. Anne, however, had already acquiesced to the new line of succession created by the Act of Settlement. [ 34 ] Anne However, HAD Already acquiesced to the new line of Succession created by the Act of Settlement. [34]
[ edit ] Reign [ edit ] Reign [ edit ] War of the Spanish Succession [ edit ] War of the Spanish Succession William III died on 8 March 1702 and Anne was crowned Queen on 23 April 1702. [ 35 ] She was immediately popular. [ 36 ] In a speech to the Parliament of England she disassociated herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said, "As I know my heart to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England." [ 37 ] Almost as soon as she succeeded to the throne, Anne became embroiled in the War of the Spanish Succession . William III Died on 8 March 1702 and Anne was crowned Queen on 23 April 1702. [35] She was Immediately popular. [36] In a speech to the Parliament of England she disassociated herself from her late Dutch brother-in-law and said "As I know my heart to Be Entirely Inglês, very sincerely I Can Assure you there is not anything you expect or desire from Can I Which I Shall Not Be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England." [37] Almost as soon as she succeeded to the throne, Anne Became embroiled in the War of the Spanish Succession . This war, in which England supported the claim of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , to succeed to the Spanish Throne, would continue until the last years of Anne's reign and dominated both foreign and domestic policy. This war, in Which England supported the claim of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , to succeed to the Spanish throne, would continue Until the last years of Anne's reign and foreign and domestic BOTH dominated policy.
Soon after her accession, Anne appointed her husband Lord High Admiral , giving him control of the Royal Navy . Soon after her accession, her husband Anne appointed Lord High Admiral , giving him control of the Royal Navy . Anne gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough, whom she appointed Captain-General . [ 38 ] Marlborough also received numerous honours from the Queen; he was created a Knight of the Garter and was elevated to the rank of duke. [ 39 ] The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed to the posts of Groom of the Stole , Mistress of the Robes , and Keeper of the Privy Purse . [ 40 ] Anne Gave control of the army to Lord Marlborough, Whom she appointed Captain-General . [38] Numerous Marlborough Also received honors from the Queen, he was created a Knight of the Garter and was elevated to the rank of duke. [39] The Duchess of Marlborough was appointed to the post of Groom of the Stole , Mistress of the Robes , and Keeper of the Privy Purse . [40]
She re-instituted the tradition of touching for the King's evil that had been eschewed by William as "papist superstition". [ 41 ] She re-instituted the tradition of touching for the King's Evil That HAD Been by William eschewed the "papist superstition." [41]
[ edit ] Act of Union [ edit ] Act of Union
Portrait of Queen Anne in 1702, the year she became queen, from the school of John Closterman Portrait of Queen Anne in 1702, the year she Became Queen, from the school of John Closterman In passing the Act of Settlement, in 1701, the English Parliament neglected to consult with the Parliament of Scotland or Estates of Scotland , which, in part, wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and its right of inheritance to the Throne. [ 42 ] The Scottish response to the Settlement was to pass the Act of Security , a bill which stated that—failing the issue of the Queen—the Estates had the power to choose the next Scottish monarch from amongst the numerous descendants of the royal line of Scotland. In passing the Act of Settlement, in 1701, the Parliament neglected to consult Inglês with the Parliament of Scotland or Estates of Scotland , Which, in part, Wished to preserve the Stuart dynasty and Its right of inheritance to the Throne. [42] The Scottish response to the Settlement was to pass the Act of Security , the Bill Which Stated that-failing the issue of the Queen-the Estates Had The Power to choose the next Scottish monarch from amongst the descendants of the royal Numerous line of Scotland. The individual chosen by the Estates could not be the same person who came to the English Throne, unless various religious, economic and political conditions were met. The individual chosen by the Estates Could Not Be The Same Person Who Came To The Throne Inglês, unless Various religious, Economic and political conditions Were met. Though it was originally not forthcoming, Royal Assent to the act was granted when the Scottish Parliament refused to impose taxes and threatened to withdraw Scottish troops from the Duke of Marlborough's army in Europe. [ citation needed ] Though it was not forthcoming Originally, Royal Assent to the act was Granted When The Scottish Parliament refused to Impose taxes and Threatened to withdraw troops from the Scottish Duke of Marlborough's army in Europe. [ citation needed ]
In its turn, the English Parliament—fearing that an independent Scotland would restore the Auld Alliance with France—responded with the Alien Act 1705 , which provided that economic sanctions would be imposed and Scottish subjects would be declared aliens (putting their right to own property in England into jeopardy), unless Scotland either repealed the Act of Security or moved to unite with England. ITS In turn, the Parliament-Inglês That fearing an independent Scotland would restore the Auld Alliance with France-Responded With The Alien Act 1705 , Which Provided That Would Be Economic sanctions imposed and Scottish would Subjects Be Declared aliens (putting Their right to own property in England into jeopardy), unless the repealed Either Scotland Act of Security or Moved to unite with England. Eventually, the Estates chose the latter option, and Commissioners were appointed by Queen Anne to negotiate the terms of a union between the two countries. Eventually, the Estates chose The Latter option, and Commissioners Were appointed by Queen Anne to negotiate the terms of the union Between the two countries. Articles of Union were approved by the Commissioners on 22 July 1706, agreed to by an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed on 16 January 1707 and an act of the English Parliament passed on 6 March 1707. Articles of Union Were approved by the Commissioners on 22 July 1706, AGREED to by an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed on 16 January 1707 and an act of the Parliament passed on June Inglês March 1707. Under the Acts , England and Scotland became one realm, a united kingdom called Great Britain, on 1 May 1707. [ 43 ] Under the Acts , England and Scotland Became one realm, the united kingdom called Great Britain on 1 May 1707. [43]
[ edit ] Two-party politics [ edit ] Two-party politics
Heraldic badge of Queen Anne, depicting the Tudor rose and the Scottish thistle growing out of the same stem, used after the Act of Union of 1707. Heraldic badge of Queen Anne, depicting the Tudor Rose and the Scottish thistle growing out of The Same stem, used after the Act of Union of 1707. Queen Anne's reign was further marked by the development of a two-party system as the new era of parliamentary governance unfolded and matured. Queen Anne's reign was marked by further queries the development of a two-party system to the new era of parliamentary governance unfolded and matured. Anne personally preferred moderate Tories , but "endured" the Whigs . Anne personally preferred moderate Tories , but "endured" the Whigs .
Because of Anne's personal preferences, her first ministry was primarily Tory. Because of Anne's personal preferences, her first ministry was Primarily Tory. It was headed by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin and Anne's favorite John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough , both moderate Tories. It was headed by Sidney Godolphin, 1st Baron Godolphin and Anne's favorite John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough , BOTH moderate Tories. However, it also contained such high Tories as Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham , and Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester . [ 44 ] Marlborough and Godolphin kept up connections to the Whigs through the Speaker of the House of Commons, Robert Harley . However, it Also contained such high Tories to Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham , and Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester . [44] Marlborough and Godolphin Kept up connections to the Whigs through the Speaker of the House of Commons, Robert Harley .
The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. The Whigs vigorously supported the War of the Spanish Succession and Became even more influential after the Duke of Marlborough won a great victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704. Most of the High Tories, who had opposed British involvement in the land war against France, were gradually removed from office. Most of the High Tories, who opposed HAD British Involvement in the land war against France, we're Gradually removed from office. Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, by now a Secretary of State , who formed the ruling "triumvirate", were forced to rely more and more on support from the Whigs, and particularly from the Junto Whigs whom Queen Anne particularly disliked. Godolphin, Marlborough, and Harley, by now the Secretary of State , who formed the ruling "triumvirate", we're forced to Rely on more and more support from the Whigs, and Particularly from the Whigs Along Whom Queen Anne Particularly disliked. In 1706, Godolphin and Marlborough forced Anne to accept Lord Sunderland , a Junto Whig and Marlborough's son-in-law, as Harley's colleague as Secretary of State. In 1706, Godolphin and Marlborough forced to accept Anne Lord Sunderland , Marlborough and the Whig Together's son-in-law, the Harley's colleague the Secretary of State.
Although this strengthened the ministry's position in Parliament, it weakened the ministry's position with the Queen, as Anne became increasingly irritated with Godolphin and with her erstwhile favorite, the Duchess of Marlborough. Although this strengthened the ministry's position in Parliament, it weakened the ministry's position with the Queen, the Anne Became Increasingly irritated with Godolphin and with her erstwhile favorite, the Duchess of Marlborough. The Queen turned for private advice to Harley, who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin's turn towards the Whigs and was moving closer to supporting the Tory "blue water" policy on the war. The Queen turned for advice to private Harley, who was uncomfortable with Marlborough and Godolphin's turn Towards the Whigs and was moving closer to supporting the Tory "blue water" policy on the war. She also turned to Abigail Hill , a cousin of the Duchess who became more amenable to Anne as her relationship with Sarah deteriorated. [ 45 ] Also she turned to Abigail Hill , a cousin of the Duchess who Became more amenable to her relationship with the Anne Sarah deteriorated. [45]
The division within the ministry came to a head in February 1708, when Godolphin and Marlborough insisted that the Queen had to either dismiss Harley or do without their services. The Division Within The ministry cam to a head in February 1708, Marlborough and Godolphin When the Queen insisted That Had to dismiss Harley Either or do without Their services. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to attend a cabinet meeting on 8 February. When the Queen seemed to hesitate, Marlborough and Godolphin refused to Attend the cabinet meeting on 8 February. When Harley attempted to lead business without his erstwhile colleagues, several of those present, including the Duke of Somerset refused to participate until Godolphin and Marlborough returned. When Harley attempted to lead business without his erstwhile colleagues, Several Of Those present, including the Duke of Somerset refused to Participate Until Godolphin and Marlborough returned.
Her hand forced, the Queen dismissed Harley on 11 February. Her hand forced, the Queen Harley dismissed on 11 February. But Godolphin and Marlborough's victory was a hollow one, as their personal relationship with Anne would never recover from the blow. But Godolphin and Marlborough's victory was a hollow one, Their personal relationship with the Anne would never recover from the blow. Furthermore, they found themselves increasingly at the mercy of the Junto leaders. Furthermore, They found Increasingly Themselves at the mercy of the Together leaders. Whereas previously they had been able to determine war policy largely as they liked, their total parliamentary dependence on the Whigs meant that they had to consult with Junto leaders Lord Somers and Lord Halifax . Whereas previously They HAD Been Able to determine war policy Largely As They liked, Their total dependence on the parliamentary Whigs Meant That They Had to consult with leaders Along Lord Somers and Lord Halifax . This dependence on the hated Junto only increased the Queen's dislike of the ministry. This dependence on the hated only Increased Along the Queen's dislike of the ministry.
In July 1708, the Duchess of Marlborough came to court with a bawdy poem that implied a lesbian relationship between Anne and Abigail. In July 1708, the Duchess of Marlborough cam to court with the bawdy poem That implied a lesbian relationship Between Anne and Abigail. The Duchess wrote to Anne telling her she had damaged her reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable". [ 46 ] Anne was dismayed, and wrote to the Duke of Marlborough asking that his wife "leave off teasing & tormenting me & behave herself with the decency she ought both to her friend and Queen". [ 47 ] The Duchess Anne wrote to her telling her she HAD damaged reputation by conceiving "a great passion for such a woman ... strange and unaccountable." [46] Anne was dismayed, and wrote to the Duke of Marlborough Asking That his wife "leave teasing tormenting me off & & behave with the decency she herself ought to BOTH her friend and Queen. " [47]
[ edit ] Death of her husband [ edit ] Death of her husband
Half-crown coin of Queen Anne, 1708. Half-crown coin of Queen Anne, 1708. The inscription reads in Latin : ANNA DEI GRATIA (Anne by the Grace of God ). The inscription reads in Latin : ANNA DEI Gratia (Anne by the Grace of God ). Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, died in October 1708. [ 48 ] His leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular amongst the Whig leaders. Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, Died in October 1708. [48] His leadership of the Admiralty was unpopular amongst the Whig leaders. As he lay on his deathbed, some Whigs were preparing to make a motion requesting his removal from the office of Lord High Admiral. As He lay on his deathbed, some Whigs Were preparing to make a motion Requesting his removal from the office of Lord High Admiral. Anne was forced to appeal to the Duke of Marlborough to ensure that the motion was not made. Anne was forced to appeal to the Duke of Marlborough to Ensure, That the motion was not made.
Anne was devastated by the loss of her husband, and the event proved a turning point in her relationship with her old friend, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough . Anne was devastated by the loss of her husband, and the event provede the turning point in her relationship with her old friend, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough . The Duchess arrived at Windsor shortly after George had died, and forced the Queen to leave the castle and move to St. James's Palace against her will. The Duchess arrived at Windsor HAD Died shortly after George, and forced the Queen to leave the castle and move to St. James's Palace Against her will. Anne pleaded to be left alone, and resented the Duchess for insisting that the grieving Queen be attended at all times. Anne pleaded to be left alone, and resented the Duchess That is insisting the Grieving Queen Be attended at all times.
The Whigs used the Prince's death to their own advantage. The Whigs used the Prince's death to Their Own Advantage. With Whigs now dominant in parliament, and Anne overbowed by the loss of her husband, they forced her to accept the Junto leaders Lord Somers and Lord Wharton into the cabinet. Their power was, however, limited by Anne's insistence on carrying out the duties of Lord High Admiral herself, and not appointing a member of the government to take Prince George's place. Undeterred, the Junto demanded the appointment of the Earl of Orford , another member of the Junto and one of Prince George's leading critics, as First Lord of the Admiralty . Anne flatly refused, and chose her own candidate, the moderate Tory Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke on 29 November 1708.
Pressure mounted on Pembroke, Godolphin and the Queen from the dissatisfied Junto Whigs, and Pembroke was forced to resign after less than a year in office. Another month of arguments followed before the Queen finally consented to put the Earl of Orford in control of the Admiralty in November 1709.
[ edit ] Later years
Tinted engraving of Queen Anne from an atlas commissioned by Augustus II the Strong , ca . 1706–1710 As the expensive War of the Spanish Succession grew unpopular, so did the Whig administration. Harley, now in opposition, was particularly skillful in using the issue of the cost of the war to motivate the electorate. The Queen, increasingly disdained by her ministry's policy of "no peace without Spain", finally took the opportunity to dismiss Godolphin in August 1710. The Junto Whigs (Sunderland, Somers, Wharton, and Orford) were also removed from office, although Marlborough, for the moment, remained as commander of the army. In their place, she appointed a new ministry, headed by Harley, which began to seek peace with France. Harley and the Tories were ready to compromise by giving Spain to the grandson of the French King, but the Whigs could not bear to see a Bourbon on the Spanish Throne. [ 49 ] In the parliamentary elections which soon followed, Harley used government patronage to create a large Tory majority. [ 50 ]
The dispute was resolved by outside events. The elder brother of Archduke Charles (whom the Whigs supported) died in 1711 and Charles then inherited Austria, Hungary and the throne of the Holy Roman Empire . To give him also the Spanish throne was no longer in Great Britain's interests. But the proposed Treaty of Utrecht submitted to Parliament for ratification did not go as far as the Whigs wanted to curb Bourbon ambitions. [ 51 ] In the House of Commons, the Tory majority was unassailable, but the same was not true in the House of Lords . Seeing a need for decisive action—to erase the Whig majority in the House of Lords—Anne created twelve new peers. Such a mass creation of peers was unprecedented. Indeed, Elizabeth I had granted fewer peerages in 44 years than Anne did in a single day. [ 52 ] This allowed for ratification of the Treaty and thus ended Great Britain's involvement in the War of the Spanish Succession. [ 53 ]
[ edit ] Death [ edit ] Death Anne was rendered unable to speak by a stroke on 30 July 1714, and handed the treasurer's staff of office to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury , without a word. [ 54 ] She died of suppressed gout , ending in erysipelas , at approximately 7 o'clock [ clarification needed ] on 1 August 1714. She was buried in the Henry VII chapel on the South Aisle of Westminster Abbey but her body was so swollen and large that it had to be borne in a vast almost-square coffin. [ 55 ]
Anne died shortly after the Electress Sophia (8 June, the same year); the Electress's son, George I, Elector of Hanover , inherited the British Crown. [ 2 ] Pursuant to the Act of Settlement 1701 , the crown was settled on George as Electress Sophia's heir, with the possible Catholic claimants, including Anne's half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, ignored. However, the Elector of Hanover's accession was relatively stable: Jacobite risings in 1715 and 1719 both failed. [ 56 ]
[ edit ] Legacy Scottish and English Royalty
House of Stuart
Anne Anne
William, Duke of Gloucester
The reign of Queen Anne was marked by an increase in the influence of ministers and a decrease in the influence of the Crown. In 1708, Anne became the last British Sovereign to withhold the Royal Assent from a bill (in this case, a Scots militia bill ). Preoccupied with her health (she may have suffered from porphyria ), Anne allowed her ministers, most notably Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer , as well as her favourites ( Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough and Abigail Masham ) to dominate politics. [ 5 ] The shift of power from the Crown to the ministry became even more apparent during the reign of George I, whose chief advisor, Sir Robert Walpole , is often described as the "first Prime Minister ." [ 57 ]
The political and diplomatic achievements of her governments and the stability of her reign, which was free from constitutional conflict between monarch and parliament, indicate that she chose ministers and exercised her prerogatives wisely. [ 58 ] Assessments of Anne as fat, constantly pregnant, under the influence of favourites, and lacking political astuteness or interest may derive from chauvinist prejudices against women. [ 37 ]
The age of Anne was one of artistic, literary, and scientific advancement. In architecture, Sir John Vanbrugh constructed elegant edifices such as Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard . Writers such as Daniel Defoe , Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift flourished. Although Anne and her reign have no direct bearing on the style personally, at the time Queen Anne architecture style became popular in the late 19th century, her name connoted a sense of Old World elegance and extravagant, ornate details. Her name also remains associated with the world's first substantial copyright law, known as the Statute of Anne (1709), which granted exclusive rights to authors rather than printers. [ 59 ]
In the United States , the North American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession is known as Queen Anne's War .
The American city of Annapolis, Maryland , which originally bore several other names, was given its present name in 1694 by Sir Francis Nicholson , in honour of the then Princess Anne. Princess Anne County, Virginia , and Princess Anne Street in Fredericksburg, Virginia , were named for her before her accession to the throne. Queen Anne's County, Maryland , was named for her during her reign in 1706. Upon its capture from the French in 1710, the Acadian capital of Port-Royal was renamed Annapolis Royal in honour of the Queen.
A statue of Anne stands outside the main entrance to St. Paul's Cathedral, London .
[ edit ] In popular culture Anne was played by Margaret Tyzack in the 1969 BBC TV drama series The First Churchills , which depicted Queen Anne's life from her childhood to her death, in the context of her friendship with Sarah and John Churchill. Elizabeth Spriggs portrayed her in the 2004 BBC drama documentary Wren: The Man Who Built Britain . In the 1984 comedy Yellowbeard she was played by Peter Bull (in his last film role) as a fat, senile woman, dominated by Sarah Churchill.
Anne is a character in the novel The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo , and was portrayed on screen by Anna Kallina in the 1921 Austrian silent adaptation Das Grinsende Gesicht and by Josephine Crowell in the 1928 silent adaptation . She is also a character in the play Le Verre d'eau by Eugène Scribe ; Gunnel Lindblom portrayed her in the 1960 Swedish TV adaptation Ett Glas vatten , Liselotte Pulver in the 1960 West German film adaptation Das Glas Wasser , Judit Halász in the 1977 Hungarian TV adaptation Sakk-matt , and Natalya Belokhvostikova in the 1979 Soviet film adaptation Stakan vody (Стакан воды).
[ edit ] Titles, styles, honours and arms Royal styles of Royal styles of
Queen Anne of Great Britain
Reference style Her Majesty
Spoken style Spoken style Your Majesty
Alternative style Alternative style Ma'am
[ edit ] Titles and styles [ edit ] Titles and styles 6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683 : Her Highness The Lady Anne [ 60 ]
28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702 : Her Royal Highness Princess Anne [ 61 ] of Denmark
8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714 : Her Majesty The Queen
The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith , etc." (The claim to France was only nominal, and had been asserted by every English King since Edward III , regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) After the Union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."
[ edit ] Arms [ edit ] Arms As Queen regnant, Anne's arms before the Union were the Stuart Royal arms , in use since 1603: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland) . In 1702 Anne announced that the Royal arms was to be shown with the motto Semper eadem or Always the same , this was the same motto used by Queen Elizabeth I. [ 62 ]
The Act of Union declared that: "the Ensigns Armorial of the said United Kingdom be such as Her Majesty shall think fit," [ 63 ] In 1707 the Union was heraldically expressed by the impaling , or placing side-by-side in the same quarter, of the arms of England and Scotland, which had previously been in different quarters. The new arms were: Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland) . [ 62 ]
Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of England, from 1702 to 1707
Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Scotland, from 1702 to 1707
Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain, from 1707 to 1714
Coat of arms of Anne as Queen of Great Britain (Scotland), 1707–1714
[ edit ] Ancestry [ edit ] Ancestry Ancestors of Anne, Queen of Great Britain
16. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
8. James I of England
17. Mary, Queen of Scots
4. Charles I of England
18. Frederick II of Denmark
9. Princess Anne of Denmark
19. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2. James II of England
20. Antoine of Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme
10. Henry IV of France
21. Jeanne III of Navarre
5. Princess Henrietta Maria of France
22. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
11. Marie de' Medici
23. Archduchess Johanna of Austria
1. Anne of Great Britain
24. Lawrence Hyde
12. Henry Hyde
25. Anne Sibell
6. Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon
26. Edward Langford
13. Mary Langford
27. Mary St. Barbe
3. Anne Hyde
28. William Aylesbury
14. Thomas Aylesbury
29. Anne Poole
7. Frances Aylesbury
30. Francis Denman
15. Anne Denman
31. Anne Blount
[ edit ] Issue Name Name Birth Birth Death Death
Mary Mary 2 June 1685 8 February 1687
Anne Sophia 12 May 1686 2 February 1687
William, Duke of Gloucester 24 July 1689 29 July 1700
Mary Mary 14 October 1690 14 October 1690
George George 17 April 1692 17 April 1692
Charles Charles 15 September 1698 15 September 1698
In addition, there were eight still-born children and four miscarriages. [ 64 ]
All of Anne's children bore the titles of Prince(ss) of Denmark and Prince(ss) of Norway. [ 65 ]
[ edit ] See also [ edit ] See also List of things named after Queen Anne
Line of succession to the British Throne
Queen Anne Style architecture
Queen Anne's War
Statute of Anne
[ edit ] Notes [ edit ] Notes ^ These are Old Style dates in the Julian calendar .
^ a b c d Lodge (1832), pp. 7–8
^ Waller, pp. 293–295
^ Waller, p. 295 295
^ a b "Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9051033/Sarah-Jennings-Churchill . Retrieved 2007-01-07 .
^ a b Field, Ophelia (2003). Sarah Churchill Duchess of Marlborough, The Queen's Favourite . St. Martin's Press.
^ Innes (1913) p. 440 440
^ Waller, p. 296 296
^ Weir, pp. 260–261
^ Gregg, pp. 32–35
^ Anne was "Mrs. Morley"; Sarah was "Mrs. Freeman" (Waller, p. 299)
^ Waller, p. 299 299
^ a b Weir, p. 268 268
^ Ward, vol. 5, pp. 5, pp. 230–31
^ Ward, pp. 236–40
^ Waller, p. 300 300
^ Letters , p. 103, quoted in Waller, p. 301 301
^ Letter dated 14 March 1688, quoted in Waller, p. 303
^ Waller, pp. 303–304
^ Ward, pp. 241–42
^ Waller, p. 304 304
^ Nenner, Howard (1998). The Right to be King: the Succession to the Crown of England, 1603–1714 . Palgrave Macmillan. p. p. 243. ISBN 0-333-57724-8 .
^ Dalrymple, John (1778). Memoirs volume ii . p. p. 175. 175.
^ Waller, p. 305 305
^ a b "Mary II". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th Ed. ed.). London: Cambridge University Press. 1911.
^ Innes (1913), pp. 482–483
^ Ward, pp. 250–251
^ An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown , transcript of the original text available at Yale University Law Library, retrieved 23 January 2011
^ Gregg, p. 108 108
^ Trevelyan, GM. England Under Queen Anne .
^ HE Emson, "For The Want Of An Heir: The Obstetrical History Of Queen Anne", British Medical Journal , Vol. 304, No. 6838 (23 May 1992), pp. 1365–1366.
^ Waller, p. 310 310
^ Waller, pp. 310–311
^ Waller, p. 312; Ward, p. 275
^ Gregg, p. 151 151
^ Waller, p. 312 312
^ a b Waller, p. 313 313
^ Waller, p. 315; Ward, p. 460 460
^ Lodge, p. 240 240
^ Waller, p. 314 314
^ Waller, pp. 316–317
^ Gregg, pp. 130–131
^ Benians, pp.90–91
^ Waller, p. 318 318
^ Waller, p. 324 324
^ Waller, pp. 324–325
^ Waller, p. 325 325
^ Gregg, p. 281 281
^ Ward, pp. 470–471
^ Ward, pp. 468–469.
^ Ward, pp. 429–434
^ Ward, p. 471. 471.
^ Ward, pp. 433–459.
^ Waller, p. 328 328
^ Ward, p. 476. 476.
^ Benians (1909), pp. 97–106
^ Eccleshall, Robert (1998). Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers . Routledge.
^ Waller, pp. 313, 317, 328
^ Morrissey, Lee (1999). From the Temple to the Castle: An Architectural History of British Literature, 1660–1760 . University of Virginia Press . http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02069656&id=klMCAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA329&lpg=RA2-PA329&dq=%27brandy+nan%27 .
^ The London Gazette , 31 January 1675 ; 30 October 1676 ^ The London Gazette, 31 January 1675 ; 30 October 1676
^ Princess Anne vs Princess George ^ Princess Anne vs Princess George
^ a b Pinces, John Harvey; Pinces, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England , Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, pp. ^ a b Pince, John Harvey; Pince, Rosemary (1974), The Royal Heraldry of England, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, pp. 194–195, ISBN 0-900455-25-X 194-195, ISBN 0-900455-25-X
^ Act of Union 1707, Article 1 Wikisource.org, Retrieved 2011-02-11. ^ Act of Union 1707, Article 1 Wikisource.org, Retrieved 2/11/2011.
^ Emson, pp. ^ Emson, pp. 1365–1366. 1365-1366. Lodge (1832), pp. Lodge (1832), pp. 7–8. 7-8.
^ Francois Velde. "Royal Styles and Titles of Great Britain" . ^ Francois Velde. "Royal Styles and Titles of Great Britain" . Heraldica.org . http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/prince_highness.htm#Anne . Heraldica.org. http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/prince_highness.htm # Anne . Retrieved 2010-05-02 . Retrieved 2/5/2010.
[ edit ] References [ edit ] References Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anne, Queen of Great Britain Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Anne, Queen of Great Britain
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More spoken articles More spoken articles Benians, Ernest Alfred et al. Benians, Ernest Alfred et al. (1909). The Cambridge Modern History . (1909). The Cambridge Modern History . MacMillan & Co. . http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00487943&id=UkiuhTjyAuAC&pg=RA1-PA91&lpg=RA1-PA91&dq=act+of+union#PRA1-PA91,M1 . MacMillan & Co.. http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00487943&id=UkiuhTjyAuAC&pg=RA1-PA91&lpg=RA1-PA91&dq=act+of+union # PRA1-PA91, M1 .
Curtis, Gila (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Anne , Kings and Queens of England, London: George Weidenfield and Nicolson, ISBN 0297 99571 5 Curtis, Gila (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Anne, Kings and Queens of England, London: George Weidenfield and Nicolson, ISBN 0 297 99571 5
Gregg, Edward (2001). Queen Anne . Gregg, Edward (2001). Queen Anne . Yale University Press . http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0300090242&id=rpUnT_1eWCQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=fFR_mjkU6M&dq=queen+anne&sig=6MTBSTd4ox3ObpZMac6VxvVHPfM#PPA94,M1 . Yale University Press. http://books.google.com/books?visbn=0300090242&id=rpUnT_1eWCQC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=fFR_mjkU6M&dq=queen+anne&sig=6MTBSTd4ox3ObpZMac6VxvVHPfM # PPA94, M1 .
Innes, Arthur Donald (1913). A History of England and the British Empire . Innes, Arthur Donald (1913). The History of England and the British Empire . The MacMillan Company . http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01319080&id=m4ICAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA89&lpg=RA1-PA89&dq=act+of+succession#PRA1-PA440,M1 . The MacMillan Company. http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01319080&id=m4ICAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA89&lpg=RA1-PA89&dq=act+of+succession # PRA1-PA440, M1 .
Lednum, John (1859). A History of the Rise of Methodism in America . Lednum, John (1859). A History of the Rise of Methodism in America. Philadelphia: John Lednum. Philadelphia: John Lednum.
Lodge, Edmund (1832). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage . Lodge, Edmund (1832). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage . Saunders and Otley . http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03444095&id=QK-4tHp4dzgC&pg=RA1-PA2-IA10&lpg=RA1-PA2-IA10&dq=peerage#PRA4-PA8,M1 . Saunders and Otley. http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03444095&id=QK-4tHp4dzgC&pg=RA1-PA2-IA10&lpg=RA1-PA2-IA10&dq=peerage # PRA4-PA8, M1 .
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[ edit ] External links [ edit ] External links Archival material relating to Anne, Queen of Great Britain listed at the UK National Register of Archives
Anne, Queen of Great Britain Anne, Queen of Great Britain
House of Stuart
Born: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Regnal titles
Preceded by Preceded by
William III/II Queen of England
Queen of Scotland
8 March 1702 – 1 May 1707 Act of Union 1707
Queen of Ireland
8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714 Succeeded by Succeeded by
George I
Act of Union 1707 Queen of Great Britain
1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714
British royalty
Preceded by Preceded by
William and Mary
mutual heirs Heir to the English and Irish Thrones
as heiress apparent
28 December 1694 – 8 March 1702 Succeeded by Succeeded by
Sophia of Hanover
by Act of Settlement 1701
Heir to the Scottish throne
as heiress apparent
28 December 1694 – 8 March 1702 End of title
Political offices
Preceded by Preceded by
Prince George of Denmark Lord High Admiral
1708 1708 Succeeded by Succeeded by
The Earl of Pembroke
v · d · e English , Scottish and British monarchs
Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603
Alfred the Great · Edward the Elder · Ælfweard · Athelstan the Glorious · Edmund the Magnificent · Eadred · Eadwig the Fair · Edgar the Peaceable · Edward the Martyr · Æthelred the Unready · Sweyn Forkbeard · Edmund Ironside · Cnut · Harold Harefoot · Harthacnut · Edward the Confessor · Harold Godwinson · Edgar the Ætheling · William I · William II · Henry I · Stephen · Matilda · Henry II · Henry the Young King · Richard I · John · Henry III · Edward I · Edward II · Edward III · Richard II · Henry IV · Henry V · Henry VI · Edward IV · Edward V · Richard III · Henry VII · Henry VIII · Edward VI · Jane · Mary I with Philip · Elizabeth I
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Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603
James I & VI · Charles I · ( Commonwealth ) · Charles II · James II & VII · William III & II and Mary II · Anne
British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707
Anne · George I · George II · George III · George IV · William IV · Victoria · Edward VII · George V · Edward VIII · George VI · Elizabeth II
Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics .
v · d · e Kingdom of Great Britain
History History Union of 1707 · Great Britain in the Seven Years War · Jacobitism · Jacobite Risings · War of Jenkins' Ear · French and Indian War · Boston Massacre · American Revolutionary War · Fourth Anglo-Dutch War · French Revolutionary Wars · Union of 1801
Royal Houses Stuart ( Anne ) · Hanover ( George I , George II , George III )
Politics Politics Parliament · List of Parliaments · Acts of Parliament · Commons · Elections · Monarchs · Peers · Whigs · Tories · Whig Junto · Patriot Whigs · Kit-Cat Club
Geography Geography Great Britain
Architecture Architecture Queen Anne · Georgian
Other Other East India Company · British Empire · Longitude prize · Window tax · Proclamation of Rebellion · South Sea Company · Speenhamland system
Symbols Symbols National flag
History of Great Britain category
Persondata Persondata
Name Name Queen Anne
Alternative names Queen Anne of Great Britain
Short description Short description Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland
Date of birth 6 February 1665
Place of birth Place of birth St. James's Palace, London
Date of death Date of death 1 August 1714
Place of death Place of death Kensington Palace, London
Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain "
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Texto original em português:
1.2 "Glorious Revolution"
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