6335 - LITERATURA DO SURINAME

Page 1 Página 1
Suriname Suriname Environmental and Social Reconnaissance Ambiental e Reconhecimento Social The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine Project O projeto da mina de bauxita Bakhuys With notes on the proposed Kabalebo Hydroproject & Com notas sobre a proposta de Kabalebo Hydroproject & Comparisons with Alcoa/BHP/Billiton's recent track record Comparações com a Alcoa / BHP / Billiton é histórico recente By Robert Goodland Por Robert Goodland
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 2 Página 2
© The Association of Indigenous Village Leaders in Suriname (VIDS) and © Associação de Líderes de aldeia indígena no Suriname (VIDS) e The North-South Institute (NSI), 2006. O Instituto Norte-Sul (NSI), 2006. All photographs were taken by Viviane Weitzner and provided by The North-South Intitute Todas as fotografias foram tiradas por Viviane Weitzner e fornecido pelo Intitute Norte-Sul  Graphic design and Layout by: Marcelo Saavedra-Vargas  O projeto gráfico e layout por: Marcelo Vargas Saavedra-  Comments and corrections to: RbtGoodland@aol.com Comentários  e correções: RbtGoodland@aol.com
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 3 Página 3
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland i i A report prepared for Um relatório preparado para The Association of Indigenous Village Leaders of A Associação de Líderes Indígenas da Aldeia Suriname (VIDS) and The North-South Institute (NSI) Suriname (VIDS) eo Instituto Norte-Sul (NSI) By Robert Goodland Por Robert Goodland Comments and corrections: RbtGoodland@aol.com Comentários e correções: RbtGoodland@aol.com Acknowledgements: Agradecimentos: Captain Carlo Lewis of Apoera, Captain Nado Aroepa of Section, Captain Lewis Carlo Capitão da Apoera, Nado Aroepa Capitão da secção, o Capitão Ricardo MacIntosh of Washabo, and Captain Alapate of Wanapan kindly Ricardo MacIntosh da Washabo, eo capitão da Alapate Wanapan gentilmente organized many meetings of the people they represent, and helped greatly organizou reuniões muitas das pessoas que eles representam, e ajudou muito with all the field inspections (eg, Coermotibo bauxite mine, Bakhuys com todas as inspecções de campo (por exemplo, Coermotibo mina de bauxita, Bakhuys bauxite exploration site, Brokopondo/Afobaka hydro site, and the Maroon local de exploração de bauxita, Brokopondo / site hidro Afobaka, eo marrom transmigration villages displaced by the reservoir). transmigração aldeias deslocadas pelo reservatório). This report is sincerely Este relatório está sinceramente dedicated to these extraordinary people, in the hope it may buffer them dedicado a essas pessoas extraordinárias, na esperança de que podem amenizar os from the worst impacts of development. dos piores impactos do desenvolvimento. VIDS, especially Captain Ricardo VIDS, especialmente o capitão Ricardo Pané, Loreen Jubitana, Josée Artist and Carla Madsian, made my visit not Painel, Loreen Jubitana, Josée Artista e Carla Madsian, fiz a minha visita não only possible but a joy. apenas possível, mas uma alegria. But for NSI's project director, Viviane Weitzner's Mas para o diretor do projeto, a NSI, Viviane Weitzner de persistent encouragement, I could not have participated. incentivo persistente, eu não poderia ter participado. Ellen-Rose Ellen-Rose Kambel provided intellectual and moral leadership. Kambel desde moral e liderança intelectual. The research was A pesquisa foi made possible through a grant from Canada's International Development possível graças a uma bolsa de Desenvolvimento Internacional do Canadá Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada. Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canadá.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 4 Página 4
ii ii Robert Goodland Robert Goodland S S URINAME URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND AMBIENTE E S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE ECONNAISSANCE DO B B AKHUYS AKHUYS B B AUXITE AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Table of Contents Tabela de Conteúdos Acknowledgements: ................................................................................................................................ Agradecimentos: ................................................ .................................................. .............................. i i Acronyms & Abbreviations........................................................................................................................... Siglas e Abreviaturas ............................................... .................................................. .......................... 1 1 Part 1: The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine ............................................................................................................... Parte 1: A mina de bauxita Bakhuys ........................................... .................................................. .................. 3 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... Introdução ................................................. .................................................. ............................................ 3 3 Goals and Targets of this Report ...................................................................................................... Objetivos e Metas do presente relatório ............................................ .................................................. ........ 3 3 Background of this Report ................................................................................................................ Contexto do presente relatório .............................................. .................................................. ................ 3 3 Asymmetric Power ............................................................................................................................. Assimétricas de poder ................................................ .................................................. ........................... 4 4 Strengthen the Indigenous Peoples .................................................................................................. Fortalecer os Povos Indígenas .............................................. .................................................. .. 4 4 Environmental and Social Assessment ............................................................................................ Avaliação Ambiental e Social .............................................. .............................................. 4 4 Role of ESA in 'Ruling Out' Irrelevant Topics ................................................................................ Papel da ESA em 'Out dominação' tópicos irrelevantes ........................................ ........................................ 5 5 Positive and Negative Impacts ........................................................................................................ Impactos positivos e negativos .............................................. .................................................. ........ 6 6 The Start of ESA ................................................................................................................................. O começo da ESA .............................................. .................................................. ................................. 6 6 The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine Project ......................................................................................................... O projeto da mina de bauxita Bakhuys ............................................. .................................................. .......... 6 6 Exploration .......................................................................................................................................... Exploração ................................................. .................................................. ....................................... 6 6 Exploitation ........................................................................................................................................ Exploração ................................................. .................................................. ..................................... 7 7 Social Impact Assessment ........................................................................................................................ Avaliação de Impacto Social ............................................... .................................................. ....................... 9 9 Land Titling ...................................................................................................................................... Titulação de Terras ................................................ .................................................. .................................... 10 10 Gender Impacts ................................................................................................................................ Impactos de gênero ................................................ .................................................. .............................. 10 10 Health Impact Assessment ............................................................................................................. Avaliação do Impacto ............................................... .................................................. ............ 10 10 Social Impacts of Laborers ..............................................................................................................11 Impactos Sociais de Trabalhadores .............................................. .................................................. .............. 11 Food .....................................................................................................................................................11 Alimentos ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. 11 Indigenous Peoples' Free, Prior and Informed Consent .............................................................11 "Povos Livres Prior, e Consentimento Indígenas ......................................... .................... 11 Language and Translation .............................................................................................................. Idioma e Tradução ............................................... .................................................. ............. 12 12 Forms of Communication ............................................................................................................... Formas de Comunicação ............................................... .................................................. .............. 12 12 Compensatory Offsets....................................................................................................................... Compensações compensatórias ................................................ .................................................. ..................... 14 14 'Net Benefit' or Offsets ................................................................................................................... "Benefício Líquido" ou compensações ............................................ .................................................. ..................... 14 14 Recommendations................................................................................................................................... Recomendações ................................................. .................................................. ................................ 15 15 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................................. Conclusões ................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 16 16 Part 2: Refining Bauxite, Smelting, the Kabalebo Hydroproject, and Comparisons .......................... Parte 2: Refino de Bauxita, Fundições, Kabalebo Hydroproject, e comparações .......................... 17 17 Refining Bauxite and Smelting Alumina ............................................................................................. Refino de Bauxita e Alumina Smelting ............................................. ................................................ 17 17 The Kaburi Kreek Nature Reserve Debate........................................................................................... O Kaburi Kreek Debate Reserva Natural ............................................ ............................................... 18 18 Smelting Alumina to Metal.................................................................................................................... Alumina para fundição de metais .............................................. .................................................. .................... 18 18 The Precautionary Principle, Environmental Liability Insurance, and Performance Bonds ........ O Princípio da Precaução, Seguro de Responsabilidade Civil Ambiental, e Obrigações de Desempenho ........ 19 19 The Precautionary Principle ............................................................................................................. O Princípio da Precaução ............................................... .................................................. ............ 19 19 The Kabalebo Hydroproject.............................................................................................................. O Hydroproject Kabalebo ............................................... .................................................. ............. 20 20 Biomass Removal .............................................................................................................................. Remoção de Biomassa ................................................ .................................................. ............................ 21 21 Water Quality .................................................................................................................................... Qualidade da Água ................................................ .................................................. .................................. 22 22 Water-Borne Diseases ....................................................................................................................... -Borne doenças transmitidas pela água .............................................. .................................................. ....................... 22 22 Impacts of Workers ........................................................................................................................... Impactos dos Trabalhadores ............................................... .................................................. .......................... 22 22 The Jai Kreek & Tapanahoni Diversions.............................................................................................. O Kreek Jai & Diversions Tapanahoni ............................................ .................................................. 22 22 Comparison: Brokopondo Hydro.......................................................................................................... Comparação: Hydro Brokopondo .............................................. .................................................. .......... 23 23 Brokopondo & Kabalebo Hydroproject Sources............................................................................ Brokopondo e Fontes Hydroproject Kabalebo ............................................. ............................... 24 24 Comparison, French Guiana: Petit Saut Hydro Project ..................................................................... Comparação, Guiana Francesa: Projeto Hidrelétrico Petit Saut ......................................... ............................ 24 24 Comparison: Alcoa's Karahnjukar Hydroproject................................................................................ Comparação: Karahnjukar Hydroproject da Alcoa ............................................. ................................... 25 25 Comparison: Alcoa's Recent Hydro Track Record in Brazil.............................................................. Comparação: Recentes de Track Record Hydro Alcoa no Brasil ......................................... ..................... 29 29 Part 3: Sources of Information and Literature Cited ............................................................................... Parte 3: Fontes de Informação e Literatura Citada ......................................... ...................................... 30 30 Social and Environmental Impacts of Dams, Reservoirs and HydroprojectsComments and Impactos sociais e ambientais de barragens, reservatórios e HydroprojectsComments e
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 5 Página 5
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland iii iii corrections to: RbtGoodland@aol.com ............................................................................................ correções: RbtGoodland@aol.com .......................................... .................................................. 30 30 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................. Bibliografia ................................................. .................................................. ............................................... 32 32 The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining in GeneralCorrections to: Os Impactos Ambientais e Sociais da Mineração no GeneralCorrections para: RbtGoodland@aol.com...................................................................................................................... RbtGoodland@aol.com ............................................. .................................................. ....................... 32 32 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................ Notas ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ... 51 51
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 6 Página 6
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland 1 1 Acronyms & Abbreviations Siglas e Abreviaturas ACT ACT Amazon Conservation Team (ethnobotany.org) Amazon Conservation Team (ethnobotany.org) AIDS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida AKA AKA Also known as Também conhecido como ASL ASL Above mean sea level Acima do nível médio do mar BHPB BHPB Broken Hill Proprietary & Billiton Corporation Broken Hill Proprietary & Corporation Billiton CBD CDB Convention on Biological Diversity Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica CI CI Conservation International Conservação Internacional CIS CIS Conservation International Suriname Conservação Internacional Suriname CNEC CNEC Brazilian Engineering Consultants Brasil Consultores de Engenharia CSNR CSNR Central Suriname Nature Reserve Reserva Natural do Suriname Central EBS EBS Suriname's Energy Authority 's Energy Authority Suriname EDF FED Électricité de France Electricité de France EIA EIA Environmental (and Social) Impact Assessment, now ESA Ambientais (e sociais) avaliação do impacto, agora ESA EITI EITI Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (eitransparency.org) Iniciativa de Transparência das Indústrias Extractivas (eitransparency.org) ESA ESA Environmental and Social Assessment Avaliação Social e Ambiental FPIC FPIC Free Prior Informed Consent Livre Consentimento Prévio Informado FPP FPP Forest Peoples Program Programa Mata Povos GMD GMD Suriname Government: Geologische Mijnbouwkundige Dienst Suriname Governo: Dienst Mijnbouwkundige Geologische GHG GEE Green House Gas emissions Gases Efeito Estufa na HA HA Hectares Hectares HIA HIA Health Impact Assessment (part of ESA) Health Impact Assessment (parte da ESA) ICMM ICMM International Council on Mining and Minerals Conselho Internacional de Mineração e Minerais IIED IIED International Institute of Environment and Development Instituto Internacional de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento IMF FMI International Monetary Fund Fundo Monetário Internacional IUCN IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza KITLV KITLV Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal, Land-en Volkenkunde KIT KIT Royal Tropical Institute (Netherlands) Royal Tropical Institute (Holanda) MER MER Netherlands Environmental Assessment Commission Comissão Holandesa de Avaliação Ambiental MMSD MMSD Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (of IIED) Mineração, Minerais e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (do IIED) MTPY MTPA Million tons per year Milhões de toneladas por ano MW MW Megawatt Megawatt NIMOS Nimos Nationaal Instituut voor Milieu en Ontwikkeling in Suriname Nationaal Instituut voor en Milieu Ontwikkeling no Suriname NSI NSI The North-South Institute of Canada O Instituto Norte-Sul do Canadá NTFP PFNM Non-Timber Forest Products Produtos florestais não madeireiros não PAHO OPAS PanAmerican Health Organization Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde POS POS SRK's Aug '05 'Plan of Study' for the Bakhuys ESA SRK agosto '05 'Plano de Estudos "para a ESA Bakhuys
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 7 Página 7
2 2 Robert Goodland Robert Goodland S S URINAME URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND AMBIENTE E S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE ECONNAISSANCE DO B B AKHUYS AKHUYS B B AUXITE AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO SBB SBB Stichting Bosbeheer en Bostoezicht (Suriname Forest Control Stichting Bosbeheer en Bostoezicht (Controle Florestal Suriname Foundation) Fundação) SENES SENES Canadian consulting Ltd Consultoria canadense Ltd SIA SIA Social Impact Assessment (part of ESA) Avaliação de Impacto Social (parte da ESA) SIL SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics SRD SRD Suriname Dollars Suriname Dólares SRK SRK Steffen, Robertson & Kirsten (South Africa) Ltd, Consulting Steffen, Robertson &) Kirsten Sul (Africa Ltd, Consultoria Engineers and Scientists Engenheiros e cientistas STINASU STINASU Foundation for Nature Conservation in Suriname: Fundação para a Conservação da Natureza no Suriname: www.stinasu.sr www.stinasu.sr TOR TOR Terms of Reference Termos de Referência UNESCO UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization Nações Unidas para a Educação, Ciência e Cultura VIDS VIDS Vereniging van Inheemse Dorpshoofden in Suriname Vereniging Dorpshoofden Inheemse van no Suriname (Association of Indigenous Village Leaders of Suriname) (Associação de Líderes de aldeia indígena do Suriname) WBG GBM World Bank Group Grupo do Banco Mundial WHO OMS World Health Organization Organização Mundial da Saúde WWF WWF World Wildlife Fund World Wildlife Fund
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 8 Página 8
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland 3 3 Part 1: The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine Parte 1: A mina de bauxita Bakhuys Introduction Introdução Goals and Targets of this Report Objetivos e Metas do presente relatório This report has three parts. Este relatório tem três partes. Part 1 comments on the social and environmental assessment (ESA) Parte 1 comentários sobre a avaliação social e ambiental (ESA) processes of Suriname's proposed Bakhuys bauxite mine. processos de proposta Bakhuys do Suriname mina de bauxita. Part 2 is a note on the possible impacts of Parte 2 é uma nota sobre os possíveis impactos da refining, smelting, the proposed Kabalebo hydroproject, and comparisons with other relevant bauxite , Fundição, refino do Hydroproject Kabalebo proposta, e comparações com outros relevantes bauxita and hydro projects. e projetos hidrelétricos. Part 3 is a guide to the literature. A parte 3 é um guia para a literatura. This report is primarily directed at BHPB, the proponent of the Bakhuys bauxite mine, and at Este relatório é essencialmente dirigido para BHPB, o proponente da mina de bauxita Bakhuys, e em SRK, the consulting firm hired by BHPB to perform an ESA for the Bakhuys project. SRK, a empresa de consultoria contratada pela BHPB realizar uma ESA para o projeto Bakhuys. It is directed at É dirigida a BHPB and SRK in order to prevent adverse social and environmental impacts. BHPB e SRK a fim de evitar impactos ambientais adversos e social. It also seeks to help Ela também procura ajudar the Indigenous Peoples who may suffer most from adverse impacts unless the ESA is performed well. dos Povos Indígenas, que podem mais sofrem com os impactos negativos a menos que a ESA está a um bom desempenho. This report also is designed to inform VIDS, NSI, NIMOS and people concerned with reducing the Este relatório também se destina a informar VIDS, NSI, Nimos e pessoas preocupadas com a redução do social and environmental impacts of mining in Suriname. impactos sociais e ambientais da mineração no Suriname. Background of this Report Contexto do presente relatório This report stems from a request from VIDS (vids@sr.net), chaired by Captain Ricardo Pané and Este relatório resulta de um pedido de VIDS (vids@sr.net), presidido pelo Capitão Ricardo painel e directed by Loreen Jubitana, for support on understanding the process of social and environmental dirigido por Loreen Jubitana, para apoio na compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento social e ambiental assessment. de avaliação. This request was taken up by the North-South Institute (www.nsi-ins.ca), a non-profit Este pedido foi aceite pelo Instituto Norte-Sul (www.nsi-ins.ca), sem fins lucrativos institute researching international development and Canadian foreign policy that has been under- instituto de pesquisa internacional para o desenvolvimento ea política externa canadense, que foi sub- taking research on issues at the interface of mining and Indigenous Peoples in the Americas (co- tendo a investigação sobre questões na interface da mineração e dos Povos Indígenas das Américas (co- ordinated by Viviane Weitzner, vweitzner@nsi-ins.ca). coordenados por Viviane Weitzner, vweitzner@nsi-ins.ca). The VIDS requested to become a partner in O VIDS pedido para se tornar um parceiro na this research, and with funding from Canada's International Development Research Centre, VIDS Nesta pesquisa, e com financiamento da Canada's International Development Research Centre, VIDS contracted the author contratado o autor 1 1 to facilitate ESA understanding and to provide a perspective on the ESA of para facilitar a compreensão da ESA e para fornecer uma perspectiva sobre a ESA de Bakhuys and Kabalebo, by means of a 12-day reconnaissance in Suriname between 29 August and 10 Bakhuys e Kabalebo, por meio de um dia de reconhecimento no Suriname 12 entre 29 de Agosto e 10 September 2005. Setembro de 2005. The ESA process of these projects may continue for the next 10-20 years, including implemen- O processo ESA desses projetos pode continuar durante os próximos 10-20 anos, incluindo a implemen- tation of the precautions and safeguards. ção das precauções e salvaguardas. The most vulnerable stakeholders As partes mais vulneráveis 2 2 , those most likely to , Aqueles com maior probabilidade de suffer the most severe impacts, are the Indigenous Peoples of Western Suriname. sofrem os impactos mais graves, são os povos indígenas do Oeste Suriname. Most of the infor- A maioria das infor- mation used in this report and most of the points of view were obtained directly from the Indigenous informação utilizada no presente relatório e da maioria dos pontos de vista foram obtidos diretamente da Terra Indígena Peoples and their advocates, namely VIDS. Povos e seus defensores, ou seja, VIDS. To that extent, it is a bo om-up report, leavened by my Nessa medida, é um relatório de acompanhamento do crescimento, fermentado pelo meu personal experience of the social and environmental assessment of mining in general. experiência pessoal do social e avaliação ambiental da mineração em geral. However, I No entanto, eu cannot claim that this report represents the views of the impacted Indigenous Peoples as they have não pode alegar que este relatório representa a visão do impacto dos Povos Indígenas, pois têm not read and discussed this paper as yet. Não lido e discutido neste artigo ainda. This paper would have to be translated and presented in a Este trabalho teria que ser traduzido e apresentado em uma meaningful manner if it is to be of direct use to the Indigenous People themselves. forma significativa se for para ser de uso direto para os próprios povos indígenas.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 9 Página 9
4 4 Robert Goodland Robert Goodland S S URINAME URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND AMBIENTE E S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE ECONNAISSANCE DO B B AKHUYS AKHUYS B B AUXITE AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Asymmetric Power Assimétrica Power The Bakhuys bauxite mine project is a classic case of asymmetric power. O projeto da mina de bauxita Bakhuys é um caso clássico de poder assimétrica. Unsustainable mining mineração insustentável confronts sustainable traditional societies. confronta sustentável das sociedades tradicionais. Rich and powerful multinationals will impose potentially Ricos e poderosas multinacionais imporá potencialmente severe impacts on inexperienced, weak, largely illiterate and poor Indigenous Peoples. graves impactos na inexperiente, fraco, pobre e iletrada Povos Indígenas. Multination- Multinacional- als have great difficulty even in communicating with the affected people. als têm grande dificuldade até mesmo em se comunicar com as pessoas afectadas. Practically all the benefits Praticamente todos os benefícios will accrue to two stakeholders, namely the multinationals as they will reap a saleable commodity reverterão a favor dos dois intervenientes, nomeadamente as multinacionais como eles vão colher uma mercadoria vendável (bauxite) and the government as they will reap taxes and royalties. (Bauxita) e do governo como eles vão colher os impostos e royalties. These two stakeholders will gain Estas duas partes vão ganhar substantial benefits, but bear no adverse impacts. benefícios substanciais, mas não têm efeitos adversos. The Indigenous Peoples, on the contrary, will bear Os Povos Indígenas, pelo contrário, arcará practically all the negative impacts and few, if any, of the benefits, unless the suggestions here out- praticamente todos os impactos negativos e poucos, se houver, dos benefícios, a menos que as sugestões aqui fora lined are implemented. alinhados são implementadas. History worldwide shows that impacted Indigenous Peoples have not received much benefit A história mostra que em todo o mundo impactado Povos Indígenas não ter recebido benefício muito trickling down from government's receipts from mining or hydroelectricity. escorrendo a partir da receita do governo desde a mineração ou a hidroeletricidade. Figure 1 shows the A Figura 1 mostra o direction and scale of benefits and impacts of a generalized mining project. direção e escala de benefícios e impactos de um projeto de mineração generalizada. That is the asymmetric Essa é a assimetria situation that the ESA and the impact/benefit agreements stemming from it seek to avoid. situação que a ESA eo impacto benefício / Acordos decorrentes do que tentar evitar. The first O primeiro step in preventing the 'normal' – and unacceptable -- situation portrayed in Figure 1 is transparency passo na prevenção do 'normal' - e inaceitáveis - situação retratada na figura 1 é a transparência in both benefits and impacts. em ambos os benefícios e impactos. SRK's ESA will make the impacts transparent. É ESA SRK fará os impactos transparente. Standard transpar- transpa-Padrão ency codes will make the benefits transparent. códigos parência farão os benefícios transparente. For example, the Extractive Industry Transparency Por exemplo, a Transparência das Indústrias Extractivas Initiative (EITI) aims to ensure that the revenues from extractive industries contribute to sustainable Initiative (EITI) visa assegurar que as receitas das indústrias extractivas contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustentável development and poverty reduction. desenvolvimento e redução da pobreza. At the core of the initiative is a set of Principles and Criteria No núcleo da iniciativa é um conjunto de Princípios e Critérios that establish how EITI should be implemented (eitransparency.org). que estabelecem como devem ser implementadas EITI (eitransparency.org). Following standard industry Seguindo padrão da indústria practice will ensure transparency of benefits, such as the “publish what you pay prática irá garantir a transparência das prestações, como a "publicar o que você paga 3 3 ” code of corporate "Código de governança corporativa social responsibility. responsabilidade social. This report makes the case that, faced by such inequalities and asymmetry, the proponent must Este relatório faz o caso que, diante de tais desigualdades e assimetrias, o proponente deve make best efforts to reduce impacts on Indigenous Peoples to acceptability, and to guarantee that realizar os melhores esforços para reduzir os impactos sobre os Povos Indígenas de aceitabilidade, e para garantir que they will be be er off with the project. eles serão cerveja fora com o projeto. One tool – indeed the first tool in any project cycle – to mini- Uma ferramenta - na verdade, a primeira ferramenta em todo o ciclo do projeto - a mini- mize impacts and optimize benefits for the Indigenous Peoples is ESA. mizar os impactos e otimizar os benefícios para os Povos Indígenas é ESA. ESA is the means by which A ESA é o meio pelo qual the proponent can protect the society and their resource base, and can enhance livelihoods of the o proponente pode proteger a sociedade e sua base de recursos, e pode melhorar condições de vida dos impacted people. pessoas impactadas. The ESA process can be used as a participatory mechanism and negotiating space O processo de SCE pode ser utilizado como um mecanismo de participação e negociação de espaço to reduce imbalances of power. para reduzir os desequilíbrios de poder. This process minimizes impacts and optimizes benefits for the Indig- Este processo minimiza os impactos e os benefícios para a otimiza-Indig enous Peoples throughout the ESA. Povos indígenas em toda a ESA. The ESA process suggests how meaningful negotiation between O processo de negociação significativo SEC sugere como entre asymmetric people could be achieved. pessoas assimétrica poderia ser alcançado. Strengthen the Indigenous Peoples Fortalecer os Povos Indígenas Success demands that the proponent strengthen the weakest stakeholder so that Indigenous O sucesso exige que o proponente fortalecer o mais fraco dos interessados de modo que os indígenas Peoples can negotiate meaningfully and protect their livelihoods. Povos podem negociar de forma significativa e proteger a sua subsistência. This can be through direct means Isto pode ser através de meios diretos (eg, provision of e-mail to the impacted people), or indirect through a third party. (Por exemplo, a oferta de e-mail para as pessoas afetadas), ou indireto através de terceiros. An example of Um exemplo de the third party approach is to persuade the government to expedite land titling for project-affected a abordagem de terceiros é convencer o governo a acelerar a regularização fundiária para afetadas pelo projeto communities. comunidades. Similarly the proponent can catalyze EBS to supply long-promised electricity for the Da mesma forma o proponente poderá catalisar EBS para fornecimento de electricidade a longo-prometido para o communities. comunidades. Another third party approach is to contract with representatives of the impacted peo- Outra abordagem é terceiro contrato com os representantes das pes-impactados ple such as VIDS, to facilitate communications between proponents and Indigenous Peoples. plo, como VIDS, para facilitar a comunicação entre os defensores e os Povos Indígenas. Only Só by such equilibration can meaningful dialogue with the most impacted stakeholder be achieved, and pelo equilíbrio como pode um diálogo significativo com o impacto das partes interessadas mais ser alcançado, e asymmetries reduced. assimetrias reduzida. Environmental and Social Assessment Avaliação Social e Ambiental ESA is essentially experienced prediction. ESA é essencialmente experientes previsão. Experience comes from (a) knowing what happened A experiência vem do (a) saber o que aconteceu in similar cases elsewhere, (b) comparing recent similar projects, and (c) examining the recent track em casos semelhantes noutros locais, (b) comparar recentes projectos semelhantes, e (c) examinar a faixa recentes record of the proponents, in this case BHP/Billiton and Alcoa/Suralco. registro dos proponentes, neste caso BHP / Billiton e Alcoa / Suralco. The ESA itself provides the A própria ESA fornece a important element of ge ing a team of seasoned professional specialists to study the proposals on the elemento importante da geing uma equipe de experientes profissionais especialistas para estudar as propostas sobre a ground. chão. This report provides perspective on the Bakhuys bauxite mine and Kabalebo hydro projects Este relatório apresenta perspectiva sobre a mina de bauxita Bakhuys e projetos hidrelétricos Kabalebo in two ways. de duas maneiras. First, the literature about Suriname's environment about these two projects, and the Primeiro, a literatura sobre o ambiente Suriname sobre estes dois projectos, e os
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 10 Página 10
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland 5 5 impacts of mines and dams in general is provided. impactos das minas e barragens em geral, é fornecido. Second, the impacts from similar mining and Por outro lado, os impactos da mineração e similares dam projects are compared. projetos de barragens são comparados. The Indigenous Peoples have inspected Suralco's bauxite mines in NE Os povos indígenas têm inspecionado as minas de bauxita da Suralco no NE Suriname, and the Brokopondo hydroproject. Suriname, e as Hydroproject Brokopondo. Role of ESA in 'Ruling Out' Irrelevant Topics Papel da ESA afastar Irrelevante "Tópicos" em An important role in any ESA is to address all concerns, state which have no relevance in the Um papel importante em qualquer ESA está a resolver todos os problemas, o estado que não têm relevância na particular case being assessed, and fully justify their exclusion. caso específico a ser avaliados, e que justificam plenamente a sua exclusão. In this way the ESA process increas- Desta forma, o processo de cada vez SEC ingly focuses on relevant issues and leaves unimportant ones behind. cada vez mais se concentra em questões relevantes e irrelevantes as folhas para trás. However, the justification for No entanto, a justificativa para excluding a certain topic is essential. exclusão de um determinado tema é essencial. In the face of power asymmetries and unknowns, there always Em face das assimetrias de poder e desconhecidos, há sempre Central Government Governo Central District Commisioner Comissário do Distrito Affected Communities Comunidades Afetadas Royalties Royalties and e taxes impostos “Publish "Publicar what you pay” o que você paga " = Transparency = Transparência Benefits Benefícios distribution distribuição Allocation Atribuição by por government' governo s s priorities prioridades = = Mine Company Minas Empresa S S o o c c i i a um l l & & E E n n v v i i r r o o n n m m e e n n t t a um l l I I m m p p a um c c t t s s Monies Importâncias spent gasto in em communities comunidades W W ages idades for para labour trabalho Fig. Fig. 1: The distribution of benefits and impacts in a generalized mining project. 1: A distribuição dos benefícios e impactos de um projeto de mineração generalizada. Figure 1 outlines the major flows of taxes and royalties from the mining proponent that A Figura 1 apresenta os fluxos importantes de impostos e royalties de mineração que o proponente are paid to the central government. são pagos ao governo central. Major social and environmental impacts harm societies Principais impactos sociais e ambientais danos sociedades surrounding the mine. redor da mina. There is a small trickle-down of money from central government to the Há um pequeno trickle-down de dinheiro do governo central para o local government or Commissioner of the impacted district. governo local ou comissário do distrito afetado. A fraction of that actually reaches Uma fração dos que realmente atinge the impacted people. as pessoas afetadas. There are some direct benefits from the proponent to the affected com- Existem alguns benefícios diretos a partir da proponente da afetados com- munities, such as wage labor. comunidades, tais como trabalho assalariado.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 11 Página 11
6 6 Robert Goodland Robert Goodland S S URINAME URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND AMBIENTE E S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE ECONNAISSANCE DO B B AKHUYS AKHUYS B B AUXITE AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO will be uncertainty, fears and rumors. será a insegurança, os medos e os boatos. The ESA is the means to confront all fears and rumors, state A ESA é o meio para enfrentar todos os medos e os boatos, o estado which are relevant and which are unfounded. que sejam relevantes e que são infundadas. It is unprofessional to rule out any topic by unsub- É pouco profissional para descartar qualquer tópico unsub- stantiated assertion. stantiated afirmação. For example, is there a risk of disease x in the bauxite mine? Por exemplo, existe um risco de doença x na mina de bauxita? The response, A resposta, should be: no because disease x has only been found in country y which is 2000 kms distant, and de- deve ser: não, porque a doença x foi apenas encontrado em y país que é de 2000 kms distante, e de- pends on the z vector which only occurs in country y, and according to the cited literature has never depende de o vetor z que só ocorre no país y, e de acordo com a literatura citada nunca been associated with bauxite mining. sido associado com a mineração de bauxita. Positive and Negative Impacts Impactos positivos e negativos Most environmental and social impacts are negative. A maioria dos impactos sociais e ambientais negativos. ESA traditionally has focused largely on the ESA tradicionalmente tem se concentrado em grande parte da negative impacts, namely the effects of the project which could prejudice the people nearby or the impactos negativos, ou seja, os efeitos do projecto, que poderia prejudicar as pessoas próximas ou o environment on which they depend. ambiente do qual dependem. An example would be removal of 100 sq kms of forest, which Um exemplo seria a remoção de 100 quilômetros quadrados de floresta, que the neighbors used to hunt and fish. os vizinhos usado para caçar e pescar. This is a negative impact because it reduces the wildlife that Este é um impacto negativo, pois reduz a vida selvagem que the neighbors used to harvest. os vizinhos usado para a colheita. The positive results of a project usually are not environmental; they Os resultados positivos de um projeto geralmente não são ambientais, pois eles are o en financial (Fig.1). são oen financeira (Fig.1). The neighbors may get jobs created by the project. Os vizinhos podem conseguir empregos criados pelo projecto. The wages could be O salário pode ser positive impacts or benefits. impactos positivos ou benefícios. A fraction of the royalties from the project may accrue to the impacted Uma fração dos royalties do projeto possam advir para o impacto people; that is a positive impact or benefit. pessoas, que é um impacto positivo ou benefício. That is not to say the benefits of the fraction of royalties Isso não quer dizer que os benefícios da fração dos royalties exceed the negative impacts, but is a step in the right direction. exceder os impactos negativos, mas é um passo na direcção certa. Unless discriminated, 'impact' in this A não ser discriminados, o "impacto" no presente report refers to a negative impact. relatório refere-se a um impacto negativo. The Start of ESA O começo da ESA SRK began ESA work on the Bakhuys bauxite project in 2004 and kicked off the ESA process SRK ESA começou a trabalhar no projeto de bauxita Bakhuys em 2004 e iniciou o processo da ESA formally in August 2005 by producing their 65-page “Plan of Study” (POS). formalmente em agosto de 2005, produzindo seus 65 páginas "Plano de Estudos" (POS). This is a landmark step. Este é um passo histórico. Both proponents commendably emphasize that their projects and specifically their ESAs will fully Tanto os proponentes louvável salientar que os seus projectos e, especificamente, sua AES totalmente meet international standards. atender aos padrões internacionais. SRK commendably cite the World Bank's environmental assessment SRK louvável citar Banco Mundial de avaliação ambiental do policy, but have still to justify why they exclude the use of the World Bank's other social and envi- política, mas ainda têm de justificar porque é que exclui a utilização do Banco Mundial, outras organizações sociais e ambien- ronmental policies políticas ambientais 4 4 in the Bakhuys case. no caso Bakhuys. The Indigenous Peoples Policy is critical for the Bakhuys A Política de Povos Indígenas é fundamental para o Bakhuys project, yet it is excluded in SRK's POS. projeto, no entanto, é excluída do POS SRK. Since then, SRK announced they plan to use OD 4.10 Indig- Desde então, SRK anunciou que planeja usar OD 4,10 Indig- enous Policy. Política indígenas. The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine Project O projeto da mina de bauxita Bakhuys Exploration Exploração Exploration here means searching for bauxite in a concession of 2,800 sq km of primary tropical Exploração aqui, a procura de bauxita em uma concessão de 2.800 quilômetros quadrados de tropical primária rainforests. florestas tropicais. The process of estimating how much bauxite is in the ground causes major impacts. O processo de estimar muito bauxita como está no chão provoca grandes impactos. In Em the case of Bakhuys, exploration was completed before any environmental and social precautions no caso de Bakhuys, a exploração foi concluída antes de qualquer sociais e cuidados ambientais were in place. estavam no local. Thus, several hundred of kilometers of roads, and major bridges, were built or up- Assim, várias centenas de quilômetros de estradas, pontes e grandes, foram construídas ou up- graded through rainforest. classificados através da floresta. The major impacts are facilitating access to the untouched forest by log- Os maiores impactos são facilitar o acesso à floresta intocada pelo log- gers. gers. This fails to meet best practice and would not be tolerated in many countries. Isso não cumprir as melhores práticas e que não seria tolerado em muitos países. Without special Sem especiais precautions, once the loggers and miners come in, game will be poached and scared away by traffic, precauções, uma vez que os madeireiros e garimpeiros chegam, jogo vai ser caçado e assustou pelo tráfego, the noise of construction, and loss of forest, thus reducing the traditional fish and game on which o barulho de construção, e perda da floresta, reduzindo assim o tradicional peixe e caça em que Indigenous People have depended for centuries. Os povos indígenas têm dependido por séculos. The companies also prohibit indigenous peoples As empresas também proíbem os povos indígenas from accessing the exploration areas for traditional activities such as hunting in violation of company de acessar as áreas de exploração de atividades tradicionais como a caça, em violação da empresa policies and international human rights standards políticas e normas internacionais de direitos humanos In addition, about one thousand kilometers of drill lines have been cut in the forest. Além disso, cerca de mil quilômetros de linhas de perfuração foram cortadas na floresta. Drill lines linhas de perfuração are paths cut through the forest to enable the mobile drilling rigs, all-terrain vehicles, mechanical são caminhos cortados através da floresta para permitir que as plataformas de perfuração móvel, veículos todo terreno, mecânica 'mules', and even some 4-wheel drive vehicles to drill in the right places. "Mulas", e mesmo alguns veículos de passeio de roda-4 para furar no lugar certo. About 7000 boreholes have Cerca de 7.000 poços têm been drilled. foram perfurados. Drill lines are o en 2m-wide, hence constitute a major un-assessed impact already. linhas de perfuração são oen 2m de largura, por conseguinte, um não-avaliados grande impacto já. This opens up vast areas for such traffic. Isso abre vastas áreas de tráfego. BHP/Billiton are to be commended for publicly apologiz- BHP / Billiton estão a ser elogiado por público-apologiz ing in August 2005 for failing to assess the environmental and social impacts of their exploration or ção em agosto de 2005, por não avaliar a impactos sociais e ambientais da sua exploração ou pre-feasibility phase which was scheduled to end in October 2005. fase de pré-viabilidade, que foi programado para terminar em outubro de 2005. BHPB have recently improved BHPB melhorou recentemente a policies; now BHPB mandates ESA for exploration. políticas, agora BHPB mandatos ESA para a exploração. Exploration must be subject to ESA from now on, A exploração deve ser sujeita a ESA a partir de agora,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 12 Página 12
S : E S R B B M P S: S E R P B M B Robert Goodland Robert Goodland 7 7 according to BHPB. de acordo com BHPB. Commendably, BHP/Billiton also has adopted new corporate policies on Stake- Louvável, BHP / Billiton também adotou novas políticas corporativas sobre Implantação holders and on Community Development as of August 2005 titulares e Desenvolvimento Comunitário em agosto de 2005 5 5 . . BHP Billiton's commitment to respon- BHP Billiton compromisso de res- sible business practice was recognized in October 2005 by ICMM with a Company of the Year Award prática empresarial responsável foi reconhecido em Outubro de 2005 pelo ICMM com um Prêmio Empresa do Ano at the Business in the Community (BITC) National Awards for Excellence. no negócio da Comunidade (BITC), Prêmio Nacional de Excelência. Also commendable is Também é recomendável that BHPB has contracted with Conservation International to undertake environmental work at other BHPB que contratou com a Conservation International para realizar o trabalho ambiental em outras potential bauxite deposits in Suriname. potencial de jazidas de bauxita no Suriname. This work involves (a) a rapid biological survey of the Lely Este trabalho envolve (a) um levantamento rápido biológica da Lely and Nassau plateaus in eastern Suriname, where both BHPB and mining joint venture partner Alcoa e os planaltos de Nassau em Suriname oriental, onde ambos BHPB e mineração parceiro de joint venture Alcoa have concessions, and (b) a “Conservation Threats and Opportunities Workshop” immediately a er tem concessões, e (b) "Conservação Ameaças e Oportunidades Workshop" imediatamente aer the survey. da pesquisa. Data collected from the survey and the results of the workshop will be used by CI to cre- Os dados recolhidos no inquérito e os resultados da oficina serão utilizadas pela CI para cre- ate a set of conservation-related recommendations for BHPB to incorporate into its decision-making comeu um conjunto de recomendações relacionadas com a conservação de BHPB incorporar em seu processo decisório process. processo. Best practice is to complete environmental and social assessments before exploration begins. A melhor prática é completo e avaliação social e ambiental antes da exploração se inicia. Bakhuys may contain enough bauxite for 25 years of production. Bakhuys pode conter o suficiente de bauxita por 25 anos de produção. Exploitation Exploração When the bauxite deposits have been found and their extent and composition estimated by means Quando os depósitos de bauxita foram encontrados e sua extensão e composição estimada por meio of exploratory drilling, the phase of exploitation begins. de perfuração exploratória, a fase de exploração começa. Forest Removal Floresta Remoção In the Bakhuys bauxite mine, the first step in exploitation is removal of the forest covering the Na mina de bauxita Bakhuys, o primeiro passo na exploração é a remoção da cobertura florestal do bauxite deposits. depósitos de bauxita. This is one of the biggest impacts as tropical forests are threatened worldwide Este é um dos maiores impactos que as florestas tropicais estão ameaçadas em todo o mundo and contain most of the world's biodiversity. e contêm a maior parte da biodiversidade do mundo. In addition, Indigenous Peoples depend on relatively Além disso, os povos indígenas dependem relativamente intact forest for their livelihoods. floresta intacta para sua subsistência. Forest removal decreases the amount of forest resources (eg, fish remoção da floresta diminui a quantidade de recursos florestais (por exemplo, os peixes & game, timber & fuelwood, fruits, seeds, medicinals, honey, resins, thatch) available to these people. E, jogo de madeira e lenha, frutos, sementes, ervas medicinais, mel, resinas, palha) disponíveis para essas pessoas. Forest removal impacts fish and aquatic resources because fish depend on forest fruits etc which impactos remoção dos peixes e dos recursos aquáticos Floresta porque os peixes dependem etc frutos da floresta, que fall into or end up in river water. cair ou acabar na água do rio. Forest removal also sharply increases surface erosion. remoção da floresta também aumenta drasticamente a erosão superficial. Fish thrive Peixe prosperar only in clean water. apenas em água limpa. Fish generally avoid turbid water. Os peixes em geral, evitar água turva. Sediment and turbidity entering water courses Sedimentos e entrar na água cursos de turbidez harms fish by reducing visibility in turbid water. prejudica os peixes, reduzindo a visibilidade na água turva. Silt interferes with gill function and with reproduc- Silt interfere com a função de emalhar e com repro- tory stages. estágios história. Sand banks built up from erosion and sedimentation interfere with navigation. bancos de areia construídos a partir de erosão e sedimentação interferir com a navegação. Forest removal is a problem for Bakhuys. remoção da floresta é um problema para Bakhuys. Such deforestation is expensive in terms of bulldoz- Tal desmatamento é caro em termos de bulldoz- ers and fuel. res e de combustível. BHPB proposes to call in logging corporations to accelerate deforestation. BHPB propõe a chamar em registrar as empresas para acelerar o desmatamento. This is risky Isso é arriscado because of conflicting goals. por causa de objetivos conflitantes. BHP/Billiton wants vegetation to be cleaned only where forest covers BHP / Billiton quer vegetação a ser limpo apenas onde a floresta cobre the bauxite. a bauxita. The Government (GMD meeting 31 Aug 2005) actually state that logging corporations O Governo (reunião GMD 31 de agosto de 2005), na verdade afirmar que as corporações de log will use the recently constructed bauxite roads. usará a bauxita estradas construídas recentemente. Loggers are interested only in hi-grading the forest, Os madeireiros estão interessados apenas em oi-graduação da floresta, extracting only the few commercial sizes and species of trees, while leaving behind most of the forest extrair apenas o comercial alguns tamanhos e espécies de árvores, deixando para trás a maioria das florestas as it is not commercially worthwhile. porque não é comercialmente viável. Loggers are more interested in sites where there are more com- Madeireiros estão mais interessados em locais onde existem mais com- mercial trees, not on the bauxite areas. árvores comerciais, não nas áreas de bauxita. In fact there may be an inverse correlation between bauxite Na verdade pode haver uma correlação inversa entre a bauxita richness and commercial trees. riqueza e árvores comerciais. Once loggers have arrived in a region such as Bakhuys, it is very Uma vez que os madeireiros chegaram em uma região como a Bakhuys, é muito difficult to make them stick to the specific areas to be mined. difícil fazê-las grudar nas áreas específicas de estarem minadas. Because logging corporations already Porque o log corporações já own logging concessions to much of the Bakhuys range, and because BHP/Billiton have made those próprias concessões madeireiras de grande parte da gama Bakhuys, e porque BHP / Billiton fizeram os concessions more valuable by opening access roads, logging could become an unwanted negative concessões mais valiosos, abrindo vias de acesso, exploração madeireira poderia tornar-se um negativo indesejados impact (see SBB's Map: Bauxite & Overlapping Logging Concessions). impacto (ver Mapa do SBB: Bauxita e sobreposição concessões madeireiras). The ESA will have to carefully A ESA terá de cuidado advise on the pros and cons of inviting logging corporations to Bakhuys. aconselhar sobre os prós e contras de convidar as empresas de registro para Bakhuys. Overburden Removal Sobrecarga de Remoção Once the forest vegetation covering the bauxite deposits has been scraped off, the overburden is Uma vez que a vegetação de floresta que cobrem os depósitos de bauxita foi raspado, a sobrecarga é next removed by bulldozers. próxima removidas pelas escavadoras. The impacts of overburden removal accrue from its stockpiling. Os impactos da remoção de obstáculos resultantes de sua estocagem. Over- Over- burden is estimated to average only 50 cm. carga é estimada em média, apenas 50 cm. in depth, which is fortunate. em profundidade, o que é sorte. Surface erosion rates jump taxas de erosão superficial salto orders of magnitude during scraping away the overburden. ordens de magnitude durante a raspar a camada de terra. BHP/Billiton may want to stockpile such BHP / Billiton pode querer estocar tais overburden for subsequent re-use in restoration and rehabilitation a er each area is mined out. estéril para posterior reutilização na recuperação e reabilitação aer cada área é extraído. The A ESA needs to assess if the slightly higher organic ma er and nutrient status of overburden makes ESA tem de avaliar se a maior orgânica e nutrientes maer ligeiramente status de sobrecarga faz it worth stockpiling. armazenamento que vale a pena. As there are commonly many months -- if not years -- between overburden Como existem normalmente vários meses - senão anos - entre sobrecarregar
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 13 Página 13
8 8 Robert Goodland Robert Goodland S S URINAME URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND AMBIENTE E S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE ECONNAISSANCE DO B B AKHUYS AKHUYS B B AUXITE AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO removal and restoration, heavy rainfall, high temperatures, insolation and oxidation may leach most remoção e restauração, chuvas fortes, altas temperaturas, a insolação ea oxidação podem lixiviar mais of the nutrients away. dos nutrientes de distância. Design of overburden stockpiles is critical in reducing the risks of erosion and Design de sobrecarregar os estoques é fundamental para reduzir os riscos de erosão e sedimentation. sedimentação. Bauxite Mining Mineração de bauxita Once the vegetation and overburden have been removed, the 6 meters or so of bauxite can be Uma vez que a vegetação ea sobrecarga foram removidos, a 6 metros ou mais de bauxita pode ser mined. minadas. The ESA will assess the relative impacts of dynamite vs. pneumatic drills, bulldozer removal A ESA irá avaliar os impactos relativos de dinamite contra brocas pneumáticas, remoção de escavadeira etc. At this stage only crushing and possibly ore washing are expected. etc Nesta fase, apenas esmagamento e, possivelmente, lavagem do minério são esperados. Assessment of the impacts Avaliação dos impactos of crushing and washing bauxite ore will be essential. de britagem e lavagem de bauxita será essencial. Sources of water, payment for water used for Fontes de água, o pagamento de água utilizada para washing, aquifer conservation, and the disposal of ore residues and effluent a er washing will be the lavagem, conservação de aqüíferos e eliminação de resíduos de minério e aer efluente da lavagem será o main topics. tópicos principais. Noise, dust and any use of explosives create impacts much wider than the specific area Ruído, poeira e qualquer uso de explosivos criar impactos muito maior do que a área específica mined. minadas. Acid Leachate Ácido lixiviado When the bauxite is removed, the risk of acid leachate from the spoils and from the newly ex- Quando a bauxita é retirada, o risco de lixiviados ácido do espólio e do recém-ex- posed risks increases substantially. aumenta os riscos colocados substancialmente. The ESA will address this issue in order to prevent acidity harm- A ESA irá abordar esta questão, a fim de evitar danos acidez ing forest or fish. ção da floresta ou os peixes. SRK's Plan of Study seems to have this issue well in hand. Plano de Estudo SRK parece ter esse problema em nossas mãos. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa International good practice is to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from major infrastructure A boa prática internacional é calcular as emissões de gases com efeito de estufa a partir de grandes infra-estruturas projects from early in the feasibility stage, and especially in the ESA. projetos desde o início da fase de viabilidade, e especialmente na ESA. GHG emissions from diesel use emissões de GEE do uso de diesel in road construction, drill lanes, drilling rigs, caterpillar and earth-moving, overburden stock-piling na construção de estradas, pistas de perfuração, plataformas de perfuração, lagarta e de movimentação de terra estéril estoque, empilhando- etc need to be accounted. necessidade, etc, para serem contabilizados. As would transport of ore from the mine to the washing plant and refinery. Como seria o transporte de minério da mina para a planta de lavagem e refinaria. Decay of biomass removed to expose the ore also needs to be figured in. Decomposição da biomassa removida para expor o minério também precisa ser calculado dentro Minesite Rehabilitation Minesite Reabilitação The difficulties of re-establishing tropical wet forest ecosystems are well documented and unlikely As dificuldades de restabelecer os ecossistemas florestais tropicais úmidos estão bem documentados e provavelmente to be realized for several decades a er the end of mining in each segment. a ser realizado por várias décadas aer o fim da mineração em cada segmento. The substrate remaining O substrato restantes a er bauxite removal is likely to be exceptionally poor in nutrients. remoção de bauxita aer é provável que seja excepcionalmente pobres em nutrientes. Respreading stockpiled “topsoil” Respreading estocadas "topsoil" or overburden will be assessed. ou sobrecarregar serão avaliados. It is likely that organic ma er and fertilizer will need to be imported É provável que maer orgânicos e dos fertilizantes precisam ser importados to the restoration sites. aos locais de restauração. Leguminous vines and aggressive legumes probably will be the start. videiras e legumes de vagem agressiva, provavelmente, será o início. Nurs- Nurs- eries will be important from early on so that adequate numbers of seedlings and saplings of the best entregas serão importantes desde o início, para que um número adequado de mudas de melhor species are available for revegetation as mining ends in each segment. espécies estão disponíveis para a revegetação de mineração termina em cada segmento. Seed collection, nursery man- Coleta de sementes, o homem de berçário agement, revegetation and maintenance are activities in which Indigenous Peoples excel. gestão, revegetação e manutenção são atividades nas quais os Povos Indígenas do Excel. The ESA A ESA will optimize this opportunity. vai otimizar essa oportunidade. The ESA will assess Suralco's and BHPB's recent track record of restoration of their depleted mines in Suriname in order to judge what systems of incentives and penalties will be needed to achieve best practice. For example, early in 2005, a group of Indigenous People, who may be im- pacted by the proposed Bakhuys bauxite mine, visited similar bauxite mines in Northeastern Suri- name, and the Coermotibo site. They heard that the Wane Hills bauxite mine was opened inside an officially protected area and wildlife reserve (Sahdew & Ouboter 2003). The Indigenous People saw exhausted mines where no a empt had been made to rehabilitate. Widespread areas looked like moonscapes. Alien pines have been tried, but their choice seems inappropriate. The affected people have to be convinced that such unacceptable practices will not be repeated at Bakhuys. What are the Quais são os mechanisms to guarantee rehabilitation will be professionally achieved at Bakhuys? What sort of Que tipo de restoration or clean-up insurance or performance bonds will be necessary? Where open pits remain, the decision arises if such pits are to be filled up to original grade, or leveled or restored to some contour system. Itinerant miners and water-filled pits intensify the risk of malaria. da malária. (See Health Impact Assessment)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 14 Página 14
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 9 9 Performance Bonds or Insurance The ESA will evaluate BHPB's recent track record of restoration of mined-out sites in Suriname (eg, Wane Hills etc) or elsewhere in order to judge what mechanisms will be needed to ensure adequate restoration in the Bakhuys case. If BHPB's track record in restoration is below best practice, raising standards to adequacy may be necessary through insurance or performance bonds that deal with the financing of responsible restoration and waste management. Insurance and bonds need to be set at realistic levels and monitored by independent reliable third-party specialists. Social Impact Assessment BHPB commendably state that they aim at “zero harm to people and the environment”….and that all impacts “will be assessed to the highest international standard”…. (POS, p.4). However, the No entanto, o Plan of Study claims that there are no communities within the concession area (POS p.8). “There "Não are no people living within the concessions” (SRK's TOR, p. 2), without any source provided for this claim. reivindicação. “There are no villages or communities living in the concession area.” Again, no source for this assertion is included. (SRK TOR p. 7, Para 11.3) SRK admits that the communities of Apoera, Section and Washabo “are likely to be directly af- fected by the project” (SRK TOR p.2), although only two examples are used (mine wage labor, and transport impacts). While it is to be hoped that no villagers use the area to be impacted, this claim has to be thoroughly documented. For example, in 1843 Schomburgk’s 6 6 “Reisen….” mentioned that he found low population densities in some sections of rivers, and higher populations in other sec- tions during his boundary survey of the Corantijn. Contradictory evidence, such as statements from community leaders that they have been denied access to hunting areas in the exploration concession also need to be evaluated as this leads to the conclusion that they are actively using that area and consider it part of their territory in accordance with their customary laws. The overlaps between the concession area and the traditional territory and customary use areas of the affected communities are especially important to clarify. The mapping project conducted by VIDS with funding from IUCN Netherlands, in collaboration with communities in West Suriname is very preliminary, and further studies are needed to map these areas and document customary use and laws in order to ascertain the scope of impacts from the mine. Archaeological evidence – which already indicates that Karinya (Caribs) and Arawaks are ancient occupants of West Suriname – also needs to be assessed as part of determining the nature and extent of traditional occupation and use. As SRK acknowledge that Indigenous Peoples will be impacted directly, it is odd that the interna- tional standard (Indigenous Peoples Policy OP 4. /20 WB 1991, and OP 4.10) is nowhere mentioned, nor are the UNESCO/MAB AkweKon Guidelines on impact assessment adopted by the Conference of Parties to the CBD to apply to activities affecting indigenous peoples' traditional territories. These Estes Guidelines are incorporated by reference into the World Bank Operational Policy OP 4.01 on impact assessment as part of respecting Suriname's obligations under international environmental law. SRK's weakest section is SIA. Sociological and anthropological expertise is needed for SIA. Eth- nozoologists and ethnobotanists can help the core team. The ethnic composition of the peoples using the forest and aquatic resources likely to be affected by the bauxite mine must be understood before an ESA can be successful. As it stands, SRK's repeated but unsubstantiated claims that there are no Indigenous Peoples living in the bauxite concession, is moot, misleading and risky. There may not be any villages inside the concession but Indigenous Peoples worldwide a ach much less importance to their dwelling places (thatched huts are frequently moved) than do city dwellers to their housing. Relatively intact land and water areas are much more important to Indigenous Peoples than to city dwellers. moradores. The essential point is the livelihoods of the Indigenous Peoples. These communities depend on a wide ambit of relatively untouched forest and waterways for their survival. The resource systems of forest and water are far more important than today's location of the villages. It seems indisput-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 15 Página 15
10 10 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO able that the Indigenous Peoples depend on the forest and aquatic resources that will be impacted by bauxite mining. This is the main social impact that needs assessing. As there are at least four dis- tinct vulnerable ethnic minorities (Arawak, Warau, Trio, Karinya/Carib) in the indigenous communi- ties likely to be impacted by Bakhuys, this gap in SRK's Plan of Study needs to be rectified. Affected Afectados Amerindian communities would include: downstream of the Nickerie, Tapoeripa, Post, Utrecht and Cupido; downstream of the Wayambo, Donderskamp and Corneliskondre; downstream of the Ka- balebo and Corantijn, Apoera, Section, Washabo, Zandlanding and several Guyanese villages includ- ing Orealla and Siperuta. Land Titling SRK's ESA will have to clarify this fundamentally important topic before impact/benefit nego- tiations can even begin, and before compensation and mitigation for the potential losses of natural resources used by the Indigenous Peoples can be designed. VIDS and the Indigenous Communi- ties have cooperatively mapped some areas; CIS also has progressed with some mapping; ACT has mapped some of the Wayana areas as well. Such initiatives differ such that they need to be recon- ciled and completed. When the mapping is complete and affected people agree on the result, the Indigenous Peoples long term requests to the Government will become clear. It is in the interests of BHPB to encourage the government to legally recognize land rights, and secure those rights through effective and collective land titling promptly. Gender Impacts Bakhuys' impacts on the different social groups will, of course, vary. The impact of wage labor by Indigenous Peoples has been mentioned. The greater impact will be on women, together with the two groups they closely support, namely children and the aged or infirm. Wages do not all trickle down to wives where the need is greatest. Men working away from home cannot a end to their nor- mal and necessary duties in familial support, especially a ending to their agricultural plots, gather- ing NTFP, maintenance, hunting and fishing. This already changes assignment of duties, which leads to further repercussions. Spli ing husbands from wives, such as in mainly male mining camps, is so serious in some projects that the impacted people have negotiated a ban on men's camps, using daily bussing instead. Absence of husbands imposes onerous burdens on women. SRK will need to explore these impacts collaboratively and come up with effective and agreed on impact mitigation. Health Impact Assessment One of the most important components of SIA is Health Impact Assessment (HIA), yet this is largely absent from SRK's POS. The United Nations World Health Organization has codified stan- dard practice in HIA (Bos et al. 2003, WHO, 1999, Jobin 1999, Eichler 1999). WHO & PAHO offer HIA services nowadays. This includes public health, communicable diseases, disease vectors that may proliferate because of the project together with measures to prevent any worsening of public health. The health, education and nutritional status and trends of the impacted societies must be understood, if not thoroughly assessed. Understanding the demography of the various ethnic groups will be important in assessing the impact of fit young men providing wage labor to the project. Any project, such as the Bakhuys mine, involving truck drivers needs an effective AIDS pre- vention component. Education campaigns will be essential. Curing common sexually transmi ed diseases is an effective way of reducing AIDS risk. Curing those can be made a pre-condition of em- ployment. desemprego. Pre-hiring health examination is essential. Stringent immunization requirements should be mandatory. Free condoms with each weekly pay packet reduce AIDS risks too. The relationships As relações between Paramaribo laborers, Indigenous People (employed or not), and garimpeiros (o en from Brazil and Venezuela) need to be assessed. Now that garimpeiros are helicoptered to remote sites and dropped with all their food and equipment in an ATV, their impacts are huge. Fortunately in this case, there is a negative correlation between bauxite and gold. If there is to be a port or river
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 16 Página 16
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 11 11 ship-loading facility, health management of the sailors reduces risks too. Malaria control O controle da malária 7 7 (treated bednets), snake bite risks and contingencies need to be assessed beforehand. Alcoa and BHPB will benefit if the risk of schistosomiasis is reduced. Once it arrives in a reser- voir or other water body, it is almost impossible to disinfect. It would be low cost to remove the risk of Schistosomiasis spreading to the Kabalebo hydroproject from Nieuw Nickerie for example, and PAHO/WHO are likely to support this public health risk reduction. Social Impacts of Laborers Mining up to 300 million tones of bauxite from the concession area will require more than a thou- sand workers for 25 years. The SIA should concentrate on the impacts of the mineworkers on the communities and on the environment. Hiring practices, workers camps, transport and traffic safety, food, sewage and solid waste, together with rules need to be assessed. Food Alimentos The exploration stage already has encountered problems with impacts of their few workers on the environment. o meio ambiente. There is a notice at the exploration camp prohibiting hunting. But BHPB is asked to provide bushmeat weekly, and fish more frequently. This may be acceptable for the small numbers of exploration workers, but is likely to be unsustainable for the thousand or so exploitation workers. SRK's ESA should advise if any bushmeat can be used during exploitation. In some projects, 'country food' is supplied only to the Indigenous Peoples, and not to allochthonous workers. Demand for bushmeat could encourage over-hunting and possibly depletion of endangered species (eg, Tapir). Employees should not be allowed to hunt or trap animals, nor to buy, sell, possess or eat bush- meat, skins or bodyparts. SRK needs to advise if fish can be harvested sustainably for a thousand workers for 25 years. A priori it seems risky. Fish ponds and raising pigs, paca, deer or labba may have a useful role, although the HIA may find caged mammals can act as reservoirs of communi- cable disease. (Primates and birds such as parrots also should not be caged as should be provided for by BHPB's corporate policy). Most, if not all, food and fuel should be imported from Paramaribo. Similarly with timber: while timber that has to be removed from the ore bodies should be utilized, no further timber or NTFP extraction from the forest should be permi ed. The SIA will advise if the Indigenous Peoples can be asked to supply produce on the needed scale. If fruit trees, breadfruit, jackfruit, nut trees, vegetables etc can be grown in time to provision one thousand workers for 25 years, that may be another useful niche for the communities. Indigenous Peoples' Free, Prior and Informed Consent BHPB announced to VIDS, community Captains and others in a May, 2005 meeting that it would negotiate a protocol on consultation and free, prior and informed consent, and common understand- ings of what are traditional rights with the affected Indigenous communities. This was reiterated by BHPB at a meeting in the Corner House on September 1st 2005, when BHPB stated that new corpo- rate policy mandated that they will be seeking consent of the stakeholders. This best practice and respect for indigenous peoples' internationally guaranteed rights is commendable. SRK confirmed on 9/29/'05: “It is our understanding that BHP Billiton have had discussions around the concept of free, prior & informed consent”. BHPB's official position on consent now needs to be clarified, disseminated and implemented. However it is not easy to ensure the meaning- ful and fully informed participation of the main group likely to be impacted, namely the Indigenous Peoples. BHPB are further to be commended that “simply seeking permission” (TOR p. 4) is not enough, and that BHPB aims “to facilitate empowerment” (HSEC Guideline No. G07 of 2002). Par- Par- ticipation in industrialized countries usually begins by mailing dra documents to stakeholders for comments. comentários. This may be an alien concept to West Suriname communities. Post office mail is rare or non-existent in most Indigenous Communities including those in Suriname.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 17 Página 17
12 12 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Language and Translation SRK note that summary documents will be distributed “in the appropriate language” (SRK TOR, Table 10.1; p.5) but does not identify which those languages are. This important aspect of participa- tion, informed consent and Social Impact Assessment seems to have been overlooked in SRK's Plan of Study. Estudo. Admi edly it is not immediately clear which languages would be the most useful for BHP/ Billiton, yet accessibility of the ESA documents is pivotal to reliable participation and SIA in general. English is not common in the impacted communities; Dutch somewhat more so, and is the main writ- ten language. Creole Sranan Tongo 8 8 , is the most widespread language in Suriname, and is also the lingua franca between ethnic groups. It is not clear if environmental and social assessment documentation can be meaningfully translated into Sranan Tongo, which is not widely read. In West Suriname, Sranan and English are the most widely spoken. Although literacy is low, Dutch and English the most widely read. ler. The main languages of the project area, Lokono (Arawak) 9 9 , & possibly Kali'na (Karinya/Carib), have all been wri en and codified. Lokono is used by the elders, but less so by the young. Warau 10 10 (aka Guarao) is spoken by Warau and some Arawak and Karinya/Caribs but mainly outside Surina- me, in Guyana and part of Venezuela. Kalina (aff. Kalinago) is spoken in the three Guianas and part of Brazil. do Brasil. It may have arisen from island Caribs. Trio language also is wri en; most Trio speak only Trio. Most elders have learned to read and write in Trio. The main point here is that SRK's POS seems not yet to have appreciated the importance of lan- guage to ensure the participation of the most vulnerable of BHP/Billiton's stakeholders. Forms of Communication Effective communication is of the essence in SIA, participation and receiving free, prior, and informed consent. consentimento informado. It is not easy for Indigenous Peoples to participate in meetings. A endance at a meeting may require someone to fly or navigate to the villages to inform them of the requested meeting. reunião. Then the Indigenous Peoples have to canoe to the appointed meeting site which may take a couple of days each way. Having canoed for a couple of days, the a endees require a place to stay and sustenance. e sustento. These expenses are increased because while a ending meetings, their agricultural plots and fishing have to be neglected. A ending a meeting without prior information is usually the least effective form of communica- tion. ção. People participate best if they are fully informed beforehand of the topic and know what their room for maneuver might be. Translation too is never perfect, yet mining proponents may be more satisfied with a meeting than a endees who are reluctant to say that they did not understand the translation nor the topic. Best communication methods are usually addressed in Stakeholder Analy- sis which usually precedes the standard Scoping and Screening phases. Stakeholder Analysis com- mendably is mandated by BHPB HSEC Guideline No. G05 “Stakeholder Identification” as well as by the BHPB Guideline G06 “Consultation and Participation Processes”…. It is risky to delay the Public Consultation Plan until a er the ESA as envisaged by SRK (Plan of Study TOR p.2). In fact it could be claimed that without an effective consultation plan, one could not complete a reliable assessment. It is important to highlight difficulties with cross-cultural communication here as well and to note that these can be addressed in the protocol on FPIC. For instance, indigenous peoples, particularly in this area, usually do not make decisions during the meeting itself, but through diffused processes at home and with neighbors while conducting daily activities. Meetings are simply a place for further discussion eventually culminating a decision a some future date. Also, people not only are reluctant to say they don't understand. Silence more o en suggests disagreement rather than agreement. GoS and miners o en assume silence as consent: this is not what it means most times. As Stakeholder Analysis does not yet seem to have been completed as judged from SRK's Plan of Study, the most effective means of communication with the impacted communities have not been di- vulged. In view of the importance of communication and taking into consideration that the ESA pro-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 18 Página 18
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 13 13 cess and its implementation may last five or ten years just in the first instance, linking the impacted communities with Blackberry or the type of e-mail currently used by BHPB's exploration camp looks like being very cost effective for BHPB. The sooner it starts, the be er communications can become for BHPB and SRK. A new and tall antenna is under advanced construction in Apoera. This should Isso deve be checked out and any opportunities grasped. It is unclear why the main impacted society has not yet received SRK's Plan of Study, when the deadline for comments was 30 September 2005. SRK acknowledged (29 September 2005, Gephardt to VIDS) that “there has been a delay in the delivery of the background information documents sent to the community (which should have reached them on about the 12 Sept). We will therefore be willing to extend the comment period”. This is not an encouraging beginning to a crucial and difficult pro- cess. We don't know what sort of document sending or delivery SRK envisaged, but we emphasize that just dropping off a report and expecting comments from the impacted Indigenous Peoples will not work, and is unacceptable to the impacted communities. The villages in question do not have photocopy, computers, e-mail or telephones. Plan Apoera's Primary School has a slow photocopier, but it rarely works. The two biggest logging corporations have special telephones and the Health Clinic has a radiophone. There is one public phone, which sometimes functions. There are no post offices. escritórios. Of the three or four ethnic groups in question, only one received a single copy of the SRK's Back- ground Report, and a er the September 2005 deadline for comments. Village leaders are scrupulous in consulting with the people they were elected to represent in such ma ers. It might take several days to get a copy to Amotopo or Wanapan by outboard canoe. The 15th. A 15. September 2005 100% gaso- line price hike in Paramaribo (more in Western Suriname) means the cost of outboard fuel to deliver a document to Wanapan will exceed several hundred SRDs. Several days or weeks to canvass the views of the villagers, and a couple of days to somehow get their views back to Apoera is an almost impossible schedule. What next steps did SRK envisage to obtain consolidated comments to SRK's Paramaribo office? Were airfares provided to enable the Indigenous Peoples to fulfil such requests by SRK? The Indigenous People are not able to hop on planes, let alone charter flights. SRK's response to the Indigenous Peoples lack of air ticket and accommodation funds: “We unfortunately do not have funds available for specific organization or the general public's accommodation” discriminates against consultation with Indigenous Peoples, and reveals SRK's naiveté or lack of experience at best. While industrial countries rely on printed documents, they are not a common form of commu- nication in indigenous circles. Indigenous Peoples cannot be forced to use communication methods that are unfamiliar to them. SRK may find that live presentations are more effective. Video presenta- tions (TV or CD/DVD) and the community radio are more effective than only the printed word. The A impacted communities like to re-show a video or re-broadcast an important milestone like the POS many times and to different audiences. Diagrams, posters, pamphlets, brochures, leaflets, and car- toons have been effectively used in similar projects elsewhere. Ba ery-powered video is available in some of the communities right now. It is in BHPB's interest to accelerate the provision of electricity to all communities potentially to be affected by the project. This does not mean BHPB has to provide electricity for every village. It means BHPB could catalyze the Government to unscramble the bo le- necks preventing the arrival of electricity, as the transmission poles and most lines have long been in place. lugar. SRK should know that Indigenous Peoples impacted by Bakhuys are not as aggressive as Para- maribo citizens, nor very assertive, especially when faced with unfamiliar languages, especially when wri en rather than following the prevailing oral tradition, and especially when the topic is very tech- nical, as in ESAs. It is important to acknowledge that “silence is not consent” in such cases. Silence Silêncio is more likely to mean that one side was using communication techniques totally alien to the people whose comments are being sought. SRK's behavior has imposed impossible demands on the Indig- enous peoples. Dropping off one paper copy of SRK's POS in English passed the due date in West Suriname and expecting comments raises doubts about the experience or good faith of the comments
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 19 Página 19
14 14 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO seeker. buscador. SRK has already rejected the clear requests for means of communications suggested by the Captains. SRK now need to restore and enhance bridges with the Indigenous Peoples and rectify the break-down in communications. Compensatory Offsets Once removed, tropical rainforests cannot be restored or rehabilitated to their original richness and productivity. e produtividade. Once destroyed for bauxite mining, they are essentially lost permanently. The two Os dois main losers are the Indigenous People, whose livelihood depended on sustainable use of the for- est, and biodiversity. Even the best restored vegetation a er mining contains a tiny fraction of the original biodiversity. Because these two losses are major and permanent, international practice is to compensate for irreversible loss by means of offsets. Compensatory offsets should be designed first to offer the Indigenous People at least as much habitat in which to fish and hunt as they had before the mine project. Second, such offsets conserve biodiversity. For every known endangered species listed from an area, there are inevitably many more as yet undiscovered species. That is why conservation of a large tract of environmentally equivalent ecosystem adjacent to the mining project is o en the most cost-effective mitigation. Captive breed- ing of a few charismatic species can be a useful but minor add-on. Conservation concessions support protected areas near the mining concession, or the establishment of private parks on lands owned or managed by the industry. This enables the proponent to share benefits with those impacted the most. 'Net Benefit' or Offsets Offsets are tracts of land supporting the same or similar ecosystems to those destroyed by the mining project. Projeto de Mineração. They are areas that can be conserved by the mining industry, either adjacent to the project or elsewhere such that the environment is unambiguously be er off with the project, despite the destruction. Codified offsets for air pollution following the USA's 1970 Clean Air Act provided for a firm to build a new plant if it reduces emissions at existing plants. Each US state mandates the ratio of pollution reduced to pollution added, which can be 10:1. Environmental offsets follow this pa ern. Offsets typically substitute one area for another. The A 'best technology' mandated in the air pollution case becomes the best practice design in the extrac- tive case. tiva caso. The ratio of conserved habitat to destroyed habitat is best practice if it also follows the 10:1 ratio of the Clean Air Act. Depending on the size of habitat to be converted, a 1:1 ratio would not function adequately to conserve biodiversity, so a 1:1 ratio would be unacceptable. There is a minimum critical size of habi- tat below which the edge effects (fires, drying etc) render the area unsustainable. This size varies with ecosystem and local conditions. For example, 10 sq. km may be on the big size for an actual mine, whereas a 10 sq. km conserved area may not be viable. O en it is be er to add the offset area onto an existing conservation unit, rather than creating a new and small one. So the range for offset ratios is more than 1 and up to or beyond best practice (10). While there are no hard-and-fast rules for this ratio, it needs to be an unambiguous net benefit in order to be granted the exception to the rules that industry seeks. Usually, the ratio will be part of the net benefits package of offsets, damage preven- tion and mitigation, and sustainable financing. The other part may include a foundation financing national biodiversity priorities or a fund receiving a small fraction of profits, or linked to volume of wastes, or to area affected. Given so many variables and the need for flexibility, only examples can show the range of solu- tions available. The social and environmental assessment is the tool needed to provide specifics. Some extractive industries find that strengthening the national protected area system by allocat- ing a fraction of profits to an endowment in perpetuity is the national priority and is industry's pre- ferred way to ensure a net benefit offset. This follows the approach mandated by the governments of China, Brazil and others of allocating small factions (1%-2% each) of total project costs to social and
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 20 Página 20
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 15 15 environmental priorities. Promising results have been obtained by a modest fraction of the profits to be allocated to social and environmental precautions. As most mines are exhausted within a few de- cades, some mining corporations endow an independent offshore foundation with an invested capital providing interest in perpetuity into an escrow account for such purposes. Because BHPB's 2800 sq km Bakhuys bauxite mining concession is adjacent to Suriname's largest conservation area, the 1.6 M ha. Central Suriname Nature Reserve (CSNR), the ESA will advise if the most prudent course is to (a) improve the protection of this reserve or to (b) extend the CSNR, or (c) to conserve the 15 km gap between the Bakhuys Concession and the CSNR. Some combination of the above suggestions, added to financial mechanisms (eg, impact-benefit agreements), and acceptable recognition of territorial rights could form a commendable offset package such that Suriname's Indig- enous and other people and their environment are be er off with the bauxite mine. The Indigenous Peoples direct loss of up to 2,800 sq km of Bakhuys forest resources needs to be compensated for. SRK's ESA should focus on what activities (eg, hunting, collecting, temporary agricultural plots) are sustainable inside which types of areas – existing or to be set up -- for the Indigenous People. Buying then annulling logging concession contracts o en is an effective way to compensate for ecosystem loss. The Adampada Creek which flows from the Bakhuys bauxite concession through the CSNR to the Coppername River will be critical in SRK's ESA. Recommendations Recomendações 1. 1. Indigenous Peoples Povos Indígenas (a) The sections referring to Indigenous Peoples in SRK's August 2005 Plan of Study need to be revised. Effective and mutually acceptable forms of communication need to be includ- ed, as ma er of urgency, before the ESA begins. (b) SRK needs to strengthen its SIA team to address impacts on Indigenous Peoples with ad- equate zeal from now on. (c) SRK should consider the advisability of continuing to try to communicate directly with Indigenous Peoples, or if SRK should use the services of VIDS to facilitate such communi- cation and to rectify recent mistakes. 2. 2. Benefits Sharing Benefits sharing, the fraction of royalties now paid by the proponent to government for resource extraction, is possibly the single most important agreement on the way to FPIC and a successful mine. mina. SRK's ESA is the tool to start negotiating Impact/Benefit Assessment. BHPB would be well ad- vised to discuss benefits sharing as soon as it has decided to continue at Bakhuys. This would help BHPB achieve the best practice they meet in their mines in Canada, Peru and elsewhere, and have sworn to meet in Suriname. 3. 3. FPIC BHPB are warmly commended on FPIC in Peru's Tintaya copper mine, in their Canadian opera- tions, and in other recent BHPB mining projects. BHPB are commended for emphasizing the need for FPIC in the case of Bakhuys, and should follow through on its public commitment to negotiate a protocol on FPIC with the affected communities and their advisors. BHPB should ensure that SRK are fully familiar with BHPB's mandate to achieve FPIC in Bakhuys. The Bakhuys ESA should be revamped in order to fully meet such FPIC and other standards. 4. 4. Best Practice Boas Práticas In view of their current less-than-best-practice track record in NE Suriname (eg, rehabilitation of abandoned mines), BHPB should discuss with stakeholders raising standards and tightening up on implementation execução 11 11 . . Such standards should be:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 21 Página 21
16 16 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO (a) Financially enforceable, such as by realistic liability insurance or performance bonds, with offshore escrow accounts, governed by independent boards. (b) Justiciable or subject to legal action for non-compliance in a specific court agreed to before the ESA is permi ed to start. (c) Monitored by independent, reputable and experienced groups (eg, IMF's use of 'Global Witness' (globalwitness.org) to monitor Cambodia's forest management agreements. The A Netherlands MER Commission (mer@eia.nl) provides excellent services in evaluating ESAs worldwide). mundial). (d) A commitment to be made by the government to share responsibility for the bauxite ex- traction it supports especially protecting citizens, and equitable benefits sharing, as well as accidents, restoration and decommissioning costs. 5. 5. Revenue Management Sensitive revenue management is the keystone for a well thought-out extractive project. It É ensures that the profits from the extraction are distributed with a mind to the future and to equity, rather dispersed or misspent. Environmental liability insurance, bonds and stability and other funds set up by the extractor are examples of methods to achieve the same goal, namely that in case of environmental or social damage, there are earmarked monies available sufficient to cover the harm fully and in a worst-case scenario. Many negative side effects of extractive industry activity, such as social trauma and pollution, remain externalized costs. The economics of this project must represent the true cost of doing business by internalizing all the costs they create through methods such as emissions trading, and the mechanisms mentioned above. Conclusions Conclusões The two overarching conclusions drawn from this brief reconnaissance are linked: 1. 1. Equitable distribution of benefits First, ensure equitable distribution of benefits, especially royalties. If the fraction of benefits ac- cruing to the impacted communities is unambiguously greater than recent historic agreements, and seems, a priori, to exceed best estimates from the ESA of the costs of impacts, that will suggest an successful project. 2. 2. Enforcement of impact mitigation Second, guarantee justiciable enforcement of impact mitigation. If the impacts are minimized to acceptability by means of indigenous participation, bonds, insurance, fines, third party monitoring and certification etc, then FPIC is more likely to be achieved, and the project will have achieved best practice. prática.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 22 Página 22
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 17 17 Part 2: Refining Bauxite, Smelting, the Kabalebo Hydroproject, and Comparisons Refining Bauxite and Smelting Alumina It seems likely that refining bauxite to alumina will take place within Suriname because it is prob- ably too expensive to export unbeneficiated bauxite ore. If this is the case, then the ESA of refining becomes important. torna-se importante. The existing 72-km-long railroad from Bakhuys to the port at Apoera built in the 1970s could be rehabilitated. The siting of the refinery is one of the best ways to reduce impacts, but that will be addressed only when the decision of refine locally has been firmed up. Bauxite is typically about half hydrated hydroxides of aluminum. The other half of bauxite con- sists of oxides of iron and titanium, with sodium silicates. If the bauxite contains high levels of organ- ic ma er, the bauxite liquor is burned to oxidize the organic ma er. This stage also causes pollution. More than one of Alcoa's Australian bauxite plants have been fined recently for pollution harming humans (www.aluminum.org.au/npi/documents/smelters.pdf). Refining hydrated aluminum hydroxide (bauxite) into aluminum oxide (alumina) by the Bayer process means dissolving the bauxite under high temperatures and pressures in concentrated so- dium hydroxide. Insoluble impurities of bauxite ore (iron and other oxides, titanium, silica) are then filtered out as a highly caustic sludge called “Red Mud” (pH >13). A er filtration, the remaining solution is clarified and precipitated out as crystals of aluminum oxide (alumina). The alumina is then washed, dewatered and baked into a fine white powder. About three tons of bauxite produce one ton of alumina. Disposal of the Red Mud is o en the biggest impact of refining bauxite. If the red mud is pumped to mined-out pits, revegetation is postponed for years. Any red mud eventually seeping into the ground water, aquifers, wells or water courses kills all plants and animals for long distances downstream. jusante. Red Mud scarcely dries, especially in wet tropical mines where most bauxite occurs. In Em dry climates with no rainfall, a thin skin forms on the red mud, but below a couple of centimeters, the red mud remains as partly colloidal, thixotropic jelly. It is so caustic that it can damage biota for many years if untreated. Lining red mud waste ponds reduces seepage into water courses for some years at least. Wind also spreads caustic soda dust where it damages vegetation and humans (sinus- itis, asthma, allergies). Thickening by drying the red mud is expensive in energy costs, but reduces risks. riscos. Capping red mud ponds with thick layers of clay also reduces the mobility of red mud. The A healthiest and most sustainable solution is to neutralize the red mud with limestone. Although refin- ing bauxite to alumina is not as energy intensive as the next stage, namely smelting alumina into metal aluminum, much energy is required. The impacts of energy used can be serious especially if the fuel is coal or hi-sulfur oils. SRK's ESA will assess such options as soon as refining is judged feasible. viável. Tailings disposal is becoming more expensive as the damage from tailings dam ruptures increase. Managing the risks of tailings lagoons a er mine closure is becoming more important internation- ally. aliado. Best practice demands stiff performance bonds or liability insurance to improve dam safety and to ensure adequate clean-up a er closure. As tailings disposal has an almost reckless record, critics point out that that prudent management is too expensive, is a weak claim. The mining industry is ethically bound to select the least harmful method of waste disposal even at greater cost, with the fully-informed, freely-given, prior consent of potentially affected people and civil society. Alumina Pipeline: As of 2004, an Alcoa subsidiary plans to build a 230 Km-long bauxite slurry pipeline from its Paragominas mine to its Alunorte refinery in Barcarena, near Belem. Alcoa in- formed the Western Surinamers that a bauxite slurry pipeline from Bakhuys to Paranaam also was a possibility being studied. The impacts of such a pipeline accrue mainly from the construction road which opens forest access to loggers and hunters, while increasing the risk of fires. Pipelines buried
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 23 Página 23
18 18 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO a meter or so underground can create less impact than above-ground pipelines. Social and environ- mental impacts of pipelines are outlined in Goodland (2005) Smelting Alumina to Metal Smelting alumina into aluminum metal consumes more energy than any other industrial process. Essentially, the alumina is mixed with molten cryolite as a flux through which electricity is passed at very high temperatures (<1,200oC). The electricity splits off the oxygen ions from the aluminum oxide where they migrate to the carbon anodes submerged in the mixture. Molten aluminum is then poured from the electrolytic pots. Such electrolysis reducing alumina to metal is highly pol- lutive. Switkes (2005) lists nine major pollutants. “Gaseous hydrogen fluoride, fluoride particulates, alumina, carbon monoxide, volatile organics, and sulfur dioxide from the anode baking furnaces”. Pollution by fluoride and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are especially damaging to human health in many aluminum smelters. Alcan's Saguenay smelters are linked to the highest cancer rate in the world among non-humans, in Beluga whales in the St Lawrence River into which the Saguenay river feeds. feeds. (www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/oct/research). As smelting is so energy intensive, the location of the smelter is determined primarily by the source of cheap electricity. That is the reason Alcoa is looking into the possibility of the Kabalebo hydroproject adjacent to the Bakhuys bauxite mine, and to the Jai Kreek and Tapanahoni hydro pro- posals, nearer Afobakka. In view of the likelihood of some hydroprojects going ahead in Suriname to The Kaburi Kreek Nature Reserve Debate This 68,000ha Nature Reserve is contiguous with Washabo on a black-water tributary of the Corantijn. It is an important harvesting and fishing area for the Indigenous Peoples of Washabo, Section, and Apoera, who have conserved it intact for centuries so it remains at its original productivity today. Kaburi Kreek joins the Nanni Lake/Nanni Swamp proposed protected area just south of Nieuw Nickerie. The Nanni/Kaburi Kreek was proposed for protection in 1978. Recently, the Government decided to convert the areas to biodiversity conser- vation and keep the Indigenous Peoples either out or constrain their use of this traditional area. The Indigenous Peoples claim they have not been adequately con- sulted and are reluctant to forfeit this tract on which they depend. They have not been offered any compensation if they are to agree to the loss of resources. Joint- use agreements have not been mentioned to ensure compatibility of traditional use with biodiversity or other uses. Officials armed with sub-machine guns and body armor were patrolling the area during my September 2005 visit. Stinasu proposed eco-tourism for the area in 2001. The Indigenous Peoples are concerned that their livelihoods are being squeezed, without their participation, and without compensa- tion. ção. Indigenous Peoples use rights in the contiguous Snake Kreek Forest Reserve, and the MacClemen Eiland Forest Reserve similarly need to be clarified. Sources: Baal, FLJ 2000. Natural Heritage in Suriname. Paramaribo, Nature Conservation Division of the Forest. Service of Suriname. Duplaix, N. 1980. Ob- Ob- servations on the ecology and behavior of the giant o er Pteuroneura brasiliensis in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. Rev. Ecol. 34: 495-620. Duplaix N., Lingaard M. & Sakimin C. 2002? A survey of Kaburi Kreek, West Suriname, and its conservation implications. San São Franscisco, The Oceanic Society 34 p. Webster T. & Roebuck L. 2001. Water resourc- es assessment of Suriname. Alexandria VA., US Army Corps of Engineers, ERDC: 111 p. 111 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 24 Página 24
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 19 19 power an aluminum smelter for the Bakhuys mine, Part 2 of this report is an environmental and social reconnaissance of these proposals. Alcoa's most recent hydroprojects to provide cheap electric- ity for smelting in Brazil and Iceland are outlined below; all are controversial. I have been unable to find a recent example of an Alcoa hydro & smelter that was completed without controversy. The Precautionary Principle, Environmental Liability Insurance, and Performance Bonds Extractive Industries should foster the precautionary principle as the norm, as is already long mandated by national governments, OECD, the EU, UN's Agenda 21, and many regulatory agencies. agências. When there is any doubt if potential social and environmental impacts of extractive indus- tries can be prevented or fully mitigated, the industry should err on the side of caution. The precau- tionary principle means industry should not use 'worst practices' such as riverine tailings disposal. Performance bonds, insurance, and escrow accounts need to become the norm in order to guarantee reimbursement to society for whatever damages are not prevented. Extraction should be permi ed only if the industry is required to bear the full costs of its pro- posed extraction. Such internalization is economically efficient, equitable and sustainable. The pre- Os pré- cautionary principle can be used to resolve differences of opinion or conflicts. The industry agrees to internalize the environmental and social costs of their proposed action. This kind of financial assur- ance is already commonplace with building contractors and has been used to foster proper rehabilita- tion of opencast mines. The Precautionary Principle The precautionary principle works by the extractor buying insurance or posting an assurance bond before the extraction starts, large enough to remedy the worst-case damage scenario. The bond O vínculo is deposited in an interest-bearing escrowed account that can be tapped by the harmed persons. The A norm today is to under-estimate worst-case costs. All or part of the insurance or bond is used to mitigate any damage and to compensate affected people. During extraction and when the project is complete, if the industry can prove that there has been no damage – no social and environmental costs – the assurance bond reverts back to the industry. The burden of proof thus shi s from the public to the extractor. Environmental liability insurance or surety bonds internalize environmental clean-up costs from taxpayers to the extractive industry. Such bonds have become key risk finance solutions in such cases. dos casos. Such insurance has enabled many companies to strengthen their balance sheets and enhance stock value. Environmental insurance is an essential component in risk management strategies, for example before the purchase of a brownfield (previously contaminated land) site, to ensure latent pollution or pollution risks from tailings dams, and to meet decommissioning and rehabilitation obligations. obrigações. The European Union's 13 Nov 2001 “Environmental Liability” Directive will do much to raise the importance of environmental liabilities. Although mining corporations have depended on insurers for financial guarantees to govern- ments to ensure proper rehabilitation, since 9/11, and many massive bankruptcies, insurers are refus- ing to issue the so-called reclamation bonds, saying they are too risky. The Surety Association of America wants finite time requirements, rather than an uncertain liability in perpetuity. Regulations Regulamentos now require potential liability for water pollution (eg, cyanide leaks, acid drainage) for as long as 70 years. anos. As governments have been sharply upping bonding requirements to ensure taxpayers will not have to bear the cost of reclamation, corporate profits decline, threatening some mines with closure. Montana increased the reclamation bond requirement for Black Pine silver mine to $8 million from $70,000. New Mexico raised the bonds of Phelps Dodge copper mines there from $115 million to $900 million. Bonding requirements exist and are increasing. Not enough bond leads to burdens on taxpay- ers, but bonds can reduce gross corporate profits. This mechanism provides dynamic incentives to
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 25 Página 25
20 20 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO the extractor to prevent damage. As the extractor is confident that environmental and social damage can be prevented or minimized in this case, they should readily agree to post the bond because they expect to get all or most of it back later. Opponents also should agree because the bond will fully remedy any damage promptly and will penalize the extractor if their confidence proves to have been false. falsa. Some industries prefer to pay into a fund over the duration of the extraction so that the fund increases with the increase of risk. Some prefer environmental liability insurance. Others find the bond approach, especially when prudently sited in an offshore escrow account, administered by an independent board with representation from the affected community. Government sometimes sets the bond amount. If not, agreement needs to be reached in advance, preferably by certified special- ists. istas. The common but unacceptable case where the clean-up costs exceed the bond amount needs to be prevented by realistic bond-se ing. Even so, dispute procedures and legal recourse by individu- als, communities or by the government acting for the affected people, need to be fostered. The Kabalebo Hydroproject Introduction: This note outlines the potential social and environmental impacts of the proposed Kabalebo and other hydroprojects to support smelting. These hydro projects, which are proposed for the near future, are then put into perspective by comparing them with Suriname's only existing hydro (Brokopondo), with a new hydro in neighboring French Guiana (Petit Saut), and finally with Alcoa's most recent hydro (Karahnjukar in Iceland). Alcoa commissioned the Brazilian engineering firm CNEC Engenharia SA (cnec.com.br), sub- sidiary of the big construction corporation Camargo Corrêa (camargocorrea.com.br), to review all previous hydro proposals in Suriname according to Alcoa's Pat Grover (1st Sept '05 mtg). The CNEC/ Camargo Corrêa consortium decided not to bid on the ESA contract partly because they expect to bid on the civil works of whatever hydroproject may be finally chosen. CNEC (2005) is the source of most of this section. History: The Kabalebo hydroproject was designed in the 1970s and advanced to feasibility in 1975 as Suriname became independent. In 1980, the World Bank was invited to participate. Ilaco's 6-vol- ume environmental report was completed in 1981, and Vari's fish impact study in 1982. A ractive hy- droelectricity costs US$0.2c/kwh or less; Kabalebo output was about US$0.8c/kwh. Increases in earth- moving technology since the 1970s/early 1980s may have lowered such costs. A er the coup d'état and the army killing opposition leaders in 1982, the Netherlands and the World Bank withdrew. Now Agora that Suralco's sources of bauxite in NE Suriname may come to an end by 2007, the Bakhuys bauxite has become a ractive, and with it the possibility of more refining and smelting capacity, which needs hydro. In the late 1990s/early 2000s, Alcoa began studying the potential for hydropower in Suriname, including Kabalebo. Current Plans: CNEC mention an installed capacity of 650MW from two hydropower plants (Tijger & Avanavero) an aggregate inundation area of 2,460 sq km, costing about US$650 million. Alcoa mentioned a 450MW firm power hydroproject costing c.$900million to supply sufficient power to meet Suriname's domestic demand for one or two decades, as well as to power a c.300,000 t/yr smelter. The goal is to generate enough hydropower to supply Suriname's needs, and to substitute for some thermal power, and at the same time to supply a more economic big smelter. As Suriname's rivers have only modest head, it is difficult to achieve both goals with acceptable social and environ- mental impacts. Kabalebo hydro will be connected to Afobaka by a transmission line, but the deci- sion about where to site a smelter has yet to be announced. Refinery and smelter sites mentioned as possible include: (a) Near Paranaam, linked by road or even a bauxite slurry pipeline from Bakhuys. (b) Near where Kabalabo power may be generated, eg, Matapi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 26 Página 26
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 21 21 (c) Apoera port at the end of the existing railroad from Bakhuys (d) Upgrade the existing rail from Bakhuys to Apoera port, thence to be barged to Trinidad (e) Existing rail to Apoera, then new rail to Nieuw Nickerie, then barge to Trinidad (to avoid Lower Corantijn's sandbanks.) Current plans suggest three reservoirs totaling 2,460sq km in area – Corantijn-Lucie, Tijger & Avanavero – thus exceeding the size of Brokopondo, which is nominally 1600 sq kms. Alcoa is trying to reduce reservoir area without unduly compromising capacity. Whichever plans are adopted, the topography suggests that the impounded area will be shallow and will fluctuate seasonally in extent. The best single proxy of the relative environmental and social impacts compared with the benefits in terms of electric power generated is the ratio of area flooded to rated capacity (Goodland 1997). Any project with a ratio (ha/MW) much exceeding 100 is poor. Brokopondo's ratio exceeds 1000; Petit Saut is even worse. Kabalebo's ESA should compute the ratio for all proposed hydroprojects. The Kabalebo may be dammed just below its confluence with Dalbana Kreek, upstream of Matapi. Kabalebo's flow will be augmented by diverting much (89%) of two rivers into it, namely the Upper Corantijn near Anora Falls, and the Lucie River. Average flows in the 45 km stretch of the Middle Corantijn between Amotopo/Anora Falls/Lucie mouth, all the way for 260 km to Matapi and the Kabalabo Corantijn confluence, will be permanently cut in half. This would approximate today's dry seasonal low flows, which currently average 350cu- mecs. During the few years of reservoir filling, Corantijn River flows would be much less than that, and could be almost dry for a time. CNEC commendably note that an 'environmental' flow of 100 cumecs would be maintained. When Corantijn River flows decrease to 100 cumecs, diversion would be reduced to ensure the 100 cumec minimum. However, these impacts would still reduce fish catch, impair navigation for the communities on the river banks, interfere with log ra s, and reduce their water supply. abastecimento de água. The relatively new concept of 'environmental flows' will be introduced by the ESA. The vastly augmented flows below Matapi are expected to erode the Corantijn river bank on the Guyana side. Expensive civil works are contemplated to protect some of the river banks. If much sediment will be deposited in the lower Corantijn, this will impact navigation and fish. Most of the area to be impounded is fairly intact Rain Forest, which is also the traditional terri- tory of Indigenous Peoples on which they depend for their livelihoods. Loss of at least 2,460sq km of forest means that much less habitat from which the forest dwellers can harvest. Commendably, CNEC already mention compensatory offsets. It remains to be seen however if these off-sets will benefit indigenous peoples as there is a possibility that they could become protected areas in which indigenous peoples rights may be restricted thus further compounding the negative impact of the bauxite project. Biomass Removal Commercial tree trunks will be exploited, but the forest to be flooded does not contain a ractive volumes of commercial timber. CNEC mentions 120 cumts/ha. In any event, removal of commer- cial tree trunks scarcely reduces biomass, so is less useful with respect to Greenhouse Gas Emis- sions (GHG) such as methane from ro ing organic ma er. Although Alcoa, Nimos and GMD firmly expect all or most of the forest and other vegetation to be cleared before impoundment in order to prevent the damaging water quality that was created at Brokopondo, this may prove difficult. 2,460 2,460 sq kms of forest is a very large area with some rugged terrain. It will be difficult to ascertain where the future reservoir level may be -- even with GPS -- as the reservoir will be dendritic, and reliably surveyed elevations are rare. The key to preventing toxic water quality is to remove enough organic ma er before impoundment. Much organic ma er in tropical forests lies in the topsoil, mulch and li er. Removal of trees and shrubs will not reduce that organic ma er substantially. Some use of fire may be part of the best option as long as most ash can be flushed in the last wet season before
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 27 Página 27
22 22 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO impoundment, without le ing sprouts grow too voluminously. The ESA will importantly advise on these tricky issues. Water Quality If water quality is impaired, water weeds may proliferate in the impoundment causing simi- lar damage as occurred at Brokopondo. Below the dam, poor water quality will harm fish and all other aquatic resources severely just below Matapi, and possibly as far as the Atlantic estuary at Nieuw Nickerie. SENES (2003) predicts about 900 families could be impacted and will lose about 140,000 kg of their main protein sources – mainly fish -- annually, at least for the first few decades a er impoundment. Both reservoir fish and river fish are expected to contain unsafe levels of mer- cury (SENES, 2003). This is one of the easiest impacts to monetize. The loss is expected to be about $0.5million annually. In addition, conversion of free-flowing rivers into stagnant reservoirs increases the production of toxic gas and greenhouse gases from ro ing biomass. Dying water weeds is a risk to be assessed. The reservoir water levels are expected to fluctuate significantly between wet and dry seasons. estações do ano. This too may harm fish breeding. Water-Borne Diseases CNEC (2005) commendably note that the water-borne disease, schistosomiasis, is present in the region of the Kabalebo Hydroproject, in Niew Nickerie. Kabalebo's ESA must take this very seriously as schistosomiasis has already spread in some Brazilian reservoirs, so must be prevented from enter- ing Kabalebo. Impacts of Workers The impact of c.2000 dam workers for the few years of dam construction will be a major impact on the environment and especially on the Indigenous Peoples. (See Section on the impact of Bakhuys workers on the environment and communities). The Jai Kreek & Tapanahoni Diversions Diversions, hydro schemes which divert water from one or more rivers in order to augment flow in the third river, are being considered to boost Afobaka Hydro's capacity. Alcoa has proposed to divert the Tapanahoni and Jai Kreek into the Suriname River in order to raise the level of the Broko- pondo reservoir, thus boosting electricity generation. The details of the Jai Kreek/Tapanahoni diversions have not yet been worked out. Suffice to say at this stage that displacement of Indigenous Peoples and maroons may well be by far the biggest impact of the proposed diversions. Worldwide, human displacement has never worked very well. The people displaced almost invariably become poorer as a result of their move. The poor subsidize the generation of power for distant cities. cidades distantes. Of the types of people displaced, experience shows that city dwellers can be rese led with relatively less trauma. If a city street is widened, for example, the people having to move man- age to find other dwelling o en nearby. They keep their social networks and employment. Rural Rural displacement is numerically the most numerous category. Even if small farmers receive replacement land, their social networks have been impaired, the soil fertility will be different, and the detailed knowledge of how best to manage each different plot has to be accumulated through the years. If the Se o replacement land is distant, then schooling, transport, friends and access to rivers and forests usually suffer. sofrer. Rurally displaced people rarely regain their pre-move standards of living. The most vulnerable category of people to be displaced is Indigenous Peoples. Nowhere in the world have such societies been displaced successfully. They are worse off a er their move for com- pelling anthropological reasons. The damage to the social fabric of displaced Indigenous Peoples is so great that best practice is to re-site the project in order not to impact the Indigenous peoples. Ad- Ad- ditionally, international law contains strong protections against any forcible rese lement of indige-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 28 Página 28
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 23 23 nous peoples, as does the new World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 of May 2005, and the International Finance Corporation's dra Performance Standards on indigenous peoples and on rese lement. The Jai Kreek/Tapanahoni diversion looks likely to provoke major involuntary displacement of Indigenous Peoples, including the sizeable town of Palumeu, at the confluence of the Palumeu River with the Tapanahoni. The Wayana and Trio ethnic minorities may be severely impacted, as may N'djuka maroon communities on the Tapanahoni River. The canal and construction road planned to connect Jai Kreek also will provoke major impacts. Raising the water level of Afobaka reservoir itself may impact lake-side Saramakka maroon communities, including those that previously lost their lands when the Afobaka dam was constructed in the 1960s. Decreases downstream of the diversions also impair fish and other aquatic resources. Comparison: Brokopondo Hydro Because several proposals for hydropower are planned which may impact the Indigenous Peoples of Western Suriname, a group of about 30 Indigenous Peoples visited the only hydroproject in Suri- name on 2 September 2005 in order to learn what sort of impacts should be expected. The Indigenous Peoples listened at length to the people, mainly maroons, displaced by the Brokopondo reservoir. Afobakka or the 'Prof. Dr. Ir. Van Blommenstein Stuwmeer' hydroproject or Brokopondo was built by Suralco (=Alcoa & BHPB) between 1959 and 1964, and started generating in 1965. It provides Ele fornece approximately half of Suriname's domestic electrical need. In addition, Afobakka powers a bauxite refinery and a smelter (ceased operations in 1999) at Paranam. About 80 million kwh of its 1 billion kwh annual production is reserved for the Government of Suriname. Brokopondo's installed capacity of 189MW has never been reached. The recent 250,000 mtpy expansion, completed at a total cost of approximately $65 million or ap- proximately $260/ton, brings the facility's total capacity to approximately 2.2 million mtpy. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, social and environmental impacts of big infrastructure projects were not deemed important by proponents. Brokopondo was one of the first major hydroprojects in the world to be built in tropical ecosystems. Several years a er the reservoir was filled and only when the engineering and civil works were being damaged by environmental impacts were scientific studies begun. Engineers in the powerhouse were gassed by toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for the first few years and had to wear gas masks. This gas was generated by inundated biomass. This poi- sonous gas also corroded the new steel of the turbines and started to kill fish in the Suriname River all the way to the ocean 80 km downstream. Tarpon entering the estuary of the Suriname River were also killed. Decline in fish catch between Brokopondo and the ocean harmed all the riverside villages up to 80 km downstream from the dam. No commercial fishery in the reservoir has been developed. Mercury levels in fish exceed safety standards. Brokopondo reservoir drowned 1600 sq kms of pristine tropical forest. Its full reservoir area of 2350 sq km has never been achieved; apparently estimates of river flows were far too optimistic. The A rising waters eventually killed off all the trees. As no trees were removed before inundation, they remain sticking up through the surface of the reservoir today. Early in the 2000s, a project was begun to harvest some of the dead trees in the reservoir. As all trees and smaller vegetation remained in the reservoir, it was impossible to use fish nets. Decaying vegetation especially proliferating water weeds died, fell to the bo om and decayed. This decay reduced oxygen levels and generated poisonous gases which killed fish. Thousand of wild animals were drowned as the reservoir filled. Operation Gwamba was a pri- vate effort to save some of the bigger animals which could not swim to safety (Walsh, 1967). The biggest impact was the displacement of about 6000 12 12 maroons from several ethnic minorities that formerly lived along the Surinam River and its tributaries. In 1964 these people were relocated by the Surinamese government when the gates of the Afobaka Dam closed, forming the Brokopondo Lake. Lago. As most of the oustee's villages are located away from a river and away from forest, the two
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 29 Página 29
24 24 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO mainstays of the maroon society have been lost. Fish and forest resources were not replaced by other means of livelihood, so unemployment is very high. The villages have been abandoned by those youths able to obtain work in Paramaribo or elsewhere, leaving mainly elderly people in the villages. Frankly, the villages of the maroons displaced by Brokopondo reservoir are dysfunctional, even now four decades a er being displaced. Brokopondo & Kabalebo Hydroproject Sources ALCOA/CNEC, 2005. Kabalebo complex: Environmental studies, Suriname: Avanavero-Tijgerval-Lu- cie Kabalebo canal-Corantijn. Consolidation of secondary data. Executive summary, 44 p. Breeveld, F. 1983. Future of Roads and Rivers in Suriname and Neighboring Region, “The Jaikreek and Phedra Projects.” Proceedings FURORIS Congress, Netherlands: Delft University of Tech- nology. logia. Goodland, R. (ed.) 2005. Oil and gas pipelines: Social and environmental impact assessment: State of the Art. Fargo ND., International Association of Impact Assessment, 172 p. ILACO et al. 1981. 1981. Environmental impact of the Kabalebo Hydroproject. Paramaribo, Ilaco/Delft Hydraulics/Nedeco: 6 vols. Landveld, ERAO 1998. Ganzë: Het dorp dat het meer verdrank. Paramaribo, Bureau Conas 183 p. Pandey-Verheuvel, KP 1982. Future impact on water quality and life in the Suriname river. Para- maribo, Min van Opbau, Min Ow & V/WLA, RA-PA83-1: 28 p. Price, R. 1983. First time: History of an Afro-American people. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. Imprensa. Price, R. (ed.) 1996. Maroon societies: Rebel slave communities in the Americas. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press 445 p. Sahdew, SA & Ouboter, PE 2003. Destruction of the tropical forests of the Guianas. Paramaribo, IBER, Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Education & Resources 38 p. Senes Ltd., 2003. Environmental assessment review report of Kabalebo hydropower project. Suri- name, [for] NIMOS National Institute for Environment and Development [by] FDBernard, SENES, Richmond Hill, Ontario c.65 p. Suralco LLC 2000. The Brokopondo Hydro-Electric Installation. Uitgifte, Suralco Public Relations (Brochure). Vari, RP 1982. Environmental impact of the Kabalebo hydroproject: Biology and ecology of the fishes in the Corantijn river system. Suriname, Ministry van Opbau [& Washington DC., Smithsonian Institution] 129 p. Walsh, J. & Gannon, R. 1967. Time is short and the water rises; Operation Gwamba: the story of the rescue of 10,000 animals from certain death in a South American rain forest. New York, Dutton 224 p. [also in Dutch from Zwolle: La Rivière & Voorhoeve 1969]. Werkgroep Milieustudie West-Suriname, 1976. Ecologische consequenties van de eerste twee fasen van het Kabalebo project. Paramaribo, Een rapport van de Werkgroep Milieustudie West-Suri- name (Augustus). Comparison, French Guiana: Petit Saut Hydro Project Petit-Saut is France's biggest hydro reservoir as it filled 370 sq km by 1994. It is the most recent hydro project to be built in the vicinity since Brokopondo, hence can be a useful comparative learn- ing experience for Kabalebo. Petit-Saut's 26.5 MW hydro was constructed by EDF in French Guiana on the Sinnamary River about 70 km from the Atlantic coast. The shallow reservoir (av. depth: 15 m) floods pristine Amazon forest, none of which was removed before the reservoir was filled. It has Tem three branches extending about 50 km up three tributaries. The access road was built between 1987 and 1989. e 1989. Dam construction began in 1989. The dam itself was finished in 1990, and commissioned
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 30 Página 30
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 25 25 in 1994. em 1994. The three year delay appears to have been because the faulty design failed to predict ro ing of submerged forest, production of toxic gas, anoxic water below the dam and accumulation of mer- cury in the reservoir. The electricity is primarily needed for Europe's €1.6 billion Spaceport which is at Kourou, 5' north of the Equator and 65 km NW along the coast from the capital Cayenne. EDF claims that « La production d'ozone due à la décomposition des masses végétales englout- ies serait considérable ». If true, this is the only hydroproject in the world that generates ozone from ro ing vegetation. The main environmental study, by EDF's Hydraulic Department, is dated 2000, which suggests environmental assessment was a retroactive a erthought. This study highlighted elevated mercury levels in fish, high methane production and anoxia downstream of the dam. These problems were mitigated during the three year delay by redesigning the project and by installation of a re-oxy- genation weir at the foot of the dam. Generation had to be suspended while the weir and aeration (bubble) systems were retrofi ed. This led to a 15% permanent loss of electric output. EDF awarded themselves a prize for the quality of this hydroproject The 18-month $6 million faunal rescue dealt with “3,278 mammals (47 species), 799 snakes (68 species), 1 386 tortoises”. How many humans were displaced is not apparent. Another EDF-sponsored hydro, in Lao called Nam Theun 2 is relying on the expensive corrective measures of Petit Saut. NT2's website writes: “On the issue of water reoxygenation before release into the Xe Bang Fai River, Mr. Olivier Salignat, environmentalist at EDF, explained that the aeration weir to be located in the downstream channel has been designed based on the successful experience at another EDF hydro scheme at Petit Saut in French Guyana, and it proves to be reliable in remov- ing substantially the methane that is due to biomass degradation.” Comparison: Alcoa's Karahnjukar Hydroproject Suriname's proposed Kabalebo hydroproject in Suriname can be compared with Alcoa's most re- cent hydroproject, which is the US$3bn. Karahnjukar Hydropower Project 13 13 in Iceland, authorized in 2003, and now under advanced construction. Karahnjukar includes an aluminum smelter, a 690 MW hydropower plant of eight or nine dams to be financed by Iceland's National Power Company, and a harbor facility at Mjoeyri to be financed by the Fjardabyggd Harbor Fund. The project is scheduled to operate by 2007. Alcoa's 2004 Sustainability Report [www.alcoa.com/sustainability] reviews the company's global environmental, social and economic performance. Earlier, on 1st. August 2001, Iceland's National Planning Agency (NPA) rejected the Karahnjukar project on the grounds of “substantial, irreversible negative environmental impact”. NPA has au- thorized 120 hydropower projects; Karahnjukar is the only one NPA has rejected. Iceland's National Power Company, Landsvirkjun, appealed to Iceland's environment minister, Siv Fridleifsdó ir, who, ignoring her own Planning Agency, granted permission to proceed with the project on December 20, 2001 provided that steps are taken to limit the amount of environmental damage. This sparked a series of lawsuits, and raised doubts about democracy in Iceland. Lawyer Atli Gislasson and a group of 26 citizens brought separate cases before the Icelandic high court and European Free Trade Associ- ation surveillance authority, challenging the government's lack of transparency and Minister Fridleif- sdo ir's decision. Siv Fridleifsdo ir, minister for the environment, is a qualified physiotherapist with no parliamentary or environmental experience. According to the Government's Planning Agency, “the plans to build an aluminum smelter in Reydar ordur are not likely to have a considerable environ- mental impact, and are not to be subject to an environmental evaluation.” In March of 2003, Iceland's Environmental Agency issued an Operating Permit for Alcoa's Fjarðaál primary aluminum smelter. (Detailed history at h p://www.lv.is) The Iceland Nature Conservation Association, ICNA (www.inca.is) claims that the Karahnju- kar Hydropower Project “will be the one of the greatest environmental disasters in recent decades,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 31 Página 31
26 26 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO something that generations to come will damn us for.” The Karahnjukar Hydropower Project is sited in Iceland's Eastern Highlands, which contains one of Europe's largest remaining wildernesses. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF, www.wwf.org) opposes the project, and ranks the Eastern Highlands as Europe's second-largest wilderness area (trailing only Svalbard, a Norse territory in the Arctic region). The US$1bn smelter is designed to produce 290,339 tons per year. Landsvirkjun (www.lv.is/lv.nsf/ pages/english.html), the national power company, is set to develop a 500 or 690 MW facility that will supply all of the power for Alcoa's smelter. No energy produced by the dams will go for domestic use. uso. The eight dams will impound two rivers, the Jokulsa a Dal and the Jokulsa i Fljotsdal, drained through 25 miles (40.2 kilometers) of tunnels. The 190m high, 730m wide main dam, Europe's high- est, two smaller saddle dams and 53km of headrace tunnels will be paid for by Landsvirkjun (the national power company, owned jointly by the Icelandic government, the city of Reykjavik and the town of Akureyri). The main dam will create a huge reservoir, to be called Halslon, which will inundate 57sq km of the highlands to the south before running on to the glacier itself. The resulting O resultado hydroelectricity is contracted for sale for 50 years to Alcoa, which is closing two smelters in the US and relocating to Iceland as a cost-cu ing measure. Environmentalists charge that the damming of the Jokulsa a Dal, and creating a 57sq km reser- voir, will trigger 70 percent of the project's damage, destroying wildlife and vegetation. The flows of Os fluxos de 60 waterfalls will be impaired. This is one of the main breeding grounds for the area's 2000 reindeer - according to Skuli Sveinsson, a tracker, a cull of one third of the population has already begun in anticipation of the drastic reduction in feeding grounds. Thousands of pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus) graze these uplands, a protected nesting ground. The world's largest pink-footed goose molting area has been offered free by the government for the hydroproject. This violates the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, as both pink-footed and greylag (Anser anser) geese are “protected fauna species” under the convention's Annex III. The value of this vast area of natural land has not been factored into the subsidy offered to Al- coa, WWF says. It is also a favorite haunt of the snowy owl, ptarmigan and the gyrfalcon. Iceland's equivalent of America's Grand Canyon, Dimmugljufur, or Dark Canyon, is a deep cle carved out by the region's most powerful glacial river, the Jokulsa a Bru. The part of the canyon between the edge of the glacier and the dam will be submerged; on the far side of the dam, it will become a dry gulch. Sedimentation: Located just 20 kilometers north of Europe's largest glacier Vatnajokull, the heavy silt content of Jokulsa a Dal will eventually fill the reservoir. Expert opinion is divided only on how long the dam will remain operational. Estimates range from 50-400 years. The hydroproject will divert Jokulsa a Dal at the main dam into tunnels that are planned to debouch into the slow-moving Jokulsa i Fljotsdal, which feeds Iceland's longest lake, Lagarfljot. The calm, silver surface of this tour- ist a raction will become muddy, turbulent and un-navigable. The migratory salmon (Salmo salar) also listed under the Berne Convention, are likely to be impacted. In the Herardsfloi delta, heavy silt deposits from Jokulsa a Dal currently prevent the sea from encroaching on the land. This will impact a habitat for a significant harbor seal population (Phoca vitulina), also listed under the Berne Conven- tion. ção. Once the silt is trapped by the new dam, fields will be flooded and two established farms - one an eco-tourism centre - almost certainly will be destroyed. Wind Erosion: The level of the reservoir will fluctuate seasonally, from 170 to 250 feet elevation asl. This will expose vast areas of reservoir bo om to the wind. In summer, when the water is low, strong eastern winds will whip up dried silt at the edge of the reservoir, blowing dust storms over the highlands towards farms further east. Iceland is a very windy country. The soil particles are rela- tively light. Iceland is concerned about wind erosion as it has probably lost half of its original vegeta- tion to erosion since the country was se led. “What people are concerned about is if the wind starts blowing all this loose soil material over the vegetation.”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 32 Página 32
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 27 27 Violation of officially protected areas: One third of the officially protected area, Kringilsarrani at the foot of the glacier will be submerged. In a radio interview, Environment Minister Siv Fridleifsdot- tir said that, in her view, “protected” did not mean “for ever protected”. Fridrik Sophusson, Lands- virkjun's managing director, supports her decision, and claims that the government “has the right to change such a human decision”. In September 2003, the minister for industry overruled an environ- mental impact assessment and authorized a project on the Thjorsa River that will inundate part of a protected area, a project that had already been rejected by the local authority.” Esthetic Impacts: De ifoss, the most powerful waterfall in Europe, officially protected and one of Iceland's great tourist a ractions will be damaged. Professor Gisli Mar Gislason, who was part of a government think-tank consulted on proposed power projects, says, “Landsvirkjun intends to divert Jokulsa a Fjollum, cu ing off the water to De ifoss for most of the year but turning it on for the tour- ist season.” Subsidies to Alcoa: Hydroelectricity for the aluminum plant will be subsidized at about 1.5 cents/kWh. cents / kWh. The price will rise and fall with the price of aluminum (currently low due to a glut on the market). The utility has yet to release the price at which it will sell Alcoa its hydropower. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Aluminum smelters emit enormous quantities of greenhouse gases. In 2001, super-clean Iceland was able to negotiate a 10% increase in permi ed emissions under the Kyoto protocol - the biggest increase in the world. In effect, Alcoa is buying Iceland's license to pol- lute, as well as cheap electricity. The ministry of environment also gave Alcoa a license to emit 12kg of sulfur dioxide (SO2) per tonne of aluminum produced - 12 times the level the World Bank expects from modern smelters. SO2 and fluoride, the most dangerous pollutants in terms of public health and land damage, will be pumped directly into the air via giant chimneys. The electrolytic processes involved in aluminum smelting also lead to emissions of tetrafluoromethane and hexafluoromethane – greenhouse gases that are thousands of times more powerful in trapping the sun's heat than carbon dioxide. dióxido de carbono. Peter Bosshard, the author of the recent report “Karahnjukar: a project on thin ice” calculates that achieving a higher recycling rate for the 100 billion drinks cans Alcoa produces every year could eas- ily generate more aluminum than several new smelters like the one planned in Iceland. Seismic, Volcanic and Tectonic Risks: Landsvirkjun does not generally welcome adverse scien- tific findings. Many geologists fear catastrophic flooding may result from regular glacial surges and eruptions in Karahnjukar's catchment area. They also question the consequences of building a colos- sal dam on a substructure weakened by geothermal fissures. These concerns were brought before parliament by scientists earlier this year, but the Le -Green MP, Kolbrun Halldorsdo ir, reports, “The minister for industry advised the house that these scientists were politically motivated and not to be listened to.” Thorsteinn Siglaugsson, a risk specialist, prepared a recent independent economic report on Karahnjukar for the Icelandic Nature Conservation Agency. “Landsvirkjun's figures do not com- prise adequate cost and risk analysis,” he says, “nor realistic contingencies for overruns.” Had the state not guaranteed the loans for the project, Siglaugsson adds, it would never have a racted private finance. finanças. “Karahnjukar will never make a profit, and the Icelandic taxpayer may well end up subsidiz- ing Alcoa.” In July 2003, a consortium of 19 banks led by Barclays arranged the final $400m loan required by Landsvirkjun, apparently in breach of the “Equator Principles” it had signed up to only one month earlier, demanding “sound environmental management practices as a financing prerequisite”. Bar- clays has denied it is in breach of this voluntary code of practice, pointing to a “second opinion” it commissioned from Texan engineering and construction corporation “Stone and Webster”. Stone and Webster's leaked report concluded, “Objection will continue from some NGOs with the potential for some short-term negative publicity but this is likely to diminish as the project moves forward, and can be controlled by ongoing public relations activities.” Stone & Webster claims environmental experience, but this is li le evident. It has specialized in construction, engineering and the US atomic
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 33 Página 33
28 28 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO energy industry and has a record of environmental quasi-greenwashes as publicized in the German Parliament when, trying to get WestLB off the hook, Stone & Webster claimed Peru's Camisea gas pipeline fully met World Bank standards (Goodland 2003). WestLB subsequently let go its top man- agement and was embroiled in financial and other trials. Protesters organized a camp and setup a blockade in August 2005 which included the first ever lock-down in Icelandic history. Police arrived on the scene and ordered the workers to use the heavy equipment which would cause direct injury to the activists. Several activists where violently arrested and some face deportation. Activists also occupied the Alcoa aluminum smelter site slowing down construction construção Compensatory Offsets: There don't seem to be any compensatory offsets. There are two financial transactions. transações. First, Alcoa's support to the Leif Erikson foundation for some scholarships from Iceland to the US. Second (AP 2005) Alcoa contributes US$1.3 million toward a US$6.4M sports facility in East Iceland, near where the company is building an aluminum smelter. Company officials say the fa- cility will include a 100-meter track and full-length soccer field. The local municipality (Fjardabyggd) is overseeing the construction and will own and operate the sports facility. CorpWatch 26 Jan 2005: Alcoa's Track record. 1. 1. In 2003, Alcoa was found guilty by the United States Justice Department and the EPA of vio- lating the Clean Air Act at its Rockdale Aluminum smelter near Austin, Texas. The Rockdale smelter was producing 260,000 tons of aluminum a year, while emi ing the largest amount of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide of any single source in the country, with the exception of electric utilities. concessionárias de energia elétrica. From Alcoa's own estimates 104,000 tons of emissions were pouring annually from the plant; including 40,000 tons of smog-producing nitrogen dioxide and 60,000 tons of acid-rain-generating sulfur dioxide, as well as highly toxic metals such as mercury, copper, lead, and others, which eventually accumulated in Texas lakes and rivers. 2. 2. Alcoa's aluminum smelter at Massena, New York, was one of three plants which poisoned the St Lawrence River - a river which for centuries sustained the Mohawk indigenous community of Akwesasne. A er being used as a dumping ground through much of the twentieth century, the river and its ecosystem became so contaminated that in 1986, the Mohawk community was advised to eat a minimal amount of fish from the river. Their traditional economy collapsed. In Em addition, the PCBs, dioxins, heavy metals, and other pollutants le the Mohawk community with birth defects, miscarriages, and cancer. Mothers are advised not to breastfeed their children because of industrial contaminants in the food chain. The slow process of environmental litiga- tion and cleanup eventually revealed some of the scope of corporate abuse of the St. Lawrence. The Alcoa refinery eventually received a $3.75 million fine, the largest criminal penalty ever assessed in the history of the United States, for a hazardous waste violation. 3. 3. In the period between 1987 and 1999, more than 47 Alcoa facilities were cited by US state and federal anti-pollution regulators. In March 1999, Alcoa agreed to an $8.8-million se lement with the Environmental Protection Agency a er being charged with illegally discharging inadequate- ly treated wastewater from its Warrick County plant into the Ohio River between 1994 and 1999. 1999. In September 1999, Discovery Aluminas Inc., an Alcoa subsidiary, agreed to plea guilty to similar discharge violations and to pay more than $1 million in fines. 4. 4. On May 2, 2002, it was reported that Alcoa Inc. had offered to pay nine Australian workers $A350, 000 each (US$187,337) in compensation for injuries allegedly caused by exposure to pol- lutants while working at the firm's Wagerup plant. The workers allege that their illnesses were caused by exposure to heavy chemicals and chemicals while working at the facility. Injuries al- leged include multiple chemical sensitivity, reactive airways dysfunction and renal failure. Alcoa Alcoa offered the se lement on the condition that the workers drop their lawsuits seeking compensa- tion and damages. Eight of the workers accepted the se lement offer.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 34 Página 34
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 29 29 5. 5. In November 2004, Alcoa reported the eighth waste spill at its Western Australian Kwinana refinery in the space of five months. 6. 6. Sarawak's proposed new 2400MW US$4bn. Bakun dam 14 14 , to be completed by 2007, to power a US$2.4 billion aluminium smelter “Smelter Asia” near Bintulu will produce 500,000 tonnes of aluminium annually. BHPB and Mitsubishi announced plan in October 2005 to buy about half Bakun's output to power their smelter. Rio Tinto and Alcan are planning to build smelters nearby. nas proximidades. The reservoir could force the rese lement of 10,000 Orang Ulu and other Indigenous Peoples. Dr. Kua Kia Soong, head of a non-governmental coalition in Sarawak asks: “Why do we want toxic and energy-hungry industries such as aluminum smelters? Aluminum smelting is one industry that the developed countries want to dump on suckers like us because it is envi- ronmentally toxic and it consumes voracious amounts of energy.” Comparison: Alcoa's Recent Hydro Track Record in Brazil Alcoa's Barra Grande dam in Rio Grande do Sul will inundate 8,138 ha of endangered Atlantic forest. floresta. The 1999 ESA compiled by Engevix, an engineering corporation, has been found 'fraudulent' because it omi ed the fact that over 2,000 ha of primary Paraná pine forests (Araucaria angustifolia) and 4,000 ha of other types of forest are in the impact zone. ALCOA has been denounced as violating human rights to OECD in June 2005. ALCOA and its partners are investing in three other hydroproj- ects for smelters in Brazil. (a) Estreito 1087MW on Amazonia's Tocantins River. (b) the 292 MW Pai Querê on the Pelotas River near Barra Grande. (c) the 220 MW Serra do Facão near Catalão, Goiás. All three have failed so far to have their construction permits approved as a result of environmental and social problems.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 35 Página 35
30 30 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Part 3: Sources of Information and Literature Cited Social and Environmental Impacts of Dams, Reservoirs and Hydroprojects Comments and corrections to: RbtGoodland@aol.com Bos, R., Birley, M., Furu, P. & Engel, C. 2003. Health opportunities in development: a course manual on developing inter-sectoral skills in support of Health Impact Assessment. Geneva, WHO [Liv- erpool School of Medicine, Danish Bilharzia Lab, Inst Education of Univ. London] 2 vols. Collier, M., Webb, RH & Schmidt, JC 1996. Dams and rivers: a primer on the downstream effects of dams. barragens. Tucson, AZ, US Dept. of the Interior, USGeological Survey 94 p. Dubash, NK, Dupar, M., Kothari, S. & Lissu, T. 2001. A watershed in global governance? An inde- pendent assessment of the World Commission on Dams. Washington, DC., World Resources Institute 136 p. Goldsmith, E. & Hildyard, N. 1986. The social and environmental effects of large dams. San Fran- cisco, Sierra Club Books 404 p. Goodland, R. 1978. Environmental assessment of the Tucuruí hydroproject, Rio Tocantins, Amazônia, Brazil. Brasília, DF, Eletronorte 168 p. Goodland, R. 1997a. The Big Dams Debate: The environmental sustainability challenge for dam engineers. engenheiros. [“The Freeman Lecture”]. Civil Engineering Practice, Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers ASCE: 12(1): 11-32. Goodland, R. 1997b. Environmental sustainability in the hydro industry (69-102) in Dorcey, T. (ed.) Large dams: Learning from the past, looking at the future. Washington, World Bank [&] Gland, IUCN: 145 p. Hunter, O. & Munroe, PA (eds.) 1978. Hydropower and the Environment. Georgetown, National Sci- ence Research Council 280 p. IWGIA, 1999. Dams, Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities. Indigenous Affairs No.3-4, IWGIA and Forest Peoples Programme, Copenhagen. Jobin, WR 1999. Dams and disease: ecological design and health impacts of large dams, canals, and irrigation systems. sistemas de irrigação. New York, Routledge 580 p. Jobin, WR1998. Sustainable management for dams and waters. Boca Raton, FL., Lewis Publishers 265 p. 265 p. Kay, BH (ed.) 1999. Water resources: health, environment and development. London, Spon Publ. 250 250 p. p. Khagram, S. 2005. Dams and development: transnational struggles for water and power. Ithaca: Cor- nell University Press 270 p. Leslie, J. 2005. Deep water: dams, development, disaster: the epic struggle over dams, displaced people, and the environment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 368 p. McCully, P. 2001. Silenced rivers: the ecology and politics of large dams. London, Zed Books 359 p. Panday, RS (ed.) 1977. Man-made lakes and human health. Paramaribo, University of Suriname, Faculty of Medicine 73 p. Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada. 2004. 2004. Environmental excellence in exploration. Toronto, PDAC: www.e3mining.com. Scudder, T. 2005. The future of large dams: Dealing with social, environmental, institutional and po- litical costs. London, Earthscan 389 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 36 Página 36
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 31 31 Seck, S. 1999. Environmental harm in developing countries caused by subsidiaries of Canadian min- ing corporations: The Interface of Public and Private International Law. in The Canadian Year- book of International Law. Vancouver, BC, University of British Columbia Press. Sevá Filho, AO & Switkes, G. (eds.) 2005. Tenotã-Mõ: Alertas sobre as conseqüências dos projetos hidrelétricas no rio Xingu. São Paulo, International Rivers Network 344 p. Sosa I., & Keenan, K. 2001. Impact Benefit Agreements between Aboriginal Communities and Mining Companies: Their Use in Canada. Toronto: Canadian Environmental Law Association: www. cela.ca/publications/cardfile.shtml?x=1021. UNEP, 2005. Dams and development forum (DDP). Nairobi, ddpinfo@hq.unep.org. World Bank [&] IUCN. 1997. 1997. Large dams: learning from the past, looking at the future. [eds. Dorcey, T. et al.]. Gland, Switzerland, International Union for the Conservation of Nature [&] Washing- ton, DC, World Bank 145 p. World Commission on Dams, 2000. Dams and development: a new framework for decision-making. London, Earthscan 404 p. WHO, 1999. Human health and dams. [for] The World Commission on Dams. Geneva, World Health Genebra, Organização Mundial Organization, 39 p. www.who.int/hia/en.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 37 Página 37
32 32 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Bibliography Bibliografia The Social and Environmental Impacts of Mining in General Corrections to: RbtGoodland@aol.com Abdul, JH 1989. West-Suriname: een nieuwe horizon voor de bauxietexploitatie in Suriname. Para- maribo: Pro Media Productions, 55 p. Atkinson, J. 1999. Basic human rights and the impact of mining companies. Oxfam, Community Aid Abroad. Atkinson, J. 1998. Undermined: The impact of Australian mining companies in developing countries. Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia: Community Aid Abroad 100 p. Auty, RM 1993. Sustaining development in mineral economies: The resource curse thesis. London, Londres, Routledge 272 p. Auty, R .M. & Mikesell, RF 1998. Sustainable development in mineral economies. NY, Clarendon, Oxford University Press 285 p. Auty, R .M. (ed.) 2001. Resource abundance and economic development. Oxford, Oxford University Press 340 p. Auty, RM 2002. Best practice for economic diversification in mineral economies. Washington DC., World Bank, Managing Volatility Workshop (Jan 7). Ayres, RU 1988. Accounting for resources. Cheltenham UK, Edward Elgar Co. 2 vols. Balkema, AA (ed.) 2000. Tailings and mine waste. Rotterdam? Balkema Publishing ISBN: 905809 1250: 576 p. Barrera-Hernandez, LK 2002. The legal framework for indigenous peoples and other peoples par- ticipation in Latin America: The cases of Argentina, Colombia, & Peru. (589-628) in Zillman, DM, Lucas, A. & Pring, G. (eds.) 2002. Human rights in natural resource development: public participation in the sustainable development of mining and energy resources. Oxford, Oxford University Press 722 p. Barrow, CJ 2000. Social impact assessment: an introduction. London, Arnold [&] New York: Oxford University Press, 230 p. Barsh, RL & Bastien, K. 1997. Effective negotiation by Indigenous Peoples: An action guide. Ge- Ge- neva, Inyernational labor Office. Becker, HA & Vanclay, F. (eds.) 2003. The international handbook of social impact assessment: con- ceptual and methodological advances. Cheltenham, UK., Edward Elgar, 326 p. Beynon, H., Cox, AW & Hudson, R. 2000. Digging up trouble: the environment, protest and open- cast mining. London, Rivers Oram 306 p. Blench, R. 2001. Biodiversity issues: the enabling environment and mining. London, MMSD Working Paper 60: 26p. Bowles, IA, Prickett, GT & Skoczlas, A. (eds.) 2000. Footprints in the Jungle: Natural resource in- dustries, infrastructure, and biodiversity conservation. New York, Oxford University Press, 332 p. p. Bowles, IA, Rosenfeld, A., Kormos C., Reining C & Nations JD 1999. The environmental impacts of International Finance Corporation lending and proposals for reform: a study of conservation and oil development in the Guatemalan Peten. Environmental Law 29(1): 103-128. Brehaut, H. 2001. The community health dimension of sustainable development in developing coun- tries. tentativas. London, MMSD, Working Paper # 22: 18 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 38 Página 38
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 33 33 Burdge, RJ et al. 2004. 2004. The concepts, process, and methods of social impact assessment. Middleton, Middleton, Wisconsin, Social Ecology Press, 307 p. Caruso, E., Colchester, M., MacKay, F., Hildyard, N. & Nettleton, G. 2003. Extracting promises: indig- enous peoples, extractive industries and the World Bank. Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Forest Peoples Programme & Baguio City, The Tebtebba Foundation 111 p. + 6 country case studies. Central Land Council. 1998. 1998. Mines and Myths: The Truth about Mining on Aboriginal Land. Alice Alice Springs, Australia: Central Land Council. Chatterjee, P. 1998. Gold, Greed, and Genocide. Berkeley, CA., Project Underground. Chatterjee, P. & Finger, M. 1994. The earth brokers: power, politics, and world development. New Novo York, Routledge, 191 p. Cleghorn, C., Edelson, N. and Moodie. S. 2001. Gaining Ground: Women, Mining and the Environ- ment. ment. Whitehorse: Yukon Conservation Society and Yukon Status of Women Council. April. Abril. Cleary, DC 1990. Anatomy of the Amazon gold rush. Ames IO, University of Iowa Press 245 p. Cleary, D. 1991. The Brazilian rainforest: politics, finance, mining and the environment. London, The Economist Intelligence Unit. Economist Intelligence Unit. Special Report #2100: 66 p. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2004. Akwé: Kon guidelines. Voluntary guidelines for the conduct of cultural, environmental and social impact assessments regarding developments proposed to take place on, or which are likely to impact on, sacred sites and on lands and waters tradition- ally occupied or used by indigenous and local communities. Montreal, Secretariat of the Con- vention on Biological Diversity. 25 p. 25 p. Cooney, JP 1996. Mining and sustainable social development. Toronto, Social Investment Organiza- tion, Corporate Responsibility in a Global Economy (15 Nov): info@socialinvestment.ca CRU International. 2001/2. The gold industry. London, MMSD. Da Rosa, CD & Lyon, JS 1997. Golden dreams, poisoned streams. Washington DC., Minerals Policy Center 269 p. Davis, J., Ossowski, R., Daniel, J. & Barnett, S. 2001. Stabilization and savings funds for nonrenewable resources: Experience and fiscal policy implications. Washington DC., IMF. Occasional Paper O Documento 205: 43p. Down, CG & Stocks, J. 1977. Environmental impact of mining. New York, J. Wiley, Halsted Press 371 p. 371 p. Downing, TE, Moles, J., McIntosh, I. & Garcia-Downing, C. 2002. Indigenous people and mining encounters: Strategies and tactics. London, MMSD Working Paper # 57: 41 p. Downing, TE 2002. Avoiding new poverty: Mining-induced displacement and resettlement. Lon- don, MMSD Working Paper # 58: 29 p. Dudley, N. & Stolton, S. 2002. To dig or not to dig? Criteria for determining the suitability or accept- ability of mineral exploration, extraction and transport from ecological and social perspectives. Gland, Switzerland, World Wildlife Fund 19 p. Earthworks and Oxfam America. 2004. 2004. Dirty Metals: Mining, Communities, and the Environment. Washington, DC. Washington, DC. El Serafy, Salah. 2002. 2002. The “El Serafy” Method for Estimating Income from Extraction and its impor- tance for Economic Analysis. www.eireview.org. 9 p. 9 p. Environmental Protection Agency, Australia. 1995. 1995. Community Consultation and Involvement. in Best Practice Environmental Management in Mining: deh.gov.au/settlements/industry/minerals/ booklets/comm.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 39 Página 39
34 34 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Environmental Protection Agency Australia, 1995. Best practice environmental management in Min- ing. ing. Environment Australia: “Best Practice Cyanide Management.” Evans, G., Goodman, J. & Lansbury, N. (eds.) 2001. Moving mountains: communities confront mining and globalization. e da globalização. Australia, Minerals Policy Institute, Otford, NSW, 301 p. Fields, S. 2001. Tarnishing the earth: gold mining's dirty secret. Environmental Health Perspectives Perspectivas de Saúde Ambiental 12p. 12p. Figueroa, E., Calfucura, E. & Nunez, J. 2002. Green national accounting: the case of Chile's mining sector. sector. Environment and Development Economics 7: 215-239. Filer, Colin. 1993. 1993. The policy and methodology of social impact assessment in the mining industry. University of Papua New Guinea, 20th. Waigani Seminar. Fleury, AM. & Steel, A. 2001. How can the minerals sector support the development of minerals economy and contribute to building sustainable economies. London, MMSD Working Paper. Friends of the Earth, 2002. Phasing out international financial institutions financing for fossil fuel and mining projects: demanding local community self-determination. Amsterdam, FOE Interna- tional: 24 p. Friends of the Earth, 2003. Hands off! Why international financial institutions must stop drilling, pip- ing and mining. Amsterdam, FOE International, Issue 104: 44 p. Goldzimer, A. 2001. Prior informed consent of project-affected Indigenous Peoples. Washington DC, FOE: 15 p. Goodland, R. 1982. Tribal people and economic development. Washington, DC, The World Bank, 102 p. 102 p. Goodland, R. 2003. Social and Environmental Impact Sourcebook for the independent Extractive Industry Review of the World Bank Group's oil, gas and mining portfolio. EIR, 207 p. Goodland, R. 2004. Free, prior and informed consent and the World Bank Group. Sustainable Devel- opment Law & Policy (Summer): 66-74. Gustafson, B. 2002. Commentary on 'through indigenous eyes: toward appropriate decision-making processes regarding mining on or near ancestral lands. Cambridge MA, Harvard Univ., PO- NACS 3 p. Handelsman, SD 2002. Human rights in the minerals industry. London, MMSD, Working Paper # 9: 162 p. Hannesson, R. 2001. Investing for sustainability: the management of mineral wealth. Boston & Dor- drecht, Kluwer Academic 109 p. Heemskerk, M. 2002. Livelihood decision-making and environmental degradation: small-scale mining in the Suriname Amazon. Society and Natural Resources 15(4): 327-344. Hentschel, T., Hruscha, F. & Priester, M. 2002. Global report on artisanal and small-scale mining. London, MMSD, Working Paper # 70: 67 p. Howard, M. 1988. The impact of the international mining industry on native peoples. Sidney, Uni- versity of Sydney, Transnational Corporations Research Project. ICOLD & UNEP, 2001. Tailings dams: The risk of dangerous occurrences. Paris. Paris. IIED, 2002. Report of a workshop on artisanal and small-scale mining. London, MMSD Working Paper # 214: 31 p. ISS (Indigenous Support Services) & ACIL Consulting. 2001. 2001. Agreements between Mining Companies and Indigenous Communities. Australian Minerals and Energy Environment Foundation: www. ausimm.com.au/whatsnew/indig1009 .pdf#search='ISS%20%20ACIL%20%202001'.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 40 Página 40
MiningWatch Canada, 1999. Between a rock and a hard place: Aboriginal communities and mining. Ottawa, MiningWatch Canada 19+ p. Interorganizational Committee for Guidelines and Principles for SIA. 1994. 1994. Guidelines and principles for Social Impact Assessment. Washington DC., US Department of Commerce. IRN, 2001. Behind the Shining: Aluminum's Dark Side. An IPS/SEEN/TNI report Isaac, S. 2005. Protecting fish/protecting mines: what is the real job of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans? MiningWatch Canada, 26 p. IUCN et al. 2000. 2000. World heritage and mining. Gland Switzerland, IUCN, UNESCO World Heritage, ICME: Technical workshop (9/21-23): 17 p. Johnson, EA 2000. Mining industry must share the blame for the anti-mining movement: Make pres- ervationists prove wilderness is needed. Mining Engineering 52(6): 8-18. Jennings, NS 1999. Social and labor issues in small-scale mines. Geneva, ILO, Tripartite meeting on social issues in small-scale mines (17-21 May). Jennings, NS 2001a. An International Basis for Improving Safety and Health in Mines. in Worker and Community Health and Safety Informal Experts Meeting. London: International Institute for Environment and Development and World Business Council for Sustainable Development. www.iied.org/mmsd/mmsd_pdfs/health_and_safety.pdf. Jennings, NS 2001b. Improving Safety and Health in Mines: A Long and Winding Road? London: Londres: MMSD Working paper # 54: 9 p. Joyce, S. & MacFarlane, M. 2001. Social impact assessment in the mining industry: current situation and future directions. e os caminhos futuros. London, MMSD Working Paper # 46: 28 p. Kalpoe, R. 1983. De bauxietsector en haar effecten op de Surinaamse economie. Leysweg, Universiteit van Suriname, 139 p. Keeping, J.1998. Thinking about Benefit Agreements: An Analytical Framework. Yellowknife, North- west Territories: Canadian Arctic Resource Committee. Keeping, J. 1999–2000. The Legal and Constitutional Basis for Benefits Agreements: A Summary. Northern Perspectives 25(4) (Fall–Winter 1999–2000): www.carc.org/pubs/v25no4/3.htm. Loayza, F., Quezada, F. & Alvarado, M. 2001. Bolivia: Turning gold into human capital (Ch.2) in Large Mines and the Community. Ottawa, International Development Research Centre. Logsdon, M., Hagelstein, K. & Mudder, T. 1999. The management of cyanide in gold extraction. Lon- don, ICMM & International Council on Metals and the Environment. 44 p. 44 p. Macdonald, I. 2002. Mining ombudsman, annual report 2001-2002.Victoria NSW, Oxfam Community Aid Abroad 72 p. MacFarlane, M. 2001. Social impact assessment and mining. London, MMSD Briefing Report, Back- ground Paper. MacKay, F. 2004. Indigenous Peoples' Right to Free, Prior and Informed Consent and the World Bank's Extractive Industries Review. Sustainable Development Law and Policy 4(2): 43–66. Marcus, JJ 1997. Mining environment handbook. London, Imperial College Press [& World Scien- tific Publishing Company]: 785 p. McMahon, G. & Remy, F., (eds.) 2001. Large mines and the community: socioeconomic and environ- mental effects in Latin America, Canada & Spain. Washington DC, & IDRC, Ottawa 335 p. Martin, TE, Davies, MP, Rice, S., Higgs, T. & Lighthall, PC 2002. Stewardship of tailings facilities for sustainable development. London, MMSD Working Paper # 20: 37 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 41 Página 41
36 36 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO MiningWatch, Canada, 2000. On the ground research: a workshop to identify the research needs of communities affected by large scale mining. Ottawa, MiningWatch & CCISD: 24 p. Moody, R. 2000. The decade of destruction: How mining companies betrayed their promised green- ing. ing. www.minesandcommunities.org. Moody, R. 2003. The earth eaters: the new world of global mining. London, Zed Books 192 p. Moody, R. 2004. Mining and the politics of risk: Political risk insurance in the mining industry. Utre- cht, International Books 336 p. Moody, R. 1993. The Gulliver file: mines, people and land: A global battlefield. Utrecht, International Books 894 p. Moody, R. 2005. The Risks We Run: Mining, Communities and Political Risk Insurance. Utrecht, Inter- national Books 322 p. Moody, R. 1991. Plunder! Story of RTZ - The Wwrld's most powerful mining company London: Partizans / Cafca, 195 p. Moran, R. 1998. Cyanide uncertainties: observations on the chemistry, toxicity, and analysis of cya- nide in mining-related waters. Washington DC., Minerals Policy Center, Issue Paper No.1. Moran, R. 2001. More cyanide uncertainties: lessons from the Baia Mare, Romania, spill – Water qual- ity and politics. Washington DC., Minerals Policy Center, Issue Paper No. 3: 15 p. Naito, K., Remy, F. & Williams, JP 2001. Review of legal and fiscal frameworks for exploration and mining. mineração. London, Mining Journal Books. 177 p. 177 p. O'Faircheallaigh, C. 1996. Negotiating with resource companies: issues and constraints for aboriginal communities in Australia. in Howitt, R. (ed.) Resources, nations, and indigenous peoples: case studies from Australasia, Melanesia, and Southeast Asia. Melbourne, Oxford University Press, 321 p. 321 p. O'Faircheallaigh, C. 1998. Resource development and inequality in indigenous societies. World Devel- opment 26(3):381–394. O'Faircheallaigh, C. 1999–2000. An Australian perspective on impact and benefit agreements. North- Norte- ern Perspectives 25(4): www.carc.org/pubs/v25no4/4.htm. O'Reilly, K. 1999–2000. Impact and benefit agreements: Tools for sustainable development? Northern Norte Perspectives 25(4): www.carc.org/pubs/v25no4/1.htm. O'Reilly, K. & Eacott, E. 1999. Aboriginal Peoples and Impact and Benefit Agreements: Report of a National Workshop [Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, May 29–31]. Northern Minerals Pro- gramme, Working paper # 7, Canadian Arctic Resource Committee (CARC), Yellowknife. O'Reilly, K. & Eacott, E. 1999–2000. Aboriginal Peoples and Impact and Benefit Agreement: Summary of the Report of a National Workshop.” Northern Perspectives 25(4): www.carc.org/pubs/ v25no4/2.htm. Orellana, MA 2002. Indigenous peoples, mining, and international law. London, MMSD Working Paper 2: 16 p. Otto, J. & Cordes, J. (eds.) 2000. Sustainable development and the future of the mining industry. Paris, UNEP (vp). Oxfam America, 2001. The extractive sectors and the poor. Washington DC., Oxfam America 25 p. Paithankar, AG (ed.) 1994. The impact of mining on the environment: Problems and solutions. Rot- Rot- terdam, AA Balkema Press (Proc. Nagpur Conference): 452 pp.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 42 Página 42
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 37 37 Pegg, S. 2003. Poverty reduction or poverty exacerbation? World Bank Group support for extractive industries in Africa. Washington DC, Oxfam America, FOE-US, Environmental Defense, Catho- lic Relief Services, & the Bank Information Center 39 p. Phillips, A. 2001. Mining and protected areas. London, MMSD Working Paper 62: 19 p. Power, TM 2002. Digging to development? A historical look at mining and economic development. Washington DC., Oxfam America 40 p. Power, TM 1996. Lost landscapes and failed economies. Washington DC., Island Press 304 p. Project Underground. 1999. 1999. Drilling to the ends of the earth. Rasmussen, RO & Koroleva, NE 2003. Social and Environmental Impacts in the North: Methods in Evaluation of Socio-Economic and Environmental Consequences of Mining and Energy Produc- tion. ção. Dordrecht, Kluwer 544p. Remy, F. & McMahon, G. 2002. Large mines and local communities: Forging partnerships, building sustainability. sustentabilidade. Washington DC., World Bank & IFC 22 p. Render, JM 2005. Mining and Indigenous Peoples issues review. London, International Council on Mining and Minerals, 81 p. Renner, M. 2002. The anatomy of resource wars. Washington DC., Worldwatch Institute, Paper 162: 91 p. p. Ross, ML 2001. Extractive sectors and the poor. Boston MA., Oxfam America 25 p. Ross, ML 2001. Does oil hinder democracy? World Politics 53: 325-361. Ross, ML 2001. Natural resources and civil conflict: evidence from case studies. Irvine CA., World Bank Workshop “Civil wars and post-conflict tensions” (18-20 May). Sacks, JD & Warner, A .M. 1999. 1999. The big push, natural resource booms and growth. J. Development Economics 59(1):43-76. Salomons, W. & Forster, Ü. (eds.) 1988b. Environmental management of solid waste, dredged material and mine tailings. Berlin, Springer Verlag 396 p. Schloss, M. 2002. Transparency and governance in the management of mineral wealth. Toronto. Toronto. Sposito, G. (ed.) 1996. The environmental chemistry of aluminum. Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Publ. 464 p. 464 p. Stephens, C. & Ahern, M. 2001. Worker and community health impacts related to mining operations internationally. internacionalmente. London, MMSD Working Paper # 25: 59 p. Stites, E. 2003. Extractive industries and poverty reduction strategies. Washington DC., Oxfam America & Catholic Relief Services 15 p. Sullivan, R. and Frankental, P. 2001. Human rights and mining: Reconciling expectations, perceptions and reality. e da realidade. Amnesty International UK Business Group. Switkes, G. 2005. Foiling the aluminum industry: A tool kit for communities, activists, consumers, and workers, by the International Rivers Network (irn.org), Berkeley CA., 53 p. Switzer, J. 2001. Armed conflict and natural resources: The case of the minerals sector. London, Londres, MMSD Working Paper # 12: 26 p. The Rainforest Foundation, CDMWatch, Global Witness, Environmental Defense, World Rainforest Movement & Down to Earth, 2005. Broken promises: How the World Bank Group policies fail to protect forests and forest peoples' rights. 55 p. 55 p. UN 1992. Mining and environment: The Berlin Guidelines. UN Dept of Technical Cooperation [&] German Foundation for International Development. London, Mining Journal Books 180 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 43 Página 43
38 38 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Vanclay, F. & Bronstein, D. (eds.) 1995. Environmental and social impact assessment. Chichester, Wiley 325 p. Van Zyl, D., Sassoon, M., Fleury AM. & Kyeyune, S. 2002. Mine closure. London, MMSD WP 34: 22 p. p. Vorhies, F. & Bertrand, N. 2001. An exploratory paper on economic and financial mechanisms to build synergies and reduce conflict between mining and biodiversity. London, MMSD Working Paper 61: 16 p. Warden-Fernandez, J. 2001. Indigenous communities and mineral development. London, MMSD Working Paper # 59: 30 p. Warwick-Ching, T. 2002. The international gold trade. Cambridge UK., Woodhead Publ. 290 p. 290 p. Weber-Fahr, M., Strongman, J., Kunanayagam, R., McMahon, G. & Sheldon, C. 2001. Mining and pov- erty reduction. Washington DC., The World Bank: 38 p. Weber-Fahr, M. 2002. Treasure or trouble? Mining in developing countries. Washington DC., Interna- tional Finance Corporation, World Bank Group's Mining Department 22 p. Weitzner, V. 2005. Dealing full force: Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation's experience negotiating with min- ing companies. Ottawa,The North-South Institute, 38 p. Western Australia: Environmental Protection Authority, 1995. Best practice environmental manage- ment in mining 9 vols + video. Whiteman, G. & Mamen, K. 2001. Community consultation in mining: a tool for empowerment or for public relations? Cultural Survival Quarterly 25(1). Whiteman, G. & Mamen, K. 2002. Meaningful consultation and participation in the mining sector? A review of the consultation and participation of Indigenous Peoples within the international mining sector. setor de mineração. Ottawa, The North-South Institute 127 p. World Bank, 2000. Mine closure and sustainable development. London, Mining Journal Books [with the Metal Mining Agency of Japan]: 160 p. Yarar, Baki. 1999. 1999. Alternatives for cyanide in process metal extraction and methodologies for the de- struction of environmental cyanide. Central Asia Ecology meeting, Kyrgistan, Lake Issyk Kul, Soros Foundation. Young, JE 1992. Mining the earth. Washington DC., WorldWatch Paper 109: 53 p. Zillman, DM, Lucas, A. & Pring, G. (eds.) 2002. Human rights in natural resource development: public participation in the sustainable development of mining and energy resources. Oxford, Oxford, Oxford University Press 722 p. Suriname: Towards an “Environmental and Social Assessment” Bibliography With emphasis on Indigenous Peoples Almeda, F. & Pringle, CM (eds.) 1988. Tropical rainforests: diversity and conservation. San Francisco, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences: Pacific Division, 306 p. Amazon Conservation Team (ACT). 2000. 2000. Workplan for the Suriname non-timber forest products project. projeto. IUCN. IUCN. Assid, 1946. De Eeuwige Cirkel. Leven en strijd van de Indianen en Marrons in Suriname. van der Laan, 213 p. Augustinus, PGEF 1978. The changing shoreline of Surinam (South America).232 p. Baal, FLJ, Mittermeier, RA & Roosmalen, MGM van. 1988. 1988. Primates and protected areas in Suri- name. nome. Oryx 22: 7-14.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 44 Página 44
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 39 39 Barsh, RL & Bastien, K. 1997. Effective Negotiation by Indigenous Peoples: An action guide with special reference to North America. International Labour Office, Geneva. BHP Billiton. Http:// www.bhpbilliton.com. Bibliotheek-en-Documentatie Gids. 1966. 1966. Voor Nederland, Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen.'s- Gravenhage, 442p. Basso, BB with Arvelo-Jimenez, N. et al. 1977. 1977. Carib-speaking Indians: culture, society, and lan- guage. bitola. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 122 p. Basso, BB & Sherzer, J. (eds). 1990. 1990. Las Culturas nativas latinoamericanas a través de su discurso: ponencias del simposio del 46o Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Amsterdam. Quito, Quito, Ecuador: Abya-Yala; Roma,Italia: MLAL, 418 p. Boggan, J. et al. 1992. 1992. Checklist of the plants of the Guianas (Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana). Washington, DC: Biological Diversity of the Guianas Program, Department of Botany, Smith- sonian National Museum of Natural History, 381 p. Boinski, S. 200*. De apen van Suriname. Bonne, C. & Bonne-Webster, J. 1925. Mosquitos of Surinam. Amsterdam, De Bussy 558 p. Borrini-Feyerabend, G. 1996. Collaborative Management of Protected Areas: Tailoring the Approach to the Context. Gland: IUCN. Bossuyt, M. 1983. Human rights in Suriname: report of a mission. Geneva, International Commission of Jurists. Bowles, IA, Prickett, GT & Skoczlas AE 2000. Footprints in the Jungle: Natural resource industries, infrastructure, and biodiversity conservation. New York, Oxford University Press 332 p. Boxman, O., de Graaf, NR, Hendrison, J., Jonkers, WB, Poels, RLH, Schmidt, P. & Tjon Lim Sang, R. 1985. Towards sustained timber production from tropical rain forests in Suriname. Nether- lands Journal of Agricultural Science 33:125–132. Brana-Shute, R. & Hoefte, R. (eds.) 1983. A bibliography of Caribbean migration and Caribbean im- migrant communities. Gainesville, Reference and Bibliographic [sic] Dept., University of Florida Libraries [& Center for Latin American Studies], University of Florida 339 p. Branan, WV, Werkhoven, MCM and Marchington RL 1985. Food habits of the brocket and white- tailed deer in Suriname. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 972–976. Brown, E. 1992. Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles: An annotated English language bibliography. Metchuen NJ., The Scarecrow Press, 275 p. Burnham, LFS 1979. Friendship with integrity: Guyana/Surinam relations. Georgetown.: Ministry of External Affairs 24p. Cambior Inc. 2002. Suriname: Construction plans for proposed $95,000,000 gold mine Order 104702 Worldwide Projects (HTML) Carlin, EB & Arends, J. (eds.). 2003. 2003. Atlas of the Languages of Suriname. Leiden, Caribbean Series, Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde (=KITLV Press) 22: 345 p. Carlin, EB 2004. A grammar of Trio: a Cariban language of Suriname. Frankfurt am Main, P. Lang Publ. Publ. 549 p. Carter, SK, & Woods, FC 1997. Biology and conservation of the Giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis. Mammal Rev. 27(1): 1-26. Carter, SA 2000. Performance indicators for assessment of corporate strategy relating to local com- munity issues at mine sites: Initial findings of fieldwork in South Africa, Mozambique and
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 45 Página 45
40 40 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Madagascar, 1999. MERN Research Bulletin - Special Issue: Sustainable Development (15): 88- 101 101 Carter, SA 1999. Mining companies as agents of development? Corporate social responsibility, par- ticipation and local community at mining projects. Ph.D Dissertation. University of Bath, UK. Canadian Intergovernmental Working Group on the Mineral Industry. 2002. 2002. Overview of trends in Canadian mineral exploration. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, Ot- tawa. CoDevelopment Canada. 2002. 2002. Caminando juntos: Guia para facilitar un proceso transformador. Vancouver. CoDevelopment Canada, 1997. The community decision-making model for mining activities in the Americas. Américas. Vancouver. Colchester, M. 1995. Forest politics in Suriname. Utrecht, International Books, 96 p. Colchester, M. 1995. Asia logs Suriname: Logging activity in Suriname's forests. Multinational Moni- tor Nov 1st 16 (11): 13-21. Colchester, M. 1997. Guyana: Fragile frontier, loggers, miners and forest peoples. World Rainforest Movement 172 p. Colchester, M., La Rose, J. & James, K. 2002. Mining and Amerindians in Guyana. Ottawa: The North- South Institute. Available at www.nsi-ins.ca. Coleman, DY 2002. Suriname country review 2003. Countrywatch.com Dahlberg, EH 1984. Small-Scale Gold Mining a Manual Based on Experience in Suriname. Intermedi- ate Technology Publications, 51 p. De Thoisy, B. & Dewynter M. 200*. Le primates de Guyane : les especes, leur biologie et leur avenir. Cayenne, Collection Nature Guyanaise [WWF, EU, Direction Regionale de L'Environnment] : 70 p. p. Dew, EM 1978. The difficult flowering of Surinam: Ethnicity and politics in a plural society. The A Hague, 234 p. Dew, EM 1994. The trouble in Suriname 1975-1993. Westport, CT., Praeger 248 p. Director of Geology and Mines Service (GMD). 1997. 1997. Statement on lack of environmental legislation with respect to mining. Paramaribo, De Graaf, NR 1986. A silvicultural system for natural regeneration of tropical rain Forest in Suri- name. nome. Wageningen, Wageningen Agricultural University. De Graaf, NR and Poels, RLH 1990. The Celos management system: A polycyclic method for sustained timber production in South American rainforest (116-127) in Anderson, AB (ed.), Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps Towards Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rainforest, New York, NY, Columbia University Press, 281 p. De Graaf, NR, Poels, RLH and van Rompaey RSAR 1999. Effect of silvicultural treatment on growth and mortality of rainforest in Surinam over long periods. Forest Ecology and Manage- ment 124: 123–135. Degrouchy, W., Magee, WL & Bubberman, FC 1985. Jungle gold. Van de goudvelden in Suriname. Zutphen, Walburg Pers, 160 p. De Kom, A. 1997. Developing Suriname: a technological approach. Paramaribo, Univ. of Suriname, Faculty of Technology 152 p. De Kom, CGA, 1981. Nosotros, esclavos de Surinam. [Trad. del holandés]. La Habana: Casa de las Américas, 132 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 46 Página 46
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 41 41 De Kom, JFM, van der Voet, GB & De Wolff, FA 1998. Mercury exposure of Maroon workers in the small scale gold mining in Surinam. Environmental Research 77(2): 91-97. De Jong, B., Spaans, A. & Held, M. 1984. Waterfowl and wetlands in Suriname. Arnhem, Research Inst for Nature Mgt. Dijck, P. van. (ed.) 2001. Suriname: The economy: Prospects for sustainable development. Kingston, Jamaica, Ian Randle Publishers 353 p. Donselaar, J. van, 1965. An ecological and phytogeographic study of northern Surinam savannas. Am- Am- sterdam, North-Holland Pub.163 p. Donselaar, J. van 1989. The vegetation in the Brokopondo-lake basin (Surinam) before, during, and after the inundation 1964-1972. Utrecht, Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen 45 p. Duplaix, N., 1980. Observations on the ecology and behavior of the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis in Suriname. Rev. Ecol. Rev. Ecol. 34: 495-620. Duplaix, N., 2001. Evaluation of the animal and plant trade in the Guayana shield eco-region, pre- liminary findings. World Wildlife Fund-Suriname Report, 30 p. Economist, 2003. Country profile: Suriname. The Economist Intelligence Unit Eichler R. 1999. Suriname health sector assessment. Regional Operations Dept 3; Social programs Div 3: 67 p. Egan, 1996. Forging New Alliances in Ecuador's Amazon. SAIS Review 16: 123-142. Emery, AR 2000. Guidelines: integrating traditional knowledge in project planning and implementa- tion. ção. Geneva, UN International Labor Organisation, the World Bank, the Canadian International Development Agency and KIVU Nature Inc. Fleischman, L. 1991. Suriname: Human rights conditions on the eve of the election. Americas Watch/ Caribbean Rights report, 24 p. Floethe, LL 1971. Jungle People: story of the brave blacks of Surinam. New York: Charles Scribner 31 p. 31 p. Foek, A. 2005. Oil fuels Suriname-Guyana border clash. CorpWatch (5 July): 5 p. Fonseca, M. & Weitzner,V. 1999. 1999. Comanejo y participación civil en la gestión de áreas protegidas: La experiencia del Parque Nacional Cahuita. in: Gestión Ambiental Decentralizada: Gobiernos Lo- cales y Sociedad Civil en la experiencia del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe, FUDEU, Programa Frontera Agrícola, Proyecto INCO, eds. San José, Costa Rica: Litografía IPECA. Gastmann, AL 1968. The Politics of Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles. Rio Piedras, Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico 185pp. Geijskes, DC 1957. Studies on the fauna of Suriname. M. Nijhoff Geijskes, DC & Pain, T. 1957. Suriname freshwater snails of the genus Pomacae. Utrecht, 8p? Geijskes, DC & Wagenaar Hummelinck,P. 1968. 1968. Studies on the fauna of Suriname and other Guya- nas. Vol.10: The Hague, 179 p. Genoways, HH & Williams, SL 1984. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions: IX. Bats of the Genus Tonatia (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Suriname. Pittsburgh: Annals of Carnegie Museum, 53(11): 327 - 346. Genoways, HH, et al. 1981. 1981. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. V. Noteworthy Records of Surinamese Mammals. Pittsburgh: Annals of Carnegie Museum. 50 (11): 319-332. Goodland, R. 1979. Environmental optimization of hydroprojects in tropical forested areas (10-20) in Panday, RS (ed.) Man-Made Lakes and Human Health. Parimaribo, Univ. Suriname 73 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 47 Página 47
42 42 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Gordijn, W. 1972. Bibliografie van Suriname. Amsterdam, De Stichting, 255 p. Goslings, BM, sd [circa] 1930. De Indianen en Bosnegers van Suriname. Amsterdam, Koloniaal Instituut,. 127p. 127p. Goury, L. 2003. Ndyuka : (Le) Une Langue Creole du Surinam et de Guyane Francais. Paris: Paris: L'Harmattan Broché 320 p. Griffiths, J. 1981. Suriname: recent developments relating to human rights: report of a mission to Suri- name in February. Geneva, International Commission of Jurists Groenendijk, J., 1995. A review of the distribution and conservation status of the Giant Otter (Pteron- ura brasiliensis), with special emphasis on the Guayana Shield Region. IFAW-IUCN Report. 55p Groot, SW de. 1977. 1977. From isolation towards integration. The Surinam Maroons and their colonial rulers. Official documents relating to the Djukas (1845-1863). 's Gravenhaage, Den Haag, M. Nijhoff 113 p. Groot, SW de. 1969. 1969. Djuka society and social change. History of an attempt to develop a Bush Negro community in Surinam 1917-1926. Assen, Van Gorcum 256 p. Groot, SW de., Hoogbergen, W. & Bilby, K. 1989. Sur les traces de Boni: résumé des communica- tions présentées le 22 avril 1989 à la Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Cayenne: Conseil régional, 22 p. Groot, SW de, 1963. Van isolatie naar integratie; de Surinaamse Marrons en hun afstammelingen; of- ficiele documenten betreffende de Djoeka's (1845-1863). 's-Gravenhaage, M. Nijhoff 100 p. Haverschmidt, F. 1955. List of the Birds of Surinam. Utrecht, Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen 13: 153 p. Haverschmidt, F. 1968. Birds of Surinam. Edinburgh, Oliver & Boyd 445 p. Haverschmidt, F. & Mees, GF 1994. Birds of Suriname. Paramaribo, Vaco Uitgeversmaatschappij 584 p. p. Heemskerk, M. 2000. Gender and gold mining: The case of the Maroons of Suriname. Michigan State Univ.,Women in International Development 48 p. Heemskerk, M. 2002. Livelihood decision making and environmental degradation: Small-scale gold mining in the Suriname Amazon. Society and Natural Resources 15 (4): 327-344. Heemskerk, M. 2003. Scenarios in anthropology: Reflections on possible futures of Suriname Ma- roons. Futures 35(9): 931-948. Heemskirk, M. 2001. Maroon gold miners and mining risks in the Suriname Amazon. Cultural Sur- vival Quarterly 25 (1): 25-29. Heide, J. van der, Leentvaar, P. & Meyer, J. 1976. Brokopondo research report, SurinamePart II. Hy- Hy- drobiology of the man-made Brokopondo Lake. Hydrobiology of the man-made Brokopondo lake. lago. Utrecht : Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen 95 p. Hendrison, J. 1990. Damage-controlled logging in managed tropical rainforest in Suriname. Wagenin- gen, Wageningen University, Ecology and Management of Tropical Rainforests in Suriname Projects, Report No. 4. Heyligers, PC 1963. Vegetation and soil of a white-sand savanna in Suriname. Amsterdam, Noord- Hollandsche Uitg. Mij., 148 p. Hilson, G. 2002. The environmental impact of small-scale gold mining in Ghana: Identifying prob- lems and possible solutions. The Geographical Journal 168(1): 57-80.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 48 Página 48
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 43 43 Hoefte, R. 1998. In Place of Slavery: A social history of British Indian and Javanese laborers in Suri- name. nome. University Press of Florida, 275 p. Hoefte, R. (comp.) 1991. Suriname (World Bibliography). Santa Barbara, CA., ABC-Clio, 227 p. Hoefte, R. & Kardux, JC 1994. Connecting cultures: the Netherlands in five centuries of transatlantic exchange. câmbio. Amsterdam, VU University Press 309 p. Hoefte, R. & Meel, P. (eds.) 200*. Twentieth Century Suriname: continuities & discontinuities in a new world society. Honig, P. & Verdoorn, F. (eds). 1945. 1945. Science and scientists in the Netherlands Indies. New York, Nova York, Board for the Netherlands Indies, Surinam and Curacao 491 p. Honeycutt, RL & Baker, RJ 1980. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. III. III. Chromosomal Data for Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Pittsburgh: Annals of the Carnegie Museum 49 (6): 237-250. Hoogbergen, WSM 1990. The Boni Maroon wars in Surinam. Leiden, Brill Academic Publ., 254 p. Hoogbergen, WSM 1992. De Bosnegers zijn gekomen!: slavernij en rebellie in Surinam. Amsterdam, Amesterdão, Prometheus 349 p. Hoogbergen, WSM 1990. The history of the Suriname Maroons in Brana-Shute, G. (ed.) Resistance and rebellion in Suriname: old and new. Williamsberg VA., Studies in Third World Societies 43: 65-102. Huber, O. & Foster, MN 2003. Conservation priorities for the Guayana shield: 2002 Consensus. Washington DC., Conservation International 101 p. Human Rights Watch, 1991. Human rights in Suriname. HRW Index No.: 1-56432-024-3 Husson, AM 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Leiden, Brill 729 p. Icon Group, 2001. 2000 import and export market for aluminum in Suriname. Icon Publ Gp 16 p. International Business Publications, 2004. Suriname Country Study Guide. Washington DC: Interna- tional Business Publications. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume I Main Report Code 3.02.162. November. Novembro. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume II Hydraulic and Morphological Effects. Code 3.02.162. No- No- vember. Part 1 Text and 2 Tables and figures. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume III Water Quality. Code 3.02.162. November. Novembro. Part 1 Text and 2 Tables and figures. As tabelas e figuras. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume IV River Water Use, Riverbanks and Fisheries. Code 3.02.162. November. Novembro. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume V Clearing of the Impoundment Areas. Code 3.02.162. Novem- Novem- ber. Membros. Ilaco Suriname, Delft Hydraulics Laboratory/Nedeco 1981. Environmental Impact of the Kabalebo Project – Final Report. Volume VI Preventive and Remedial Measures Code 3.02.162. Novem- Novem- ber. Membros. Imje-Na-Jare, 1987. A History of Ethnocide, Kalina Nation. p. p. 101 - 102 51-52. International Business Publications 2005. Suriname diplomatic Handbook 350 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 49 Página 49
44 44 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO International Business Publications USA. 2002. 2002. Suriname Business Law Handbook Washington, DC, Intl Business Pub. USA, 350 p. International Business Publications, 2005. Suriname ecology & nature protection handbook 350 p. International Business Publications, 2005. Suriname mineral and mining sector investment and busi- ness guide 350 p. International Business Publications, 2000. Suriname Country Study Guide. (pdf) (Pdf) International Business Publications USA. 2004. 2004. Suriname Country study GD. International Business International Business Publications USA, 332p. Ismi, A. 2000. Profiting from repression: Canadian investment in and trade with Colombia.. Toronto, Americas Update magazine report, 76 p. Jimeno Santoyo, G. 2002. Colombia: posibilidades y perspectivas de los Pueblos Indígenas en relación con las consultas y concertaciones en el sector minero en América Latina y el Caribe: Explor- ación Temática. Ottawa, North-South Institute, 106 p. Jansma, R. 1994. Ecology of some Northern Suriname savannas. Koenigstein, Koeltz Sci. Books 198 p. Jharap, SE 1985. The production of heavy crude oil reduces fuel oil imports in Suriname. Paramari- bo, State Oil Co of Suriname, 25 p. Jong, B. de, Spaans, A., & Held, M. 1984. Waterfowl and wetlands in Suriname. Arnhem, Research Institute for Nature Management IWRB/ICBP Neotropical Wetlands Project. Jonkers, WBJ 1987. Vegetation structure, logging damage, and silviculture in a tropical rain forest in Suriname. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Agricultural University. Kaay, HJ van der. 1975. 1975. Malaria in Surinam, a sero-epidemiological study. Leiden, thesis, 92 p. Kambel, E.-R, 2002. Resource conflicts, gender, and indigenous rights in Suriname: local, national, and global perspectives. Netherlands, 266 p. Kambel, E.-R. & MacKay, F. 1999. The rights of indigenous peoples and maroons in Suriname. Copen- Copen- hagen, IWGIA No. 96: 205 p. Kloos, P. 1977. The Akuriyo of Surinam: A Case of Emergence from Isolation. Copenhagen, IWGIA No. 27:31p. Klooster, CIEA van't., Lindeman, JC & Jansen-Jacobs, MJ 2003. Index of vernacular plant names. Leiden, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden Branch 322 p. Koelewijn, C. 1987. Oral literature of the Trio Indians of Surinam. Dordrecht, Kluwer. 312 p. 312 p. Kruijf, HAM de. 1972. 1972. Aspects of the ecology of mosquitoes in Surinam. Geneva, WHO: 94 p. Kuyp, E. van der., Lier, RAJ van, & Walvis, W. 1959. Report on the demographic problems of Suri- nam for the conference on demographic problems on the area served by the Caribbean Com- mission, Port of Spain, Trinidad. July-Aug. 1957.Offprint, Vox Guyanae. Kuyp, E. van der. 1950. 1950. Contribution to the study of the malarial epidemiology in Surinam. Amster- Amster- dam, Indisch Instituut, 146 p. Laidler, PE, 1984. The behavioural ecology of the giant otter in Guyana. PhD dissertation. Dissertação de Doutoramento. Univer- Uni- sity of Cambridge, Cambridge, 296 p. Lamur, C. 1985. The American takeover: industrial emergence and Alcoa's expansion in Guyana and Suriname 1914-1921. Dordrecht, Foris Publications, 209 p. Lamur, HE 1973. The demographic evolution of Surinam 1920-1970. A socio-demographic analysis. Amsterdam thesis, 207 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 50 Página 50
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 45 45 Lethier, H., Healy C., Masterson D. & Fontaine, M. 2002. Guianas sustainable forest resources man- agement project. World Wildlife Fund, Guianas Program. Lamur, C. 1985. The American takeover: Industrial emergence and Alcoa's expansion in Guyana and Suriname 1914-1921. Foris Publ 209p. Lindeman, JC 1959. Preliminary survey of the vegetation types of northern Suriname. Van Eden- fonds 45 p. Lindeman, JC 1953. The vegetation of the coastal region of Suriname. Utrecht, Drukkerij en Uitg.- Mij. v/h Kemink 135 p. Lindeman, JC & Mennenga, AMW 1963. Broemboek van Suriname: herkenning van Surinaamse houtsoorten aan hout en vegetatieve kenmerken, Paramaribno, Dienst 's Lands Bosbeheer 312p. 312p. Lindeman, JC & Mori, S. 1989. The Guianas (375-390) in Campbell, DG & Hammond, HD (eds.) Floristic inventory of tropical countries. Bronx, NY., NY Botanical Garden. Leentvaar, P. 1975. Hydrobiological observations in Surinam, with special reference to the man-made Brokopondo Lake in 1964. 174 p. 174 p. (cf: van der Heide) Lindblom, G. 1924. Afrikanische relikte und Indianische entlehnungen in der kultur der busch neger Surinams. Goteborg 120 p. Luxner, L.1999. Green reserves for Suriname. Americas 51(1): 4-6. MacKay, F. 2002. A guide to indigenous peoples' rights in the inter-American human rights system. Copenhagen: IWGIA, 171 p. Malefijt, A. De Waal. 1963. 1963. The Javanese of Surinam: segment of a plural society (preface by Margaret Mead). Van Gorcum: Assen. Migge, B. 2003. Creole formation as language contact: The case of the Suriname Creoles. Amsterdam, Amesterdão, John Benjamins Publishing Co: 163 p. Mittermeier, RA 1987. Effects of hunting on rain forest primates (5: 109-146) in Primate conservation in the tropical rain forest. New York, ARLiss Inc. Mittermeier, RA & Bowles, I. 1995. Suriname crisis illustrates global threat to biodiversity. Tropinet 6(4): 4 p. Mittermeier, RA 1991. Hunting and its effect on wild primate populations in Suriname (93–107) in Robinson, JG and Redford, KH (eds.), Neotropical Wildlife Use and Conservation. Chicago, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press 520 p. Mittermeier, RA, Malone, SAJ, Plotkin, MJ, Baal, F., Mohadin, K., MacKnight, J., Werkhoven, M. & Werner, TB 1990. Conservation action plan for Suriname. Paramaribo, Stinasu, Conservation International, LBB, WWF, Universiteit van Suriname 'Anton de Kom' 50 p. Mittermeier, RA & van Roosmalen, MGM 1981. Preliminary observations on habitat utilization and diet in eight Surinam monkeys. Folia Primatologica 36(1-2): 1-39. Mittermeier, RA & van Roosmalen, MGM 1983. Conservation of primates in Surinam. International Internacional Zoo Yearbook 22: 59-69. Miningwatch Canada, Oxfam America and Mineral Policy Center. 2003. 2003. Major gold project implodes in Peru: Community succeeds in opposing controversial mine. mineralpolicy.org/media/pdf/ 20031212_PRintl_Tam Mol, APJ, Mol, JH, & van Vleet, B. (eds.) 2004. Suriname schoon genoeg? Hulpbronnengebruik en milieubescherming in een klein Amazoneland. Utrecht, Van Arkel 218 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 51 Página 51
46 46 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Mol, JH, Ramlal, JS, Lietar, C. & Verloo, M. 2001. Mercury contamination in freshwater, estuarine and marine fishes in relation to small-scale mining in Suriname. Environmental Research 86(2): 183-197. 183-197. Mol, JH & Ouboter, PE 2004. Downstream effects of erosion from small-scale gold mining on the instream habitat and fish community of a small neotropical rainforest stream. Conservation Conservação Biology 18 (1): 201-214. Nederlandse Stichting voor Culturele Samenwerking met Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. 1972. 1972. Bibliografie van Suriname. Amsterdam, Eigenverlag 255 p. NSI & VIDS, 2004. Indigenous perspectives to consultation and decision-making about mining and other natural resource projects (in Latin America and the Caribbean). Pilot Project: Suriname. Oberg, K. 1960. The fishermen of Surinam. Paramaribo: Surinam-American Technical Cooperative Service 1, 58 l Ooft, M. 1996. Suriname: Statement by the Organization of Indigenous Peoples in Suriname, 41 p. Ouboter, PE & Mol, JH 1993. The fish fauna of Suriname (133-154) in Ouboter, PE (ed.) The fresh- water ecosystems of Suriname. Dordrecht, Kluwer Acad. [&] Monographiae Biologicae 70: 303 p. p. Ouboter, .PE & Mol, JH 1994. Ex-situ sustainable use of fish and wildlife in Suriname. Interactie 2: 5-18. Ouboter, PE 1996. Ecological studies on Crocodilians in Suriname: Niche segregation and competi- tion in three predators. 139 p. 139 p. Ouboter, PE (ed.) 1993. The freshwater ecosystems of Suriname. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic 313 p. Ouboter, PE, Dixit, PC, Werkoven, MCM, Mol, JH & Khodabaks, M. (eds.) (in press). Some as- pects of environmental research in Suriname with special emphasis on biodiversity. in Environ- mentally sound socio-economic development in the humid tropics. Paris, UNESCO. Paris, UNESCO. O'Herne, L. 1966. A short introduction to the geology of Surinam. 20 p. 20 p. cyclostyled. Plotkin, MJ 2000. Medicine quest: in search of nature's healing secrets. New York, Viking 224 p. Plotkin, MJ 1986. Ethnobotany and conservation of the tropical forest with special reference to the Indians of Suriname. Boston, Tufts Univ. dissertation. dissertação. Plotkin, MJ & Famolare, L. (eds.) 1992. Sustainable harvest and marketing of rain forest products. Washington, DC, Island Press, 325 p Plotkin, MJ 1993. Tales of a shaman's apprentice: an ethnobotanist searches for new medicines in the Amazon rain forest. a floresta amazônica. New York : Viking 318 p. Plotkin, M. 1988. Ethnobotany and conservation in the Guianas: The Indians of Southern Suriname (87-109) in Almeda, F. & Pringle CM (eds.) Tropical rainforests: diversity and conservation. San São Francisco, California Academy of Sciences: Pacific Division, 306 p. Peterson, GD & Heemskerk, M. 2001. Deforestation and forest regeneration following small-scale gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Suriname. Environmental Conservation 28(2): 117-126. Poels, RLH 1987. Soils water nutrients in a forest ecosystem: Ecology and management of tropical rainforests in Suriname. Pudoc Scientific Publ. Pulle, A., Lanjouw, J., Stoffers, AL and Lindeman, JC (editors). 1928-present. Flora of Suriname. Leiden, EJ Brill, 4400 p. Price, R. 1975. Saramaka Social Structure, analysis of a Maroon Society in Surinam. Institute of Carib- bean Studies, University of Puerto Rico 177p. Price, S. 1980. Afro-American arts of the Suriname rain forest. Univ California Press.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 52 Página 52
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 47 47 Price, R. 1995. Executing ethnicity: The killings in Suriname. Cultural Anthropology 10(4): 437- 471. Pulle, AA 1986(?). An enumeration of the vascular plants known from Surinam, together with their distribution and synonymy. Leiden, 555 p. Pulle, AA, Florschutz, KU, Kramer, J. & Lanjouw, J. (eds.) 1968. Compendium van de pteridophyta en spermatophyta. “Voortzetting van Pulle's Compendium” Utrecht, A. Oosthoek 344 p. Pulle, AA & Lanjouw, J. (eds.). 1932/43-1986. Flora of Surinam. Vols. Vols. 1-6 with a provisional index. Ramautasing, WRD 1994. Analysis of the investment process in the environment and health in Suri- name. nome. Geneva, World Health Organization. Reijenga, Th.W. 1971. 1971. Verspreidingsoecologie van Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) in relatie tot Bil- harziasis (= Schistosomiasis) in Suriname. Nijmegen, 128 p. Rens, LLE 1980 (1953). The historical and social background of Surinam Negro-English. Amster- Amster- dam, North-Holland Publ. 155 p. 155 p. Ritter, ARM 2000. The impacts of mineral sector development on the community: A synthesis of the Canadian experience. Ottawa: Carleton University Department of Economics and School of International Affairs. Assuntos Internacionais. Schomburgk, RH 1847-1848. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844. Leipzig, JJ Weber, 3 vols. 3 vols. Translated by WE Roth (1923) as Travels in British Guiana 1840-1844. Georgetown, 2 vols. Schulz, JP 1960. Ecological studies on rain forest in northern Suriname. Amsterdam, Noord-Holland- sche Uitgevers Maatschappij, 367 p. Schulz, JP 1971. Nature Preservation in Surinam. Paramaribo, Surinam: Stichting Natuurbehoud Suriname, STINASU Verhandeling Nr. 2. 2. Mededelingen No. 20, Nederlandsche Commissie voor Internationale Natuurbescherming, 24 p. Schulz, JP 1980. Zeeschildpadden die in Suriname die leggen. 113 p. 113 p. Schulz, JP 1954. Vergelijkend literatuuronderzoek inzake de ecologische consequenties van het “Combinatie-plan Suriname Rivier.” Utrecht, 124 p. Schulz, JP 1975. Sea turtles nesting in Surinam. Leiden, Zool. Verhandl. Nat. Nat. Hist. Hist. Museum, Brill Publ. Publ. 143 p. Schulz, JP, Reichart, H. & Mittermeier, RA 1977. Wildlife in Suriname. Oryx 14(2): 133-144. Schweizer, J. 1992. Ariranhas no Pantanal: ecologia e comportamento de Pteronura brasiliensis. Edi- bran-editora Brasil Natureza Ltda., Curitiba. Sidder, GB 1989. Bibliography of the geological and mineral deposits of the Guayana Shield. Wash- Lave- ington DC., USD Interior & USGS Sizer, N. & Rice, R. 1995. Backs to the wall in Suriname: forest policy in a country in crisis. Washing- Lavar ton, DC, World Resources Institute 46 p. Sizer, N. 1996. Profit without plunder: Reaping revenue from Guyana's tropical forests without de- stroying them. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute 68 p. Smith, NSH 1987. The Genesis of the Creole Languages of Surinam. Universiteit Van Amsterdam, Smith, DN & Wells, JT 1975. Negotiating Third World Mineral Agreements: Promises as prologue. Cambridge MA., Ballinger 266 p. Speckmann, JD 1965. Marriage and kinship among the Indians in Surinam. Assen: Van Gorcum 302 p. p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 53 Página 53
48 48 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO Steege, H. ter. 2000. 2000. Plant diversity in Guyana, with recommendations for a national protected area strategy. estratégia. Tropenbos 18: 220 p. Studholme, K. M, et al. 1986. 1986. Results of the Alcoa Foundation Suriname Expeditions. X. Patterns of Cellular Divergence and Evolutions in the Gastric Mucosa of Two Genera of Phulostomid Bats, Trachops and Chiroderma. Pittsburgh: Annals of Carnegie Museum, 55 (10): 207-235. Suriname, 2002. Joint venture letter of intent regarding proposed 250,000 ton per year alumina refin- ery expansion project, BHP BILLITON [Australia] & ALCOA ... Report on Mining, Metal Mak- ing and Conversion [HTML], Worldwide Projects, Inc. Suriname, National Institute for Environment & Development in Suriname (NIMOS), 2003 (Nov.). Provision of expert services for environmental management program [for the] Republic of Suriname. “Environmental assessment Review report: Kabalebo Hydropower Project. SENES Consultants Limited, (FD Bernard), 121 Granton Drive, Unit 12, Richmond Hill, Ontario, L4B 3N4 Canada, 65 p. Suriname, 2000. Technical assistance to the formulation of a Master Energy Plan Study. Draft Final Report. Relatório. Suriname & IDB, 2005. Country Environment Assessment. Buursink Consultants 93+p. Suriname, 1975. Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname. Dept. of Natural Resources & Environ- mental Assessment.Suriname. Contributions to the Geology of Suriname 4. Surinam Govern- ment Geological and Mining Service, 265 p. Suriname. 1955. 1955. Surinaams bauxiet. Suriname bauxite. Paramaribo, 124 p. Suriname Research Group, 2000. Executive report on strategies on Suriname. Icon Group Internat. 75 75 p. p. Suriname, Republic of, nd The Central Suriname Nature Reserve. Rep. of Suriname [and] Conserva- tion International 20 p. Szablowski, D. 2002. Mining, displacement and the World Bank: A case analysis of Compania Minera Antamina's Operations in Peru. Journal of Business Ethics 39: 247-271. Tacoma, J. 1963. American Indians from Surinam. Thesis on the physical characteristics of Surinam Indian tribes in time. Especially skull-studies. Utrecht, University thesis, 180 p. Terpstra, WJ, 1972. Intestinal parasites in Amerindians of the interior of Surinam. Proefschrift. Leiden 120 p. Tewarie-Mungra, CSB 1972. Schistosomiasis in Surinam: A Clinico-Pathological and Epidemiologi- cal Survey. Amsterdam, Amesterdão, Tjon, K. et al. 1999. 1999. Suriname mining licenses. Dept. of Natural Resources & Environmental Assess- ment, NARENA, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, CELOS; Paramaribo: NARENA. Teunissen, PA & Wildschut, JT 1970. Vegetation & Flora of the Savannas in the Brinckheuvel Nature Reserve, Northern Suriname. Noord-Holland Amsterdam 60 p. Teunissen, PA 2000. Coastal management plan for the North Caronie area in Suriname. RAMSAR Convention Paramaribo 117+22p. Thiollay, J. M, 1992. Influence of selective logging on bird species diversity in a Guianan rain forest. Conservation Biology 6(1): 47-63. Toon Fey, 2003. Surinam - Switi Sranan. Amsterdam, KIT Publishers, 500 p. UNDP SUR/71/506, FAO/UNDP/SF. 1974. 1974. Surinam: Forestry development: Forest legislation. Based Baseado on the work of FJ Schmithusen. Rome, FAO, 1974.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 54 Página 54
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 49 49 UNDP SUR/71/506, FAO/UNDP/SF. Surinam: Forestry development: Forest-based industry devel- opment. senvolvimento. Based on the work of NB Lewis. Rome, FAO. Vari, RP 1982. Inventory Biology and Ecology of the Fishes in the Corantijn River System. Smithso- nian Institution, Washington DC, August. Verloop, JH 1911. A brief outline of the Surinam gold industry: geology, technique, hygiene. Amster- Amster- dam: JH De Bussy, 106 p. Vink, AT 1965. Surinam Timbers. A Summary of available Information with brief Descriptions of the main timber Species. Paramaribo, Surinam Forest Service 253 p. van der Kaay, HJ 1975. Malaria in Surinam, a Sero-Epidemiological Study. [Leiden, thesis] Krips repro, Meppel 91 p. Van Kersen, JF 1955. Bauxite deposits in Surinam and Demerara (British Guiana). Leiden, Eduard Lido 150 p. Veiga, MM 1997. Artisanal gold mining activities in Suriname. UNIDO. Veiga, MM et al. 1992. 1992. Poconé: um campo de estudos do impacto ambiental do garimpo. Rio de Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, CNPq, CETEM 113 p. Veiga, MM & Armani Paschoal, O. 1991. Panorama do setor de materiais e suas relações com a min- eração: uma contribuição para a implementação de linhas de P & D. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CNPq, CETEM 124 p. Weitzner, V. 2002. Through Indigenous Eyes: Toward appropriate decision-making processes regard- ing mining on or near ancestral lands. Ottawa, ON: The North-South Institute, 86 p. Weitzner, V. 2002. Cutting-Edge Policies on Indigenous Peoples and Mining: Key Lessons for the World Summit and Beyond. Ottawa: The North-South Institute. (Also available in Spanish and French) Weitzner, V. 2001. Indigenous Peoples and International Development: Case Study Profiles. Ottawa: Ottawa: Inuit Circumpolar Conference. Weitzner, V. 2001. La teoría y la práctica del co-manejo. Co-presentation at a workshop held by the MesoAmerican Socio-Environmental Conflict Management Network, San José, Costa Rica. Weitzner, V. 2000. Pueblos indígenas y manejo participativo en las áreas protegidas canadienses: El contexto, los beneficios y los desafíos de la implementacíon (500-510) in Segunda Jornada Indígena Centroamericana sobre Tierra, Medio Ambiente y Cultura (Costa del Sol, El Salvador – del 26 de julio al 1 de agosto de 1999), Jefatura de Asuntos Indígenas (CONCULTURA), Con- sejo Coordinador Nacional Indígena Salvadoreño (CCSNIS), Center for the Support of Native Lands, eds. El Salvador, CA Weitzner, V. 2000. Probing the Powers at Play in Co-Management from the Bottom Up: the Case of Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. 8th International Association for the Study of Common Property: “Constituting the Commons: Crafting Sustainable Commons in the New Millen- nium”, Bloomington, Indiana. Weitzner, V. 2000. From Conflict to Collaboration: The Case of Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. Thesis Toward a Master's in Natural Resources Management. Winnipeg, MB: Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba. Weitzner, V & Fonseca, M. 1999. Conflict and collaborative management outcomes in Cahuita, Limón, Costa Rica. Costa Rica. In: Cultivating Peace Conflict and Collaboration in Natural Resource Management, D. Buckles, ed.. Ottawa/Washington: International Development Research Centre/The World Bank. Wensink, JJ 1968. The Emma Range in Surinam. Amsterdam, Het Fysch - Geografisch en Bodem- kundug Laboratorium, Nr. 13: 159 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 55 Página 55
50 50 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO West Suriname Environmental Study Work Group, 1976. Ecologische Consequenties Van De Eerste Twee Fasen Van Het Kabalebo Project. Een rapport van de Werkgroep Milieustudie West-Suri- name. nome. Augustus. Paramaribo. Westermann, JH, Schulz, JP, Mohadin, K., Teunissen, PA & Spaans, AL 2002. Natuurbescherming en natuurreservaten in Suriname. Paramaribo, Suriname, BHPBilliton & STINASU 20 p. Wessels Boer, JG, Hekking, WHA, Schulz JP & Mennega AMW 1976. Fa joe kan tak' mi no mo: inleiding in de flora en vegetatie van Suriname. Paramaribo: STINASU 2 vols. Wetteng, L. (Hrsg.) 2002. Maria Sibylla Merian 1647 - 1717. Kunstlerin und Naturforscherin zwischen Frankfurt und Surinam. Katalogbuch zur Ausstellung Frankfurt 1997. 4ø. 276 S. mit 196 Abb., davon 79 in Farbe. OPp. Sonderausgabe. Wong, TE 1989. Stratigraphy of the coastal plain of Suriname. Amsterdam, Natuurwetenschappeli- jke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, 64 p. Wong, TE, de Vletter, DR., Krook, L., Zonneveld JIS & van Loon, AJ (eds.). 1998. 1998. The history of A história da earth sciences in Suriname. Amsterdam, Edita, Royal Tropical Institute 488 p. World Commission on Dams, 2000. Dams and Development: A new Framework for Decision-Mak- ing: The Report of the World Commission on Dams. London, Earthscan 404 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 56 Página 56
S : E S R B B M P Robert Goodland 51 51 Endnotes Notas 1 The author, Robert Goodland, has 25 years of experience in the World Bank on social and envi- ronmental assessment of economic development projects. He helped to create and start-up the World Commission on Dams, and recently was the chief technical advisor to the independent Extractive Industry Review of the World Bank Group's oil, gas and mining portfolio. 2 The Indigenous Peoples will be impacted. To that extent they are stakeholders in BHPB's ESA, which began in August 2005 by the ESA team of SRK. More importantly, the Indigenous Peo- ples consider themselves to be 'Rightsholders' (vide infra). 3 The Publish What You Pay campaign (publishwhatyoupay.org) helps citizens of resource-rich developing countries to hold their governments accountable for the management of revenues from the oil, gas and mining industries. When properly managed these revenues should serve as a basis for poverty reduction, and sustainable economic development rather than exacerbating corruption, conflict and social divisiveness. The campaign calls for the mandatory disclosure of the payments made by oil, gas and mining companies' to all governments for the extraction of natural resources. recursos naturais. This is a necessary first step towards a more accountable system for the man- agement of revenues in resource-rich developing countries. 4 For example, the reasons justifying the exclusion of the Natural Habitats (Biodiversity) Policy, Cultural Property Policy, Downstream Riparian Policy, Disputed Areas Policy and others need to be stated. ser indicado. In addition, the EA Policy is not being strictly adhered to as the mandatory first step of creating a Panel of Social and Environmental Experts, for example, has not been met. 5 (a) NV BHP Billiton Maatschappij Suriname: Policy: Community Policy, 04 August 2005: 1 p. (b) (B) NV BHP Billiton Maatschappij Suriname: Policy on Stakeholder Communication & Participa- tion, 01.August 2005; 1 p. Even more progress was announced in October 2005: Alcoa Founda- tion's Conservation and Sustainability Fellowship Program began a unique $8.6 million Signa- ture Program to advance the knowledge in the field of conservation and sustainability through fellowships to outstanding academics and practitioners from non-governmental organizations, in partnership with IUCN. 6 Robert Hermann Schomburgk (1804-1865) was contracted by the British government in 1840 to survey the boundary between Dutch and British Guiana, which he started in 1843. He was ac- companied by his brother, Moritz Richard Schomburgk (1811-1890). They published their results between 1847 and 1848 in the Proceedings of the Royal Geographic Society. These essays were later republished as a 3-vol. book in Leipzig entitled “Reisen….”. Reisen was translated into English by Walter Roth and republished as a 2-volume book in 1923 in Georgetown. 7 Suriname: malaria and mosquitos: Kruif 1972, Kuyp 1950, Kaay 1975, Bone 1925. Schistosomiasis: Tewarie-Mungra 1972; Snails: Giejskes 1968. 8 SIL has compiled a Dutch dictionary, wordbooks, grammars and the Bible in Sranan. A Sranan Tongo thesaurus is at thesaurus@kitlv.nl. See also: Echteld, JJM 1961.The English words in Sranan; Negro English of Surinam. Groningen, JB Wolters Publ., 219 p. Sranan is sometimes called Creole-Amerindian pidgin. Pejorative and obsolete term: taki taki. 9 Pet, WJA 1987. Lokono Dian, the Arawak language of Suriname: a sketch of its grammatical structure and lexicon. Ph.D. Ph.D. thesis. tese. Ithaca NY., Cornell University. 383 p. 383 p. 10 For example, Edwards, WF& Charette E. (eds.) 1980. A Short Dictionary of the Warau Lan- guage of Guyana. Georgetown, Guyana, UG, Amerindian Languages Project 167. Barral, BM de. de. 1979. 1979. Diccionário warao-castellano, castellano-warao. Caracas, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, 730 p. Carlin, EB & Arends, J. (eds.) 2002. Atlas of the languages of Suriname. Leiden, Leiden, KITLV Press, 345 p.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 57 Página 57
52 52 Robert Goodland S S URINAME : E : E NVIRONMENTAL AND S S OCIAL OCIAL R R ECONNAISSANCE OF THE B B AKHUYS B B AUXITE M M INE INE P P ROJECT ROJECTO 11 Some regulatory agencies would insist on cleaning up old unsafe operations before a new per- mit is granted. Rehabilitation of BHPB's NE operations in Suriname do not reassure stakehold- ers of BHPB's new corporate goals for Bakhuys. 12 When the Indigenous Peoples asked three Suralco engineers at the Afobaka damsite on 2 Sept '05 how many people had been displaced by Brokopondo, no one knew. Afterwards, one Suralco representative said that it may have been about 3000 people. The literature suggests it was at least 6000 people. 13 Sources: www.INCA.is. Susan de Muth, The Guardian 29th Nov 2003. CorpWatch.org. Swan, J. “The Icelandic Rift: Industry versus natural splendor in a 'progressive' nation”. Orion Maga- zine Mch/Apr 2004. nsi@mmedia.is. Damned Nation; Peter Bosshard 2004. “Barclays and the Karahnjukar project” IRN & FOE; 8 p. Council of Europe 24/9/'03, Convention on the Conser- vation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Strasbourg: “Hydropower development in Iceland” T-PVS/Files (2003)15, 22 p. Mark Lynas The Ecologist 33 (10) 1 Jan '04. 14 Percy Barnevik, then President of ABB, informed me some years ago that I could not have a copy of the Bakun Hydro ESA as it is confidential. He went on to say it was the only confiden- tial ESA of any hydroprojects in ABB's portfolio. I understand ABB withdrew shortly thereafter.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Page 58 Página 58
The North-South Institute 55 Murray Street, Suite 200 O awa, ON Canada Canadá K1N 5M3 Telephone: (613) 241-3535 Fax: (613) 241-7435 Website: www.nsi-ins.ca Email: nsi@nsi-ins.ca The Association of Indigenous Village Leaders in Suriname (VIDS) PAS gebouw Ver. Ver. Keizerstraat 92 Paramaribo, Suriname Telephone: 597-520130 Fax: 597-520131 Email: vids@sr.net
Texto original em inglês:
The Bakhuys Bauxite Mine Project
Sugira uma tradução melhor

COPYRIGHT WIKIPÉDIA