5737 - HISTÓRIA DAS LÍNGUAS DA VENEZUELA

Venezuela Venezuela
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
Jump to: navigation , search Ir para: navegação , pesquisa
For other uses, see Venezuela (disambiguation) . Para outros usos, consulte Venezuela (desambiguação) .
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela [1] República Bolivariana da Venezuela [1]
República Bolivariana de Venezuela República Bolivariana da Venezuela (Spanish) (Espanhol)

Flag Bandeira Coat of arms Brasão

Motto : Historic: Dios y Federación Lema : Histórico: Dios y Federación (Spanish) (Espanhol)
"God and Federation" "Deus e da Federação"
Anthem : Gloria al Bravo Pueblo Anthem : Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Spanish) (Espanhol)
Glory to the Brave People Glória ao bravo povo


Capital Capital
(and largest city) (E maior cidade) Caracas Caracas
10°30′N 66°58′W  /  10.5°N 66.967°W  / 10.5; -66.967 10 ° 30 'N 66 ° 58'W / 10,5 N ° 66,967 ° W / 10,5; -66,967
Official language(s) Língua oficial (s) Spanish [2] Espanhol [2]
National language Idioma Nacional Spanish [2] Espanhol [2]
Demonym Demonym Venezuelan Venezuelano
Government Governo Federal presidential republic Federal presidenciais república
- - President Presidente Hugo Chávez Frías Hugo Chávez Frías
- - Vice President Vice-Presidente Elías Jaua Elías Jaua
Independence Independência
- - from Spain a partir de Espanha 5 July 1811 05 de julho de 1811
- - from Gran Colombia da Grã-Colômbia 13 January 1830 13 de janeiro de 1830
- - Recognized Reconhecido 30 March 1845 30 de marco de 1845
Area Área
- - Total Total 916,445 km 2 ( 33rd ) 916,445 km 2 ( 33 )
353,841 sq mi 353.841 sq mi
- - Water (%) Água (%) 0.32 [3] 0,32 [3]
Population População
- - July 2009 estimate estimativa de julho 2009 26,814,843 ( 40th ) 26.814.843 ( 40 )
- - 2001 census Censo de 2001 23,054,985 23,054,985
- - Density Densidade 30.2/km 2 ( 173rd ) 30.2/km 2 ( 173 )
77/sq mi mi 77/sq
GDP ( PPP ) PIB ( PPP ) 2010 estimate 2010 estimar
- - Total Total $342.231 billion [ 1 ] 342,231 bilhões dólar [1]
- - Per capita per capita $11,726 [ 1 ] $ 11.726 [1]
GDP (nominal) PIB (nominal) 2010 estimate 2010 estimar
- - Total Total $301.012 billion [ 1 ] 301,012 bilhões dólares [1]
- - Per capita per capita $10,314. [ 1 ] $ 10.314. [1]
Gini (2007) Gini (2007) 41 [ 2 ] ( high ) 41 [2] (alta)
HDI (2007) IDH (2007) ▲ 0.844 [ 3 ] ( high ) ( 58th ) ▲ 0,844 [3] (alta) ( 58 )
Currency Moeda Bolívar fuerte [4] ( VEF ) Bolívar Fuerte [4] ( VEF )
Time zone O fuso horário UTC-4:30 UTC-4: 30
Drives on the Unidades no right direito
ISO 3166 code Código ISO 3166 VE VE
Internet TLD Internet TLD .ve . Ve
Calling code Chamando o código +58 +58
^ The "Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" has been the full official title since the adoption of the new Constitution of 1999 , when the state was renamed in honor of Simón Bolívar . ^ A "República Bolivariana da Venezuela" foi o título oficial completa desde a aprovação da nova Constituição de 1999 , quando o estado foi renomeado em homenagem a Simón Bolívar .
^ The Constitution also recognizes all indigenous languages spoken in the country. ^ A Constituição também reconhece todas as línguas indígenas faladas no país.
^ Area totals include only Venezuelan-administered territory. ^ totais da área incluem apenas administrou-território venezuelano.
^ On 1 January 2008 a new bolivar, the bolívar fuerte (ISO 4217 code VEF), worth 1,000 VEB, was introduced. ^ Em 01 de janeiro de 2008 um novo bolívar, bolívar fuerte da (código ISO 4217 VEF), no valor de 1.000 VEB, foi introduzido.
Venezuela (pronounced /ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ ( Venezuela (pronuncia-se / vɛnɨzweɪlə ˌ / ( listen ) ; Spanish: [beneˈswela] ), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America . ouça ); espanhol: [beneswela] ), oficialmente chamado de República Bolivariana da Venezuela ( Espanhol : República Bolivariana de Venezuela), é um tropicais país, na costa norte da América do Sul . It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Faz fronteira com a Colômbia a oeste, a Guiana , a leste, eo Brasil ao sul. Its roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) northern coastline includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea , and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean . Seus cerca de 2.800 km (1.700 milhas) ao litoral norte inclui numerosas ilhas no Mar do Caribe , e no leste das fronteiras do norte do norte do Oceano Atlântico . Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago , Grenada , Curaçao , Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. ilhas do Caribe, como Trinidad e Tobago , Granada , Curaçao , Aruba e as Antilhas Leeward ficam perto da costa venezuelana. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 26,414,816. território da Venezuela, abrange cerca de 916.445 quilômetros quadrados (353.841 sq mi), com uma população estimada em 26.414.816. Venezuela is considered a country with extremely high biodiversity , with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. A Venezuela é considerada um país com alta biodiversidade extremamente , com habitats que vão desde a Cordilheira dos Andes montanhas no oeste da Bacia Amazônica floresta tropical do sul, através de extensas planícies e planícies na costa caribenha do centro e do Delta do Rio Orinoco , no leste.

Venezuela was first colonized by Spain in 1522, overcoming resistance from indigenous peoples . A Venezuela foi colonizada pela Espanha em 1522, superando a resistência dos povos indígenas . It became the first Spanish American colony to declare independence ( in 1811 ), but did not securely establish independence until 1821 (initially as a department of the federal republic of Gran Colombia , gaining full independence in 1830). Ela se tornou a primeira colônia hispano-americana para declarar a independência ( em 1811 ), mas não segura estabelecer a independência até 1821 (inicialmente como um departamento da República Federal da Grande Colômbia , conquistando a independência total em 1830). During the nineteenth century Venezuela suffered political turmoil and dictatorship, and it was dominated by regional caudillos (military strongmen) into the twentieth century. Durante o século XIX a Venezuela sofreu agitação política e ditadura, e foi dominada pela regional caudilhos (ditadores militares) no século XX. It first saw democratic rule from 1945 to 1948, and after a period of dictatorship has remained democratic since 1958, during which time most countries of Latin America suffered one or more military dictatorships . Ele viu pela primeira vez o regime democrático de 1945-1948, e após um período de ditadura permaneceu democrático desde 1958, durante o qual a maioria dos países hora de a América Latina sofreu uma ou mais ditaduras militares . Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992 , and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. A crise econômica na década de 1980 e 1990 levou a uma crise política que viu centenas de mortos no Caracazo motins de 1989, duas tentativas de golpes, em 1992 , eo impeachment do presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez de corrupção em 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup leader Hugo Chávez , and the launch of a " Bolivarian Revolution ", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela . O colapso da confiança nos partidos existentes viu a eleição de 1998 do ex-líder golpista, Hugo Chávez , eo lançamento de uma " Revolução Bolivariana ", começando com um 1999 para a Assembleia Constituinte para escrever uma nova Constituição da Venezuela .

Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District (covering Caracas ), and Federal Dependencies (covering Venezuela's offshore islands). A Venezuela é um federal república presidencial composta por 23 estados , o Distrito Capital (que abrange Caracas ), e Dependências Federal (que abrange as ilhas offshore da Venezuela). Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital, Caracas, which is also the largest city. A Venezuela está entre os países mais urbanizados da América Latina ; [4] [5] vasta maioria dos venezuelanos vivem nas cidades do norte, especialmente na capital, Caracas, que é também o maior da cidade. Venezuela is a founder member of the United Nations (1945), the Organization of American States (1948), the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (1960), the Group of 15 (1989), the World Trade Organization (1995), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) (2004) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) (2008). A Venezuela é membro fundador da Organização das Nações Unidas (1945), a Organização dos Estados Americanos (1948), a Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo (OPEP) (1960), o Grupo dos 15 (1989), a Organização Mundial do Comércio (1995 ), a Aliança Bolivariana para as Américas (ALBA) (2004) ea União das Nações Sul-Americanas (Unasul) (2008). Since the discovery of oil in the early twentieth century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil. Desde a descoberta do petróleo no início do século XX, a Venezuela tem sido um dos principais exportadores mundiais de petróleo. Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa , oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. Anteriormente, um exportador de commodities agrícolas subdesenvolvidos, como café e cacau , óleo rapidamente passou a dominar as exportações e as receitas do governo. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 [ 6 ] as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. [ 7 ] The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending, although the fallout of the 2008 global financial crisis saw a renewed economic downturn. A superabundância de petróleo década de 1980 levou a uma crise da dívida externa e uma duração longa crise econômica, que teve inflação de pico em 100% em 1996 eo aumento das taxas de pobreza para 66% em 1995 [6], como (em 1998) per capita do PIB caiu para o mesmo nível de 1963, estabelece um terço de seu pico de 1978. [7] A recuperação dos preços do petróleo depois de 2001 impulsionou a economia venezuelana e facilitou o gasto social, embora os efeitos colaterais da crise financeira de 2008 viu uma crise econômica renovada.

Contents Conteúdo [hide]
1 Etymology 1 Etimologia
2 History 2 História
2.1 Colonization 2,1 Colonização
2.2 Independence 2.2 Independência
2.3 19th century 2,3 século 19
2.4 20th century 2,4 século 20
2.4.1 Early 20th century 2.4.1 início do século 20
2.4.2 Democratic period (1958 - ) 2.4.2 período democrático (1958 -)
3 Geography 3 Geografia
3.1 Climate 3,1 Climáticas
3.2 Biodiversity 3,2 Biodiversidade
3.3 Environment 3,3 Ambiente
3.4 Subdivisions 3,4 subdivisões
4 Economy 4 Economia
4.1 Petroleum and other resources 4,1 petróleo e outros recursos
4.2 Transport 4.2 Transporte
5 Demographics 5 Demografia
5.1 Urbanization 5,1 Urbanização
5.2 Languages 5,2 Línguas
5.3 Religion 5,3 Religião
5.4 Education 5,4 Educação
5.5 Health 5,5 Saúde
5.6 Crime 5,6 Crime
6 Government 6 Governo
6.1 Executive 6,1 Executivo
6.2 Legislative 6,2 Legislativo
6.3 Judicial 6,3 Judiciária
6.4 Foreign relations 6,4 Relações Exteriores
6.5 Military 6,5 Militar
7 Politics 7 Política
8 Culture 8 Cultura
9 See also 9 Veja também
10 References 10 Referências
11 External links 11 Ligações externas


Etymology Etimologia


A palafito , a village or dwelling erected on bodies of water. [ 8 ] A palafito , uma aldeia ou habitação erguida sobre as massas de água. [8] In 1498, within the framework of his third voyage, Christopher Columbus sailed near the Orinoco Delta , then interned in the Gulf of Paria . Em 1498, no âmbito da sua terceira viagem, Cristóvão Colombo navegou perto do Delta do Orinoco , em seguida, internados no Golfo de Paria . Amazed, Columbus expressed in his moving letter to the Catholic Monarchs that he had reached the heaven on earth (the paradise ), and confused by the unusual saltiness of the water, he wrote: Espantado, Colombo, expressa em sua carta que se deslocam para os Reis Católicos que ele tinha alcançado o paraíso na terra (o paraíso ), e confuso com a salinidade da água incomum, ele escreveu:

Great signs are these of the Terrestrial Paradise, for the site conforms to the opinion of the holy and wise theologians whom I have mentioned. Grandes sinais são estes do Paraíso Terrestre, para o site está em conformidade com o parecer do santo e sábio teólogos que mencionei. And likewise, the [other] signs conform very well, for I have never read or heard of such a large quantity of fresh water being inside and in such close proximity to salt water; the very mild temperateness also corroborates this; and if the water of which I speak does not proceed from Paradise then it is an even greater marvel, because I do not believe such a large and deep river has ever been known to exist in this world. [ 9 ] E do mesmo modo, o outro] sinais [conforme muito bem, pois eu nunca ter lido ou ouvido falar de tal uma grande quantidade de água doce estar dentro e nas proximidades, tais com a água salgada, o leve muito comedimento também corrobora com esta, e se a água de que falo não procede do Paraíso, então é uma maravilha ainda maior, porque eu não acredito que essa grande e profunda de um rio nunca foi conhecida a existir neste mundo. [9]
His certainty of having attained Paradise made him name this region Land of Grace , a phrase which has become the country's nickname. Sua certeza de ter alcançado o Paraíso fez-lhe o nome desta região da Terra da Graça, uma frase que se tornou país o apelido.

Nevertheless, the following year of 1499, an expedition led by Alonso de Ojeda visited the Venezuelan coast. No entanto, no ano seguinte de 1499, uma expedição comandada por Alonso de Ojeda visitou a costa da Venezuela. The stilt houses in the area of Lake Maracaibo reminded the navigator Amerigo Vespucci of the city of Venice , ( Italian : Venezia ), so he named the region " Venezuela ," [ 10 ] meaning "little Venice" in Italian. As palafitas na área do Lago de Maracaibo lembrou o navegador Américo Vespúcio da cidade de Veneza ( Itália : Venezia), de modo que o nome à região "Venezuela", [10], que significa "pequena Veneza" em italiano. The word has the same meaning in Spanish, where the suffix -zuela is used as a diminutive term (eg, plaza / plazuela , cazo / cazuela ); thus, the term's original sense would have been that of a " little Venice ". [ 11 ] A palavra tem o mesmo significado em espanhol, onde o sufixo zuela é usado como um diminutivo prazo (, praça eg / plazuela, Cazo cazuela /), sendo assim, o sentido original o termo teria sido a de uma " pequena Veneza ". [ 11]

Nonetheless, although the Vespucci story remains the most popular and accepted version of the origin of the country's name, a different reason for the name comes up in the account of Martín Fernández de Enciso , a member of the Vespucci and Ojeda crew. No entanto, embora a história Vespucci continua a ser a popular e aceitou a versão mais sobre a origem do nome do país, uma outra razão para o nome aparece na conta de Martín Fernández de Enciso , um membro da tripulação de Ojeda e Vespúcio. In his work Summa de Geografía , he states that they found an indigenous population who called themselves the " Veneciuela ," which suggests that the name "Venezuela" may have evolved from the native word. [ 12 ] Em sua obra Summa de Geografia, ele afirma que eles encontraram uma população indígena que se chamou "Veneciuela", que sugere que o nome "Venezuela" pode ter evoluído a partir da palavra nativa. [12]

History História
Main article: History of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: História da Venezuela


Simón Bolívar , liberator of not only Venezuela, but also Colombia , Panama , Ecuador , Bolivia , and Peru . Simón Bolívar , libertador da Venezuela, não só, mas também a Colômbia , Panamá , Equador , Bolívia e Peru . Human habitation of Venezuela could have commenced at least 15,000 years ago from which period leaf -shaped tools, together with chopping and plano -convex scraping implements, have been found exposed on the high riverine terraces of the Rio Pedregal in western Venezuela. [ 13 ] Late Pleistocene hunting artifacts, including spear tips, have been found at a similar series of sites in northwestern Venezuela known as "El Jobo"; according to radiocarbon dating , these date from 13,000 to 7,000 BC. [ 14 ] Homem habitação da Venezuela poderia ter sido iniciada pelo menos 15 mil anos atrás a partir de qual período da folha em forma de ferramentas, juntamente com cortes e Plano convexa raspagem implementos, foram encontrados expostos nos terraços fluviais elevados do Pedregal Rio oeste da Venezuela. [13] Pleistoceno Superior artefatos de caça, incluindo dicas de lança, foram encontrados em uma série similar de sites na Venezuela noroeste conhecido como "El Jobo", segundo a datação por radiocarbono , datam de 13.000 a 7.000 aC. [14]

It is not known how many people lived in Venezuela before the Spanish Conquest ; it may have been around a million people, [ 15 ] and in addition to today's indigenous peoples included groups such as the Auaké , Caquetio , Mariche and Timoto-cuicas . Não se sabe quantas pessoas viviam na Venezuela antes da conquista espanhola , que pode ter sido em torno de um milhão de pessoas, [15] e para além de hoje, os povos indígenas incluídos grupos como o Auaké , Caquetio , Mariche e -Timoto cuícas . The number was much reduced after the Conquest, mainly through the spread of new diseases from Europe. [ 15 ] There were two main north-south axes of pre-Columbian population, producing maize in the west and manioc in the east. [ 15 ] Large parts of the llanos plains were cultivated through a combination of slash and burn and permanent settled agriculture. [ 15 ] O número foi muito reduzida após a conquista, principalmente através da disseminação de novas doenças da Europa. [15] Havia dois principais eixos norte-sul da população pré-colombiana, a produção de milho no oeste e mandioca , no leste. [15] Grandes partes dos llanos planícies foram cultivadas por uma combinação de corte e queima e permanentes da agricultura resolvida. [15]

Colonization Colonização
Main article: Spanish colonization of the Americas Ver artigo principal: Colonização espanhola das Américas
Spain's colonization of mainland Venezuela started in 1522, establishing its first permanent South American settlement in the present-day [update] city of Cumaná . Espanha colonização da Venezuela continente começou em 1522, que estabelece a sua primeira sul-americana assentamento permanente no atual [actualização] da cidade de Cumaná . The sixteenth century also saw fitful attempts at German colonization . O século XVI também viram tentativas intermitentes de colonização alemã . Indian caciques ( leaders ) such as Guaicaipuro (circa 1530–1568) and Tamanaco (died 1573) attempted to resist Spanish incursions, but the newcomers ultimately subdued them; Tamanaco was put to death by order of Caracas' founder Diego de Losada . [ 16 ] In the 16th century, during the Spanish colonization , indigenous peoples such as many of the Mariches , themselves descendants of the Caribs rejected paganism and embraced Roman Catholicism . Indian caciques ( líderes ), como Guaicaipuro (circa 1530-1568) e Tamanaco (falecido em 1573) tentou resistir incursões espanholas, mas os recém-chegados, em última análise os sujeitou; Tamanaco foi condenado à morte por ordem do "fundador Caracas Diego de Losada . [16 ] No século 16, durante a colonização espanhola , os povos indígenas , como muitos dos Mariches , eles próprios descendentes dos caribes rejeitado paganismo e abraçou o catolicismo romano . Some of the resisting tribes or leaders are commemorated in place names, including Caracas , Chacao , and Los Teques . Algumas das tribos resistir ou líderes são comemorados em nomes de lugares, incluindo Caracas , Chacao e Los Teques . The early colonial settlements focussed on the northern coast, [ 15 ] but in the mid-eighteenth century the Spanish pushed further inland along the Orinoco River . Os assentamentos colonial centrou-se na costa norte, [15] , mas na metade do século XVIII os espanhóis empurrados para o interior ao longo do rio Orinoco . Here the Ye'kuana (then known as the Makiritare) organised serious resistance in 1775 and 1776. [ 17 ] Aqui os Ye'kuana (então conhecido como o Makiritare) organizaram uma resistência séria em 1775 e 1776. [17]

Spain's eastern Venezuelan settlements were incorporated into New Andalusia Province . do leste da Espanha assentamentos venezuelano foram incorporadas Nova Andaluzia Província . Administered by the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo from the early 16th century, most of Venezuela became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in the early 18th century, and was then reorganized as an autonomous Captaincy General starting in 1776. Administrado pela Audiencia Real de Santo Domingo, a partir do início do século 16, a maioria da Venezuela tornou-se parte do Vice-reinado de Nova Granada, no início do século 18, e foi então reorganizada como um ser autônomo Capitania Geral a partir de 1776. The town of Caracas, founded in the central coastal region in 1567, was well-placed to become a key location, being near the coastal port of La Guaira whilst itself being located in a valley in a mountain range, providing defensive strength against pirates and a more fertile and healthy climate. [ 18 ] A cidade de Caracas, fundado no litoral região central em 1567, estava bem posicionado para se tornar um local-chave, estando perto do porto costeiro de La Guaira , enquanto se estar localizado em um vale em uma cadeia de montanhas, que fornecem a força de defesa contra piratas e um fértil e saudável clima mais. [18]

Independence Independência
Main article: Venezuelan War of Independence Ver artigo principal: Guerra da Independência da Venezuela


The signing of Venezuela's independence, by Martín Tovar y Tovar . A assinatura da independência da Venezuela, por Martín Tovar y Tovar .

The Battle of Carabobo , during the Venezuelan War of Independence . A Batalha de Carabobo , durante a Guerra da Independência da Venezuela . After a series of unsuccessful uprisings, Venezuela—under the leadership of Francisco de Miranda , a Venezuelan marshal who had fought in the American Revolution and the French Revolution — declared independence on 5 July 1811. Após uma série de revoltas sem êxito, a Venezuela, sob a liderança de Francisco de Miranda , um marechal venezuelano que lutou na Revolução Americana ea Revolução Francesa - declarou a independência em 05 de julho de 1811. This began the Venezuelan War of Independence . Isso começou a Guerra da Independência da Venezuela . However, a devastating earthquake that struck Caracas in 1812 , together with the rebellion of the Venezuelan llaneros , helped bring down the first Venezuelan republic . [ 19 ] A second Venezuelan republic , proclaimed on 7 August 1813, lasted several months before being crushed as well. No entanto, um devastador terremoto que atingiu Caracas em 1812 , juntamente com a rebelião dos venezuelanos llaneros , ajudou a derrubar o venezuelano primeira república . [19] A Segunda República da Venezuela , proclamada em 07 de agosto de 1813, durou vários meses antes de ser esmagado, bem .

Sovereignty was only attained after Simón Bolívar , aided by José Antonio Páez and Antonio José de Sucre , won the Battle of Carabobo on 24 June 1821. José Prudencio Padilla and Rafael Urdaneta 's victory in the Battle of Lake Maracaibo on 24 July 1823, helped seal Venezuelan independence. Soberania só foi atingido após a Simón Bolívar , auxiliado por José Antonio Páez e José Antonio de Sucre , ganhou a Batalha de Carabobo , em 24 de Junho de 1821. Prudencio José Padilha e Rafael Urdaneta a vitória "na batalha do Lago de Maracaibo em 24 de Julho de 1823, ajudou a vedação da independência venezuelana. New Granada's congress gave Bolívar control of the Granadian army; leading it, he liberated several countries and founded Gran Colombia . Granada novo Congresso Bolívar deu o controle do exército de Granada, levando-lo, ele libertou vários países e fundou a Grande Colômbia .

Sucre, who won many battles for Bolívar, went on to liberate Ecuador and later become the second president of Bolivia . Sucre, que ganhou muitas batalhas de Bolívar, passou a liberar o Equador e, mais tarde tornar-se o segundo presidente da Bolívia . Venezuela remained part of Gran Colombia until 1830, when a rebellion led by Páez allowed the proclamation of a newly independent Venezuela; Páez became the first president of the new republic. Venezuela manteve-se parte da Gran Colômbia até 1830, quando uma rebelião liderada por Páez permitiu a proclamação de um recém-independente da Venezuela, Páez tornou o primeiro presidente da nova república. Two decades of warfare had cost the lives of between a quarter and a third of the Venezuelan population, which in 1830 numbered no more than 800,000. [ 20 ] Duas décadas de guerra custou a vida entre um quarto e um terço da população venezuelana, que em 1830 contava não mais de 800.000. [20]

The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue and red, in that order: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea and sky of the country, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence. [ 21 ] As cores da bandeira venezuelana são amarelo, azul e vermelho, nessa ordem: a amarela representa a riqueza da terra, o azul do mar e do céu do país, eo vermelho representa o sangue derramado pelos heróis da independência. [21 ]

19th century século 19
Much of Venezuela's nineteenth century history was characterized by political turmoil and dictatorial rule, [ 22 ] including Independence leader José Antonio Páez , who gained the presidency three times and served a total of eleven years between 1830 and 1863. Grande parte do décimo nono século de história da Venezuela se caracterizou por um turbilhão político e ditatorial regra, [22], incluindo o líder da Independência José Antonio Páez , que ganhou a presidência três vezes e serviu um total de onze anos entre 1830 e 1863. This culminated in the Federal War (1859–1863), a civil war in which hundreds of thousands died, in a country with a population of not much more than a million people. Isso culminou na Guerra Federal (1859-1863), uma guerra civil na qual centenas de milhares de pessoas morreram, em um país com uma população de pouco mais de um milhão de pessoas. In the latter half of the century Antonio Guzmán Blanco , another caudillo , served a total of thirteen years between 1870 and 1887, with three other presidents interspersed. Na segunda metade do século Antonio Guzmán Blanco , outro caudilho , servido com um total de 13 anos entre 1870 e 1887, com três outros presidentes intercaladas.

In 1895 a longstanding dispute with Great Britain about the territory of Guayana Esequiba , which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory, erupted into the Venezuela Crisis of 1895 . Em 1895, uma antiga disputa com a Grã-Bretanha sobre o território da Guiana Esequiba , alegou que a Grã-Bretanha como parte da Guiana Inglesa ea Venezuela viu como território venezuelano, entrou em erupção na crise da Venezuela de 1895 . The dispute became a diplomatic crisis when Venezuela's lobbyist William L. Scruggs sought to argue that British behaviour over the issue violated the United States' Monroe Doctrine of 1823, and used his influence in Washington, DC to pursue the matter. A disputa se tornou uma crise diplomática quando é lobista Venezuela William L. Scruggs procuraram demonstrar que o comportamento britânico sobre a questão violou os Estados Unidos " Doutrina Monroe de 1823, e usou sua influência em Washington, DC, para insistir no assunto. Then US President Grover Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere. [ 23 ] Britain ultimately accepted arbitration, but in negotiations over its terms was able to persuade the US on much of the details. Então presidente dos EUA, Grover Cleveland adoptou uma interpretação ampla da Doutrina, que não simplesmente proibir novas colônias européias, mas declarou um interesse americano em qualquer assunto dentro do hemisfério. [23], a Grã-Bretanha finalmente aceite a arbitragem, mas nas negociações sobre seus termos foi capaz de persuadir os EUA de grande parte dos detalhes. A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the issue, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. [ 24 ] Um tribunal se reuniu em Paris em 1898 para decidir a questão, e em 1899 recebeu a maior parte do território em disputa para a Guiana Inglesa. [24]

20th century século 20
Early 20th century Início do século 20
Main article: History of Venezuela#20th century Ver artigo principal: História da Venezuela # século 20
In 1899 Cipriano Castro , assisted by his friend Juan Vicente Gómez , seized power in Caracas, marching an army from his base in the Andean state of Táchira . Em 1899 Cipriano Castro , auxiliado pelo seu amigo Juan Vicente Gómez tomou o poder em Caracas, marchando um exército de sua base no estado andino de Táchira . Castro defaulted on Venezuela's considerable foreign debts, and declined to pay compensation to foreigners caught up in Venezuela's civil wars. Castro optou em considerável da dívida externa da Venezuela, e se recusou a pagar uma indemnização aos estrangeiros apanhados em guerras civis na Venezuela. This led to the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 , in which Britain , Germany and Italy imposed a naval blockade of several months, before international arbitration at the new Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague was agreed. Isso levou à crise na Venezuela de 1902-1903 , em que a Grã-Bretanha , Alemanha e Itália impuseram um bloqueio naval de vários meses, antes de arbitragem internacional na nova Corte Permanente de Arbitragem em Haia, foi acordado. In 1908 another dispute broke out with the Netherlands , which was resolved when Castro left for medical treatment in Germany and was promptly overthrown by Juan Vicente Gómez. Em 1908, outra disputa começou com a Holanda , que foi resolvido quando Castro deixou para tratamento médico na Alemanha e foi prontamente derrubado por Juan Vicente Gómez.

The discovery of massive oil deposits in Lake Maracaibo during World War I would prove pivotal for Venezuela, and soon transformed the basis of its economy, from a heavy dependence on agricultural exports. A descoberta de grandes jazidas de petróleo no Lago de Maracaibo durante a I Guerra Mundial iria revelar crucial para a Venezuela, e logo transformaram a base de sua economia, a partir de uma forte dependência das exportações agrícolas. It prompted an economic boom that would last into the 1980s; by 1935, Venezuela's per capita gross domestic product was Latin America's highest. [ 25 ] Gómez benefited handsomely from this, as corruption thrived, but at the same time, the new source of income helped him centralise the Venezuelan state and develop its authority. É solicitado um boom econômico que duraria em 1980; em 1935, a Venezuela per capita do produto interno bruto foi de América mais América. [25] Gómez beneficiaram bastante com isso, como a corrupção prosperou, mas, ao mesmo tempo, a nova fonte de renda ajudou a centralizar o Estado venezuelano e desenvolver a sua autoridade. He remained the most powerful man in Venezuela until his death in 1935, although at times he ceded the Presidency to others. Ele permaneceu o homem mais poderoso da Venezuela até à sua morte em 1935, embora às vezes ele cedeu a presidência a outro. The gomecista dictatorship system largely continued under Eleazar López Contreras , but from 1941, under Isaías Medina Angarita , was relaxed, with the latter granting a range of reforms, including the legalization of all political parties. O sistema de ditadura gomecista manteve em grande parte sob Eleazar López Contreras , mas a partir de 1941, sob Isaías Medina Angarita , foi relaxada, com o último, que concede uma série de reformas, incluindo a legalização de todos os partidos políticos. After World War II the globalization and heavy immigration from Southern Europe (mainly from Spain, Italy , Portugal) and poorer Latin American countries markedly diversified Venezuelan society. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a globalização ea imigração pesados do Sul da Europa (principalmente de Espanha, Itália , Portugal) e mais pobres países latino-americanos marcada sociedade venezuelana diversificada.

In 1945 a civilian-military coup overthrew Medina Angarita and ushered in a three-year period of democratic rule under the mass membership Democratic Action , initially under Rómulo Betancourt , until Rómulo Gallegos won the Venezuelan presidential election, 1947 (generally believed to be the first free and fair elections in Venezuela). Em 1945 um golpe civil-militar derrubou Medina Angarita e deu início a um período de três anos de governo democrático sob o número de membros Ação Democrática , inicialmente sob Rómulo Betancourt , até Rómulo Gallegos venceu a eleição presidencial da Venezuela, 1947 (em geral, acredita-se ser o primeiro eleições livres e justas na Venezuela). Gallegos governed until overthrown by a military junta led by Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Gallegos' Defense Minister Carlos Delgado Chalbaud in the 1948 Venezuelan coup d'état . Gallegos governou até derrubado por uma junta militar liderada por Marcos Pérez Jiménez e Gallegos "O ministro da Defesa Carlos Delgado Chalbaud na Venezuela golpe d'état 1948 . Pérez Jiménez was the most powerful man in the junta (though Chalbaud was its titular President), and was suspected of being behind the death in office of Chalbaud, who died in a bungled kidnapping in 1950. Pérez Jiménez era o homem mais poderoso da junta (embora Chalbaud foi seu Presidente titular), e era suspeito de estar por trás da morte na estância de Chalbaud, que morreu em um sequestro mal feita em 1950. When the junta unexpectedly lost the election it held in 1952 , it ignored the results and Pérez Jiménez was installed as President, where he remained until 1958. Quando a junta inesperadamente perdeu a eleição, realizada em 1952 , ele ignorou os resultados e Pérez Jiménez foi empossado como presidente, onde permaneceu até 1958.

Democratic period (1958 - ) período democrático (1958 -)
The military dictator Pérez Jiménez was finally forced out on 23 January 1958. [ 2 ] In an effort to consolidate the young democracy, the major political parties (with the notable exception of the Communist Party of Venezuela ) signed the Punto Fijo Pact . O ditador Pérez Jiménez foi finalmente forçado a sair em 23 de Janeiro de 1958. [2] Em um esforço para consolidar a jovem democracia, a partidos políticos mais importantes (com a notável exceção do Partido Comunista da Venezuela ) assinaram o Pacto de Punto Fijo . Democratic Action and COPEI would dominate the political landscape for four decades. Ação Democrática e COPEI iria dominar o cenário político de quatro décadas. The 1960s saw substantial guerilla movements, including the Armed Forces of National Liberation and the Revolutionary Left Movement , which had split from Democratic Action in 1960. Em 1960 houve movimentos de guerrilha substanciais, incluindo os das Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional eo Movimento da Esquerda Revolucionária , que se separou da Ação Democrática, em 1960. Most of these movements lay down their arms under Rafael Caldera 's presidency (1969–1973); Caldera had won the 1968 election for COPEI , being the first time a party other than Democratic Action took the presidency through a democratic election. A maioria desses movimentos depor as armas sob Rafael Caldera s presidência »(1969-1973); Caldeira ganhou a eleição 1968 para COPEI , sendo a primeira vez que um outro partido Ação Democrática que tomou a presidência através de uma eleição democrática.

The election of Carlos Andrés Pérez in 1973 coincided with the 1973 oil crisis , which saw Venezuela's income explode as oil prices soared. A eleição de Carlos Andrés Pérez , em 1973, coincidiu com a crise petrolífera de 1973 , que viu sua renda Venezuela explodir como os preços do petróleo dispararam. This led to massive increases in public spending, but also increases in external debts, which continued into the 1980s when the collapse of oil prices during the 1980s crippled the Venezuelan economy. Isso levou a um aumento maciço nos gastos públicos, mas também aumenta em dívida externa, que continuou na década de 1980 quando o colapso dos preços do petróleo na década de 1980 paralisaram a economia venezuelana. As the government started to devalue the currency in February 1983 in order to face its financial obligations, Venezuelans' real standard of living fell dramatically. Como o governo passou a desvalorizar a moeda em fevereiro de 1983 para fazer face as suas obrigações financeiras, o padrão real dos venezuelanos de vida caiu drasticamente. A number of failed economic policies and increasing corruption in government led to rising poverty and crime, worsening social indicators, and increased political instability. [ 26 ] Corruption remains a problem; Venezuela was ranked near the bottom of countries in the Corruptions Perceptions Index in 2009. [ 27 ] Uma série de políticas econômicas fracassadas ea crescente corrupção no governo levou a aumento da pobreza e da criminalidade, o agravamento dos indicadores sociais e aumento da instabilidade política. [26] A corrupção continua sendo um problema, a Venezuela foi classificada na parte inferior dos países no Índice de Percepções corrupções em 2009 . [27]

Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992 , [ 28 ] and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez (re-elected in 1988) for corruption in 1993. A crise econômica na década de 1980 e 1990 levou a uma crise política que viu centenas de mortos no Caracazo motins de 1989, duas tentativas de golpes, em 1992 , [28] eo impeachment do presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez (reeleito em 1988) para a corrupção no 1993. Coup leader Hugo Chávez was pardoned in March 1994 by president Rafael Caldera , with a clean slate and his political rights intact. O líder golpista Hugo Chávez foi indultado março 1994 pelo presidente Rafael Caldera , com um passado limpo e seus direitos políticos intactos. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw Chávez elected President in 1998 , and the subsequent launch of a " Bolivarian Revolution ", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela . O colapso da confiança nos partidos existentes viu Chávez eleito presidente em 1998 , eo subseqüente lançamento de uma " Revolução Bolivariana ", começando com um 1999 para a Assembleia Constituinte para escrever uma nova Constituição da Venezuela .

Chávez' reform program was aimed at redistributing the benefits of Venezuela's oil wealth to the lower socio-economic groups by using it to fund programs such as health care and education, but encountered great criticism by the previous establishment. programa de Chávez de reforma visava redistribuir os benefícios da riqueza petrolífera da Venezuela para os grupos socioeconómicos mais baixos, usando-o para financiar programas como saúde e educação, mas encontrou muita crítica com o estabelecimento anterior. In April 2002 he suffered a coup d'état . [ 29 ] He was returned to power after two days as a result of popular demonstrations in his favour and actions by the military. [ 30 ] Chávez also survived an all-out national strike that lasted more than two months in December 2002 – February 2003 , including a strike/lockout in the state oil company PDVSA , and an August 2004 recall referendum . Em abril de 2002 ele sofreu um golpe de Estado . [29] Ele voltou ao poder depois de dois dias como resultado de manifestações populares em seu favor e as ações dos militares. [30] Chávez também sobreviveu a uma greve nacional para fora tudo o que durou mais de dois meses em dezembro de 2002 - Fevereiro de 2003 , incluindo uma greve / bloqueio na companhia estatal de petróleo PDVSA , e um agosto referendo revogatório de 2004 . He was elected for another term in December 2006 . Ele foi eleito para mais um mandato em dezembro de 2006 .

Geography Geografia


Topographic map of Venezuela Mapa topográfico da Venezuela Main article: Geography of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: Geografia da Venezuela
Venezuela is located in the north of South America ; geologically its mainland rests on the South American Plate . A Venezuela está localizada no norte da América do Sul ; geologicamente seu continente repousa sobre a Placa Sul-Americana . It has a total area of 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) and a land area of 882,050 square kilometres (340,560 sq mi), making it the 33rd largest country . Tem uma área total de 916.445 quilômetros quadrados (353.841 sq mi) e uma área de 882.050 quilômetros quadrados (340.560 sq mi), tornando-o o maior país 33 . Shaped roughly like an inverted triangle, the country has a 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) coastline in the north, which includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea , and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean . Em forma mais ou menos como um triângulo invertido, o país tem 2.800 quilômetros (1.700 milhas) na costa norte, que inclui numerosas ilhas no Mar do Caribe , e no leste das fronteiras do norte do norte do Oceano Atlântico . Most observers describe Venezuela in terms of four fairly well-defined topographical regions: the Maracaibo lowlands in the northwest, the northern mountains extending in a broad east-west arc from the Colombian border along the northern Caribbean coast, the wide plains in central Venezuela, and the Guiana highlands in the southeast. A maioria dos observadores descrevem a Venezuela em termos de quatro muito bem definida topográficos regiões: a planície de Maracaibo , no noroeste, as montanhas do norte que se estende em um arco amplo de leste a oeste da fronteira com a Colômbia ao longo da costa norte do Caribe, as vastas planícies da região central da Venezuela, e as terras altas da Guiana , a sudeste.



Angel Falls , the tallest waterfall in the world Angel Falls , a cachoeira mais alta do mundo The northern mountains are the extreme northeastern extensions of South America's Andes mountain range reach. Pico Bolívar , the nation's highest point at 4,979 metres (16,335 ft), lies in this region. As montanhas do norte são extensões do nordeste extremo da América do Sul do Andes cordilheira alcance. Pico Bolívar , o ponto mais alto da nação em 4.979 metros (16.335 pés), encontra-se nesta região. To the south, the dissected Guiana Highlands contains the northern fringes of the Amazon Basin and Angel Falls , the world's highest waterfall as well as tepuis , large table-like mountains. Para o sul, o dissecados Guiana Highlands contém a margem norte da Bacia Amazônica e Angel Falls , a maior do mundo cachoeira bem como tepuis , grande como montanhas tabela. The country's center is characterized by the llanos , which are extensive plains that stretch from the Colombian border in the far west to the Orinoco River delta in the east. O centro do país é caracterizado pela llanos , que são extensas planícies que se estendem desde a fronteira colombiana, no extremo oeste do rio Orinoco Delta , no leste. The Orinoco, with its rich alluvial soils , binds the largest and most important river system of the country; it originates in one of the largest watersheds in Latin America. O Orinoco, com suas ricas solos aluviais , vincula a maior e mais importante sistema fluvial do país, ela se origina em uma das maiores bacias hidrográficas da América Latina. The Caroní and the Apure are other major rivers. O Caroní e Apure são outros grandes rios.

Venezuela borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. fronteiras da Venezuela na Colômbia , a oeste, a Guiana , a leste, eo Brasil ao sul. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago , Grenada , Curaçao , Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. ilhas do Caribe, como Trinidad e Tobago , Granada , Curaçao , Aruba e as Antilhas Leeward ficam perto da costa venezuelana. Venezuela has territorial disputes with Guyana (formerly United Kingdom), largely concerning the Essequibo area, and with Colombia concerning the Gulf of Venezuela . A Venezuela tem disputas territoriais com a Guiana (ex-Reino Unido), em grande parte sobre a Essequibo área, e com a Colômbia sobre o Golfo da Venezuela . In 1895, after years of diplomatic attempts to solve the border dispute, from Venezuela, the dispute over the Essequibo River border flared up, it was submitted to a "neutral" commission (composed of United Kingdom , United States and Russian representatives and without a direct Venezuelan representative), which in 1899 decided mostly against Venezuela's claim. [ 31 ] Em 1895, após anos de tentativas diplomáticas para resolver o diferendo fronteiriço, da Venezuela, a disputa sobre o rio Essequibo fronteira irrompeu, ele foi submetido a um ponto morto "comissão" (composta por Brasil , Estados Unidos e Rússia representantes e sem representante venezuelano direta), que em 1899 decidiu a maioria contra a alegação de Venezuela. [31]

Venezuela most significant natural resources are petroleum and natural gas , iron ore , gold and other minerals. Venezuela mais importantes recursos naturais de petróleo e gás natural , minério de ferro , ouro e outros minerais. It also has large areas of arable land and water . Também possui grandes áreas de terra arável e de água .

Climate Clima
Main article: Climate of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: Clima da Venezuela


Los Roques Archipelago Arquipélago de Los Roques

Snow in Mérida Neve em Mérida Though Venezuela is entirely situated in the tropics, its climate varies from humid low-elevation plains, where average annual temperatures range as high as 28 °C (82.4 °F), to glaciers and highlands (the páramos ) with an average yearly temperature of 8 °C (46.4 °F). Embora a Venezuela é inteiramente situada nos trópicos, o clima varia de baixa altitude, planícies úmidas, onde as temperaturas médias anuais variam de até 28 ° C (82,4 ° F), às geleiras e montanhas (os páramos ) com uma temperatura média anual de 8 ° C (46,4 ° F). Annual rainfall varies between 430 millimetres (16.9 in) in the semiarid portions of the northwest to 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) in the Orinoco Delta of the far east. A precipitação anual varia entre 430 milímetros (16,9 pol) na porção semi-árida do noroeste para 1.000 milímetros (39,4 em) no delta do Orinoco, do Extremo Oriente. Most precipitation falls between June and October (the rainy season or "winter"); the drier and hotter remainder of the year is known as "summer", though temperature variation throughout the year is not as pronounced as at temperate latitudes. [ 22 ] A maioria das quedas da precipitação entre junho e outubro (época das chuvas ou de "inverno"), mais seco e quente o resto do ano é conhecido como "verão", embora a variação da temperatura ao longo do ano não é tão pronunciado como em latitudes temperadas. [22]

The country falls into four horizontal temperature zones based primarily on elevation, having Tropical, Dry, Temperate with Dry Winters, and Polar ( Alpine tundra ) climates, amongst others. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] In the tropical zone—below 800 meters / 2,625 feet—temperatures are hot, with yearly averages ranging between 26 and 28 °C (78.8 and 82.4 °F). O país divide-se em quatro zonas de temperatura horizontal baseada principalmente na elevação, tendo Tropical, seco, temperado, com invernos secos e Polar ( tundra alpina ), climas, entre outros. [32] [33] [34] Na zona tropical, abaixo de 800 metros / 2.625 pés, as temperaturas são quentes, com médias anuais variando entre 26 e 28 ° C (78,8 e 82,4 ° F). The temperate zone ranges between 800 and 2,000 meters (2,625 and 6,562 ft) with averages from 12 to 25 °C (53.6 to 77 °F); many of Venezuela's cities, including the capital, lie in this region. A zona temperada varia entre 800 e 2.000 metros (2.625 e 6.562 m), com médias de 12-25 ° C (53,6 a 77 ° F), muitas das cidades da Venezuela, incluindo a capital, estão na região. Colder conditions with temperatures from 9 to 11 °C (48.2 to 51.8 °F) are found in the cool zone between 2,000 and 3,000 meters (6,562 and 9,843 ft), especially in the venezuelan Andes, where Pastureland and permanent snowfield with yearly averages below 8 °C (46 °F) cover land above 3,000 meters (9,843 ft) in the high mountain areas known as the páramos . condições mais frias com temperaturas de 9-11 ° C (48,2-51,8 ° F) são encontrados na zona fria entre 2.000 e 3.000 metros (6.562 ft e 9843), especialmente nos Andes venezuelanos, onde pastagem e campo de neve permanente com médias anuais abaixo 8 ° C (46 ° F) cobertura do solo acima de 3.000 metros (9.843 pés) nas áreas de alta montanha conhecida como a páramos .

Biodiversity Biodiversidade
Main articles: Fauna of Venezuela , Flora of Venezuela , National symbols of Venezuela , and List of birds of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: Fauna da Venezuela , Flora da Venezuela , símbolos nacionais da Venezuela , e Lista de aves da Venezuela


The golden silk orb-weaver is among the more common of Venezuela's arthropods . O ouro de seda tecelã, está entre as mais comuns da Venezuela artrópodes .

Orinoco River Delta Delta do Rio Orinoco Venezuela lies within the Neotropic ecozone ; large portions of the country were originally covered by moist broadleaf forests . Venezuela encontra-se dentro da ecorregião do Neotrópico ; grandes porções do país foram originalmente coberta por florestas húmidas de folha larga . One of seventeen megadiverse countries , [ 35 ] and among the top twenty countries in terms of endemism , some 38% of the over 21,000 plant species are unique to the country; 23% of reptilian and 50% of amphibian species are also endemic. [ 36 ] Um dos dezessete países megadiversos , [35] e entre os vinte maiores países em termos de endemismo , cerca de 38% dos mais de 21.000 espécies de plantas são únicas no país, 23% dos répteis e 50% dos anfíbios espécies são endêmicas. [ 36]



The araguaney ( Tabebuia chrysantha ), Venezuela's national tree. O venezuelano (Tabebuia chrysantha), árvore nacional da Venezuela. Venezuela's habitats range from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east. Venezuela habitats vão desde a Cordilheira dos Andes montanhas no oeste da Bacia Amazônica floresta tropical do sul, através de extensas planícies e planícies na costa caribenha do centro e do Delta do Rio Orinoco , no leste. They include xeric scrublands in the extreme northwest and coastal mangrove forests in the northeast. [ 22 ] Its cloud forests and lowland rainforests are particularly rich, for example hosting over 25,000 species of orchids . [ 37 ] These include the flor de mayo orchid ( Cattleya mossiae ), the national flower. Eles incluem matos xéricos no extremo noroeste e litoral de mangues florestas no nordeste. [22] Sua nuvem florestas de várzea e as florestas tropicais são particularmente ricas, por exemplo, hospeda mais de 25.000 espécies de orquídeas . [37] Estes incluem a flor de mayo de orquídeas (Cattleya mossiae), a flor nacional. Venezuela's national tree is the araguaney , whose characteristic lushness after the rainy season led novelist Rómulo Gallegos to name it «[l]a primavera de oro de los araguaneyes » ("the golden spring of the araguaneyes "). nacional árvore Venezuela é o venezuelano , cuja característica lushness após o período chuvoso levou o romancista Rómulo Gallegos para nomeá-la "[l] a primavera de oro de los araguaneyes» ("a primavera de ouro do araguaneyes").

Venezuela's diverse wildlife includes manatees , Amazon river dolphins , and Orinoco crocodiles , which have been reported to reach up to 6.6 metres (22 ft) in length. de diversas Venezuela fauna inclui peixes-boi , golfinhos do rio Amazonas e Orinoco crocodilos , que têm sido relatados para chegar até 6,6 metros (22 pés) de comprimento. Venezuela hosts a total of 1,417 bird species, 48 of which are endemic. [ 38 ] Important birds include ibises , ospreys , kingfishers , [ 37 ] and the yellow-orange turpial , the national bird. Venezuela apresenta um total de 1.417 espécies de aves, dos quais 48 são endêmicas. [38] aves importantes incluem íbis , ospreys , maçaricos , [37] eo amarelo-laranja Turpial , a ave nacional. Notable mammals include the Giant Anteater , jaguar , and the capybara , the world's largest rodent . Notáveis mamíferos incluem o tamanduá-bandeira , onça-pintada ea capivara , o maior do mundo do roedor . More than half of Venezuelan avian and mammalian species are found in the Amazonian forests south of the Orinoco. [ 39 ] Mais da metade dos venezuelanos e mamíferos espécies de aves são encontradas na floresta amazônica sul do Orinoco. [39]

Environment Meio Ambiente
In recent decades, logging, mining, shifting cultivation , development, and other human activities have posed a major threat to Venezuela's wildlife; between 1990 and 2000, 0.40% of forest cover was cleared annually. [ 36 ] In response, federal protections for critical habitat were implemented; for example, 20% to 33% of forested land is protected. [ 39 ] The country has a biosphere reserve that is part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves ; five wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention . [ 40 ] In 2003, 70% of the nation's land was under conservation management in over 200 protected areas, including 43 national parks. [ 41 ] Venezuela's 43 national parks include Canaima National Park , Morrocoy National Park and Mochima National Park . Nas últimas décadas, exploração madeireira, mineração, agricultura itinerante , desenvolvimento e outras atividades humanas representam uma grande ameaça à vida selvagem Venezuela, 1990 e 2000, 0,40% da floresta foi capa apuradas anualmente. entre [36] Em resposta, proteções federais para críticas habitat foram implementados, por exemplo, 20% a 33% da floresta está protegida. [39] O país tem uma reserva da biosfera , que faz parte da Rede Mundial de Reservas da Biosfera ; cinco zonas húmidas estão registrados sob a Convenção de Ramsar . [40] Em 2003, 70% da nação, a terra estava sob a gestão da conservação em mais de 200 áreas protegidas, incluindo 43 parques nacionais. [41], da Venezuela, 43 parques nacionais incluem Parque Nacional Canaima , Morrocoy National Park e Parque Nacional Mochima .

Subdivisions Subdivisões
Main articles: States of Venezuela and Regions of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: Estados da Venezuela e Regiões da Venezuela
Venezuela is divided into 23 states ( estados ), a capital district ( distrito capital ) corresponding to the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies ( Dependencias Federales , a special territory). A Venezuela está dividida em 23 estados (estados), um distrito da capital (capital de distrito), correspondentes à cidade de Caracas, e do Federal Dependências (dependencias Federales, um território especial). Venezuela is further subdivided into 335 municipalities ( municipios ); these are subdivided into over one thousand parishes ( parroquias ). A Venezuela é subdividido em 335 municípios (municípios), os quais estão subdivididos em mais de mil paróquias (parroquias). The states are grouped into nine administrative regions ( regiones administrativas ), which were established in 1969 by presidential decree; in addition, Venezuela has historically claimed and continues to claim all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River; this 159,500 square kilometres (61,583 sq mi) tract was dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación (the "zone to be reclaimed"). [ 42 ] Os estados são agrupados em nove regiões administrativas (regiones administrativas), que foram estabelecidos em 1969 por decreto presidencial e, além disso, a Venezuela tem historicamente reivindicada e continua a reclamar todo o oeste território guianense do rio Essequibo, o que 159,5 mil quilômetros quadrados (61.583 sq mi ) aparelho foi apelidado de Guayana Esequiba ou a Zona en Reclamación (a "zona a ser recuperado"). [42]

The country can be further divided into ten geographical areas, some corresponding to climatic and biogeographical regions. O país pode ainda ser dividido em dez áreas geográficas, correspondentes a algumas regiões climáticas e biogeográficas. In the north are the Venezuelan Andes and the Coro region , a mountainous tract in the northwest, holds several sierras and valleys. No norte são os Andes venezuelanos ea região Coro , um trato montanhosa no noroeste do país, possui várias serras e vales. East of it are lowlands abutting Lake Maracaibo and the Gulf of Venezuela . Médio de que são as planícies adjacentes Lago de Maracaibo eo Golfo da Venezuela . The Central Range runs parallel to the coast and includes the hills surrounding Caracas ; the Eastern Range, separated from the Central Range by the Gulf of Cariaco , covers all of Sucre and northern Monagas . A Cordilheira Central corre paralela à costa e inclui as colinas que cercam Caracas , a Cordilheira Oriental, separada da Faixa Central pelo Golfo de Cariaco , abrange todas as Sucre e norte de Monagas . The Insular Region includes all of Venezuela's island possessions: Nueva Esparta and the various Federal Dependencies . A Região Insular inclui todos Venezuela ilha posses: Nueva Esparta e as várias dependências Federal . The Orinoco Delta , which forms a triangle covering Delta Amacuro , projects northeast into the Atlantic Ocean. O Delta do Orinoco , que forma um triângulo cobrindo Delta Amacuro , nordeste projetos para o Oceano Atlântico.

States Estados
Name Nome Capital Capital
1 1 Amazonas Amazonas Puerto Ayacucho Puerto Ayacucho
2 2 Anzoátegui Anzoátegui Barcelona Barcelona
3 3 Apure Apure San Fernando de Apure San Fernando de Apure
4 4 Aragua Aragua Maracay Maracay
5 5 Barinas Barinas Barinas Barinas
6 6 Bolívar Bolívar Ciudad Bolívar Ciudad Bolívar
7 7 Carabobo Carabobo Valencia Valencia
8 8 Cojedes Cojedes San Carlos São Carlos
9 9 Delta Amacuro Delta Amacuro Tucupita Tucupita
10 10 Falcón Falcón Coro Coro
11 11 Guárico Guárico San Juan de los Morros San Juan de los Morros
12 12 Lara Lara Barquisimeto Barquisimeto
Name Nome Capital Capital
13 13 Mérida Mérida Mérida Mérida
14 14 Miranda Miranda Los Teques Los Teques
15 15 Monagas Monagas Maturín Maturín
16 16 Nueva Esparta Nueva Esparta La Asunción Assunção
17 17 Portuguesa Portuguesa Guanare Guanare
18 18 Sucre Sucre Cumaná Cumaná
19 19 Táchira Táchira San Cristóbal San Cristóbal
20 20 Trujillo Trujillo Trujillo Trujillo
21 21 Vargas Vargas La Guaira La Guaira
22 22 Yaracuy Yaracuy San Felipe San Felipe
23 23 Zulia Zulia Maracaibo Maracaibo





Dependencies Dependências
Name Nome Capital Capital
• • Federal Dependencies Dependências Federais (none) (Nenhum)




Administrative regions As regiões administrativas
Name Nome Subregions Sub-regiões


Andean

Andina
Barinas, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, Páez Municipality of Apure Barinas, Mérida, Táchira, Trujillo, município de Páez Apure


Capital

Capital
Miranda, Vargas, Capital District Miranda, Vargas, Distrito Capital


Central

Central
Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes Aragua, Carabobo, Cojedes


Central-Western

Centro-Oeste
Falcón, Lara, Portuguesa, Yaracuy Falcón, Portuguesa Lara, Yaracuy


Guayana

Guayana
Bolívar, Amazonas, Delta Amacuro Bolívar, Amazonas, Delta Amacuro


Insular

Insular
Nueva Esparta, Federal Dependencies Nueva Esparta, Dependências Federais


Llanos

Llanos
Apure (excluding Paez Municipality), Guárico Apure (excluindo Paez Município), Guárico


North-Eastern

Norte-Leste
Anzoátegui, Monagas, Sucre Anzoátegui, Monagas, Sucre


Zulian

Zulian
Zulia Zulia

Economy Economia
Main article: Economy of Venezuela Ver artigo principal: Economia da Venezuela


The 20 Venezuelan bolívar fuerte banknote featuring a portrait of Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi . Os 20 bolívar fuerte venezuelano de notas com um retrato de Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi . Venezuela has a mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector, which accounts for roughly a third of GDP , around 80% of exports and more than half of government revenues. A Venezuela tem uma economia mista dominada pelo petróleo do setor, que responde por cerca de um terço do PIB , cerca de 80% das exportações e mais da metade das receitas do governo. It suffers high levels of corruption . Ele sofre altos níveis de corrupção . Per capita GDP for 2009 was US$13,000, ranking it 85th in the world. [ 43 ] About 30% of the population of the country live on less than US$2 per day. [ 44 ] Venezuela has the least expensive petrol in the world because the consumer price of petrol is so heavily subsidised.

Manufacturing contributed 17% of GDP in 2006. Venezuela manufactures and exports heavy industry items such as steel , aluminium and cement , with production concentrated around Ciudad Guayana , near the Guri Dam , one of the largest in the world and the provider of about three quarters of Venezuela's electricity. Other notable manufacturing includes electronics and automobiles , as well as beverages , and foodstuffs . Agriculture in Venezuela accounts for approximately 3% of GDP, 10% of the labor force, and at least one-fourth of Venezuela's land area. Venezuela exports rice , corn , fish , tropical fruit , coffee , beef , and pork . The country is not self-sufficient in most areas of agriculture ; Venezuela imports about two-thirds of its food needs.

Due to petroleum exports, Venezuela usually posts a trade surplus . In recent years, nonpetroleum exports have been growing rapidly but still constitute only about one-fourth of total exports. [ citation needed ] The United States is Venezuela's leading trade partner, whilst trade with the People's Republic of China has grown so rapidly since 1999 that in 2009 China was Venezuela's second-largest trade partner.

Since the discovery of oil in the early twentieth century, Venezuela has been one of the world's leading exporters of oil, and it is a founder member of OPEC . Previously an underdeveloped exporter of agricultural commodities such as coffee and cocoa , oil quickly came to dominate exports and government revenues. The 1980s oil glut led to an external debt crisis and a long-running economic crisis, which saw inflation peak at 100% in 1996 and poverty rates rise to 66% in 1995 [ 6 ] as (by 1998) per capita GDP fell to the same level as 1963, down a third from its 1978 peak. [ 7 ] The 1990s also saw Venezuela experience a major banking crisis in 1994 . The recovery of oil prices after 2001 boosted the Venezuelan economy and facilitated social spending, although the fallout of the 2008 global financial crisis saw a renewed economic downturn.

Petroleum and other resources
See also: History of the Venezuelan oil industry and Energy policy of Venezuela


The Venezuelan oil producer PDVSA wholly owns its United States based subsidiary, Citgo and attributes a large percentage of its wealth to oil sales from the United States Venezuela has some of the largest oil and natural gas reserves in the world, and consistently ranks among the top ten crude oil producers in the world. [ 45 ] The country's main petroleum deposits are located around and beneath Lake Maracaibo , the Gulf of Venezuela (both in Zulia ), and in the Orinoco River basin (eastern Venezuela), where the country's largest reserve is located. Besides the largest conventional oil reserves and the second-largest natural gas reserves in the Western Hemisphere, [ 46 ] Venezuela has non-conventional oil deposits ( extra-heavy crude oil , bitumen and tar sands ) approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. [ 47 ] The electricity sector in Venezuela is one of the few to rely primarily on hydropower , and includes the Guri Dam , one of the largest in the world.

In the first half of the twentieth century, US oil companies were heavily involved in Venezuela, initially on the basis of purchasing concessions. [ 48 ] In 1943 a new government introduced a 50/50 split in profits between the government and the oil industry. In 1960, with a newly installed democratic government, Hydrocarbons Minister Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonso led the creation of OPEC , the consortium of oil-producing countries aiming to support the price of oil. [ 49 ] In 1973 Venezuela voted to nationalize its oil industry outright, effective 1 January 1976, with Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) taking over and presiding over a number of holding companies; in subsequent years, Venezuela built a vast refining and marketing system in the US and Europe. [ 50 ] In the 1990s PDVSA became more independent from the government and presided over an apertura (opening) in which it invited in foreign investment. Under Hugo Chávez a 2001 law placed limits on foreign investment.

The state oil company PDVSA played a key role in the December 2002-February 2003 national strike which sought President Chávez' resignation. Managers and skilled highly paid technicians of PDVSA shut down the plants and left their posts, and by some reports sabotaged equipment, and petroleum production and refining by PDVSA almost ceased. Activities eventually were slowly restarted by returning and substitute oil workers. As a result of the strike around 40% of the company's workforce (around 18,000 workers) were dismissed for "dereliction of duty" during the strike. [ 51 ] [ 52 ]

Transport Transportes
Main article: Transport in Venezuela
Venezuela is connected to the world primarily via air ( Venezuela's airports include the Simón Bolívar International Airport near Caracas and La Chinita International Airport near Maracaibo ) and sea (with major sea ports at La Guaira , Maracaibo and Puerto Cabello ). In the south and east the Amazon rainforest region has limited cross-border transport; in the west, there is a mountainous border of over 1,375 miles (2,213 km) shared with Colombia . The Orinoco River is navigable by oceangoing vessels up to 400 km inland, and connects the major industrial city of Ciudad Guayana to the Atlantic Ocean.

Venezuela has a limited national railway system , which has no active rail connections to other countries; the government of Hugo Chávez has invested substantially in expanding it. Several major cities have metro systems; the Caracas Metro has been operating since 1983. The Maracaibo Metro and Valencia Metro were opened more recently. Venezuela has a road network of around 100,000 km (placing it around 47th in the world ); around a third of roads are paved.

Demographics Demografia


Caracas Caracas

Valencia Valencia Main article: Demographics of Venezuela
Venezuela's birth rate is among the highest in South America, after Bolivia , Paraguay and French Guyana .

Since 1930, Venezuelan census does not contain information about ethnicity, so only rough estimates are available. Some 60% of the population are Mestizo , defined as a mixture of European and Amerindian; approximately 30% are European , mostly of Spanish , Italian , Portuguese , Lebanese , and German descent. Two of the main Amerindian tribes located in the country are the Wayuu , located in the west, in Zulia State , and the Timotocuicas , also in the west, in Mérida State , in the Andes . [ citation needed ] Other important groups include Afro-Venezuelans, though their numbers are unclear due to poor census data. [ 53 ]

Asians make up a small percentage of the population. About 1% of Venezuelans are indigenous. [ 54 ] These groups were joined by sponsored migrants from throughout Europe and neighboring parts of South America by the mid-20th century economic boom.

According to the World Refugee Survey 2008 , published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants, Venezuela hosted a population of refugee and asylum seekers from Colombia numbering 252,200 in 2007. 10,600 new asylum seekers entered Venezuela in 2007. [ 55 ] Between 500,000 and one million illegal immigrants are estimated to be living in the Venezuela. [ 56 ]

Urbanization Urbanização
Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north, especially in the capital Caracas which is also the largest city. About 85% of the population live in urban areas in northern Venezuela; 73% live less than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the coastline. [ 57 ] Though almost half of Venezuela's land area lies south of the Orinoco, only 5% of Venezuelans live there. The largest and most important city south of the Orinoco is Ciudad Guayana , which is the sixth most populous conurbation. [ 58 ] Other major cities include Maracaibo , Valencia , Maracay , Barquisimeto , Mérida , Barcelona - Puerto La Cruz and Ciudad Guayana .

Languages Línguas
Main article: Languages of Venezuela
The predominant language in Venezuela is Venezuelan Spanish , a form of Spanish with influence particularly from the Spanish of the Canary Islands . There are a range of regional sub-dialects , with the Caracas form perceived as the standard. Whilst Spanish is dominant, there are at least 40 languages spoken in Venezuela. [ 59 ] Other languages used include English (valued particularly by professionals and academics), Italian (spoken by Italo-Venezuelans ) and Portuguese. Deaf persons use a variety of sign language called lengua de señas venezolana (LSV) .

Indigenous peoples in Venezuela make up less than 2% of the population, but contribute over 30 indigenous languages to Venezuela's language mix, including Guajibo , Pemon , Warao , Wayuu , and the various Yanomaman languages . The Constitution of Venezuela of 1999 declared Spanish and languages spoken by indigenous peoples as official languages.

Religion Religião
According to government estimates, 92% of the population is at least nominally Roman Catholic , and the remaining 8% are Protestant , or a member of another religion. The Venezuelan Evangelical Council estimates that Evangelical Protestants constitute 10% of the population. [ 60 ]

Education Educação
Main article: Education in Venezuela
In 2008, 95.2% of the adult population was literate. [ 61 ] Net primary school enrollment rate was at 91 % in 2005. [ 61 ] Net secondary enrollment rate was at 63 % in 2005. [ 61 ] Venezuela has a number of universities, of which the most prestigious is the Central University of Venezuela , founded in Caracas in 1721.

Health Saúde
Main articles: Health care in Venezuela and Mission Barrio Adentro


University Hospital, Central University of Venezuela Venezuela has a national universal health care system that is free of charge. The current government has created a program to expand access to health care known as Misión Barrio Adentro . [ 62 ] [ 63 ]

Infant mortality in Venezuela stood at 16 deaths per 1,000 births in 2004, lower than the South American average (by comparison, the US stands at 5 deaths per 1,000 births in 2006). [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Child malnutrition (defined as stunting or wasting in children under age five) stands at 17%; Delta Amacuro and Amazonas have the nation's highest rates. [ 67 ] According to the United Nations , 32% of Venezuelans lack adequate sanitation, primarily those living in rural areas. [ 68 ] Diseases ranging from typhoid , yellow fever , cholera , hepatitis A , hepatitis B , and hepatitis D are present in the country. [ 69 ]

Venezuela has a total of 150 plants for sewage treatment . However still 13% of the population lack access to drinking water but this number seems to be dropping. [ 70 ]

Crime Crime
Main article: Crime in Venezuela
Corruption in Venezuela is high by world standards, and has been for much of the twentieth century. The discovery of oil had worsened political corruption , [ 71 ] and by the late 1970s, Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo 's description of oil as "the Devil's excrement" had become a common expression in Venezuela. [ 72 ] Venezuela has been ranked one of the most corrupt countries on the Corruption Perceptions Index since the survey started in 1995.

Venezuela is a significant route for drug trafficking , with Colombian cocaine and other drugs transiting Venezuela towards the United States and Europe. Venezuela ranks fourth in the world for cocaine seizures, behind Colombia, the United States, and Panama . [ 73 ]

In 2009, the homicide rate was approximately 57 per 100,000, one of the world's highest, having trebled in the previous decade. [ 74 ] The capital Caracas has the second greatest homicide rate of any large city in the world, with 92 homicides per 100,000 residents. [ 75 ] In 2008, polls indicated that crime was the number one concern of voters. [ 76 ] The government recently created a security force, the Bolivarian National Police , which has lowered crime rates in the areas in which it is so far deployed, and a new Experimental Security University . [ 77 ]

Government Governo
Main article: Government of Venezuela


National Assembly of Venezuela Building Executive Executivo
The Venezuelan president is elected by a vote with direct and universal suffrage , and is both head of state and head of government . The term of office is six years, and (as of 15 February 2009) a president may be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The president appoints the vice-president and decides the size and composition of the Cabinet and makes appointments to it with the involvement of the legislature. The president can ask the legislature to reconsider portions of laws he finds objectionable, but a simple parliamentary majority can override these objections.

The President may ask the National Assembly to pass an enabling act granting the ability to rule by decree in specified policy areas; this requires a two-thirds majority in the Assembly. Since 1959 six Presidents have been granted such powers.

Legislative
The unicameral Venezuelan parliament is the Asamblea Nacional ("National Assembly"). Its 167 deputies, of which three are reserved for indigenous people, serve five-year terms and may be re-elected for a maximum of two additional terms.

The voting age in Venezuela is 18 and older. Voting is not compulsory . [ 78 ]

Judicial Judiciária
Main articles: Judiciary of Venezuela and Law enforcement in Venezuela
The legal system of Venezuela belongs to the Continental Law tradition. The highest judicial body is the Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribunal Supremo de Justicia , whose magistrates are elected by parliament for a single twelve-year term. The National Electoral Council ( Consejo Nacional Electoral , or CNE ) is in charge of electoral processes; it is formed by five main directors elected by the National Assembly. Supreme Court president Luisa Estela Morales said in December 2009 that Venezuela had moved away from "a rigid division of powers" toward a system characterized by "intense coordination" between the branches of government. Morales clarified that each power must be independent adding that "one thing is separation of powers and another one is division". [ 79 ]

Foreign relations Relações Exteriores
Main article: Foreign relations of Venezuela


President Hugo Chávez with former Russian President Vladimir Putin Throughout most of the 20th century, Venezuela maintained friendly relations with most Latin American and Western nations. Relations between Venezuela and the United States government worsened in 2002, after the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt during which the US government recognized the short-lived interim presidency of Pedro Carmona . Correspondingly, ties to various Latin American and Middle Eastern countries not allied to the US have strengthened.

Venezuela seeks alternative hemispheric integration via such proposals as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas trade proposal and the newly launched pan-Latin American television network teleSUR . Venezuela is one of the four nations in the world—along with Russia, Nicaragua and Nauru—to have recognized the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Venezuela was a proponent of OAS 's decision to adopt its Anti-Corruption Convention, and is actively working in the Mercosur trade bloc to push increased trade and energy integration. Globally, it seeks a " multi-polar " world based on strengthened ties among Third World countries.

Military Militar
See also: Military of Venezuela


Venezuelan soldiers in a military parade, each holding an AK-103, Venezuelan Army The National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Fuerza Armada Nacional, FAN) are the overall unified military forces of Venezuela. It includes over 129,150 men and women, under Article 328 of the Constitution, in 5 components of Ground, Sea and Air. The components of the National Armed Forces are: the Venezuelan Army , the Venezuelan Navy , the Venezuelan Air Force , the Venezuelan National Guard , and the Venezuelan National Militia

As of 2008, a further 600,000 soldiers were incorporated into a new branch, known as the Armed Reserve. The President of Venezuela is the commander-in-chief of the national armed forces. The main roles of the armed forces are to defend the sovereign national territory of Venezuela, airspace, and islands, fight against drug trafficking, to search and rescue and, in the case of a natural disaster, civil protection. All men that are citizens of Venezuela have a constitutional duty to register for the military at the age of 18, which is the age of majority in Venezuela.

Politics Política
Main article: Politics of Venezuela
Following the fall of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958, Venezuelan politics was dominated by the third-way Christian democratic COPEI and the center-left social democratic Democratic Action (AD) parties; this two-party system was formalized by the puntofijismo arrangement. Economic crisis in the 1980s and 1990s led to a political crisis which saw hundreds dead in the Caracazo riots of 1989, two attempted coups in 1992 , and the impeachment of President Carlos Andrés Pérez for corruption in 1993. A collapse in confidence in the existing parties saw the 1998 election of former coup leader Hugo Chávez , and the launch of a " Bolivarian Revolution ", beginning with a 1999 Constituent Assembly to write a new Constitution of Venezuela .

The opposition's attempts to unseat Chávez included the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt , the Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003 , and the Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004 , all of which failed. Chávez was re-elected in in December 2006 , but suffered a significant defeat in 2007 with the narrow rejection of the Venezuelan constitutional referendum, 2007 , which had offered two packages of constitutional reforms aimed at deepening the Bolivarian Revolution.

There are currently two major blocs of political parties in Venezuela : the incumbent leftist bloc United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), its major allies Fatherland for All (PPT) and the Communist Party of Venezuela (PCV), and the opposition bloc grouped into the electoral coalition Mesa de la Unidad Democrática . This includes A New Era (UNT) together with allied parties Project Venezuela , Justice First , Movement for Socialism and others.

Culture Cultura
Main articles: Culture of Venezuela and Music of Venezuela


The joropo , as depicted in a 1912 drawing by Eloy Palacios

The Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex in Caracas

Cover of Alma Llanera Venezuela's heritage, art , and culture have been heavily influenced by the Caribbean context. These elements extend to its historic buildings, architecture, [ 80 ] art, [ 81 ] landscape, boundaries, and monuments. Venezuelan culture has been shaped by indigenous , Spanish and African influences. Before this period, indigenous culture was expressed in art ( petroglyphs ), crafts , architecture ( shabonos ), and social organization. Aboriginal culture was subsequently assimilated by Spaniards; over the years, the hybrid culture had diversified by region.

Venezuelan art was initially dominated by religious motifs but began emphasizing historical and heroic representations in the late 19th century, a move led by Martín Tovar y Tovar . Modernism took over in the 20th century. Notable Venezuelan artists include Arturo Michelena , Cristóbal Rojas , Armando Reverón , Manuel Cabré ; the kinetic artists Jesús-Rafael Soto and Carlos Cruz-Díez ; and contemporary artist Yucef Merhi .

Venezuelan literature originated soon after the Spanish conquest of the mostly pre-literate indigenous societies; it was dominated by Spanish influences . Following the rise of political literature during the War of Independence, Venezuelan Romanticism , notably expounded by Juan Vicente González, emerged as the first important genre in the region. Although mainly focused on narrative writing, Venezuelan literature was advanced by poets such as Andrés Eloy Blanco and Fermín Toro.

Major writers and novelists include Rómulo Gallegos , Teresa de la Parra , Arturo Uslar Pietri , Adriano González León , Miguel Otero Silva , and Mariano Picón Salas . The great poet and humanist Andrés Bello was also an educator and intellectual. Others, such as Laureano Vallenilla Lanz and José Gil Fortoul , contributed to Venezuelan Positivism .

Carlos Raúl Villanueva was the most important Venezuelan architect of the modern era; he designed the Central University of Venezuela , (a World Heritage Site ) and its Aula Magna. Other notable architectural works include the Capitolio, the Baralt Theatre , the Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex , and the General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge .



Estadio Metropolitano de Barquisimeto . Indigenous musical styles of Venezuela are exemplified by the groups Un Solo Pueblo and Serenata Guayanesa . The national musical instrument is the cuatro . Typical musical styles and pieces mainly emerged in and around the llanos region, including Alma Llanera (by Pedro Elías Gutiérrez and Rafael Bolívar Coronado ), Florentino y el Diablo (by Alberto Arvelo Torrealba ), Concierto en la Llanura by Juan Vicente Torrealba , and Caballo Viejo (by Simón Díaz ).

The Zulian gaita is also a popular style, generally performed during Christmas. The national dance is the joropo . Teresa Carreño was a world-famous 19th century piano virtuosa. In the last years, Classical Music has had great performances. The Simon Bolivar Youth Orchestra has realized excellent presentations in many European concert halls, notably at the 2007 Proms , and has received honors of the public.

Baseball is Venezuela's most popular sport, with the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League existing since 1945. In recent years football (soccer) , spearheaded by the Venezuela national football team , is gaining influence.

Venezuela is well-known for its successes in beauty pageants. Miss Venezuela is a big event in the country, and Venezuela has received 5 Miss World , 6 Miss Universe and 5 Miss International titles.

The World Values Survey has consistently shown Venezuelans to be among the happiest people in the world, with 55% of those questioned saying they were "very happy". [ 82 ]

See also Veja também
Venezuela portal Venezuela portal
Main article: Outline of Venezuela
Index of Venezuela-related articles
References Referências
^ a b c d "Venezuela" . International Monetary Fund . http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=299&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=56&pr.y=8 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Retirado 21 de abril de 2010.
^ a b "Venezuela" . The World Factbook . CIA. 1 July 2010 . https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ve.html . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Retirado 23 de julho de 2010.
^ Human Development Report 2009 . The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ a b "South America" . South America . Encarta . http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Retirado 13 março de 2007.
^ a b "Annex tables" (PDF). World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision . United Nations . http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf . Retrieved 13 March 2007 .
^ a b McCaughan, Michael. The Battle of Venezuela . New York: Seven Stories Press. 2005. 2005. p 32.
^ a b Kelly, Janet, and Palma, Pedro (2006), "The Syndrome of Economic Decline and the Quest for Change", in McCoy, Jennifer and Myers, David (eds, 2006), The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela , Johns Hopkins University Press . p207
^ |Given2=C |year=2004 |title=Venezuela |publisher=Lonely Planet |id= ISBN 1-74104-197-X |url= http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&hl=en&vid=ISBN174104197X&id=JDdb1alDGYIC |accessdate=10 March 2007}}. p. p. 177. 177.
^ Zamora, Margarita (© 1993 The Regents of the University of California). Reading Columbus . Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. pp. Voyage to Paradise. ISBN 0-520-08297-4 . http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0cv&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e2655&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Retirado 23 de abril de 2010.
^ Dydynski, K; Beech, C (2004). Venezuela . Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741041972 . http://books.google.com/?id=JDdb1alDGYIC . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . . p. p. 177. 177.
^ Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan . Random House. Random House. p. 189. ISBN 0-37550-204-1 .
^ (in Spanish) Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos . Instituto de Cultura Hispánica (Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional). 1958. 1958. p. p. 386.
^ Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). Encyclopedic Dictionary of YUPArchaeology . Springer. Springer. p. 91. ISBN 0-30646-158-7 .
^ Kipfer 2000, p. 172. 172.
^ a b c d e Wunder, Sven (2003), Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries , Routledge . p130.
^ "Alcaldía del Hatillo: Historia" (in Spanish). Universidad Nueva Esparta . http://www.une.edu.ve/hatillo/historia.htm . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ Gott (2005:203)
^ Ewell, Judith (1984), Venezuela:A Century of Change , C. Hurst & Co, p4
^ Chasteen, John Charles (2001). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America . Norton. ISBN 9780393050486 . http://books.google.com/?id=fC90B5xkYyIC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=Born+in+blood+and+fire . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . . p. p. 103. 103.
^ A short history of Venezuela . New Internationalist, June, 2006.
^ "Los Símbolos Patrios" (in Spanish). Conservation International (Consulado General de Venezuela en Canarias) . http://www.consulvene-canarias.org/noticias.htm . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . Extraído a 27 de Janeiro de 2010.
^ a b c "Country Profile: Venezuela" (PDF). Library of Congress (Federal Research Division). 2005 . http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Venezuela.pdf . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ Zakaria, Fareed , From Wealth to Power (1999). Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691010358 . pp145–146
^ RA Humphreys (1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the Royal Historical Society 10 December 1966, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , 17: pp131-164
^ Crow, JA (1980). Epic of Latin America . University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04107-0 . . pp. 616–617.
^ Schuyler, George W. (2001). "Health and Neoliberalism: Venezuela and Cuba". The Policy Studies Organization : 10.
^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2009" , Transparency International
^ "Profile: Hugo Chavez" . BBC News . 5 December 2002 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1925236.stm . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . Retirado 05 de junho de 2007.
^ The coup installed chamber of commerce leader Pedro Carmona . "Profile: Pedro Carmona" . BBC. BBC. 27 May 2002 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1927678.stm . Retrieved 6 February 2009 . Retirado 06 de fevereiro de 2009.
^ "Venezuela 2002-2003: Polarisation, Confrontation, and Violence," Margarita LÓpez Maya; in Olivia Burlimgame Guombri, ed., The Venezuela Reader . 2005, Washington DC, USA Page 16.
^ "Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895–1899" . http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/venezuela1895.htm .
^ Warhol, Tom (2006). Tundra . Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761421931 . http://books.google.com/?id=oYUc7o43cuAC&dq=tom+warhol+tundra . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . . p. p. 65. 65.
^ "Gobierno en Línea: Geografía, Clima" . gobiernoenlinea.ve. 2009 . http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/venezuela/perfil_geografia4.html . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . Extraído a 27 de Janeiro de 2009.
^ "The Alpine Biome" . http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/alpine.htm . Retrieved 19 December 2009 . Retirado 19 de dezembro de 2009.
^ "South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's Biodiversity" . Conservation International . http://www.conservation.org/xp/news/press_releases/2003/091603_andean_eng.xml . Retrieved 29 June 2007 . Retirado 29 de junho de 2007. [ dead link ] [ mortos link ]
^ a b "Venezuela: Overview" . Global Forest Watch . http://www.globalforestwatch.org/english/venezuela/ . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ a b Dydynski & Beech 2004, p. 42 42
^ Lepage, Denis. "Checklist of birds of Venezuela" . Bird Checklists of the World . Avibase . http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?region=ve&pg=checklist&list=clements . Retrieved 4 May 2007 .
^ a b Bevilacqua, M; Cardenas, L; Flores, AL et al. (2002). "State of Venezuela's forests: A case study of the Guayana Region" . World Resources Institute . http://pubs.wri.org/pubs_content_text.cfm?ContentID=1607 . Retrieved 10 March 2007
^ Peck, D (2000). "The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance: Venezuela" . The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands . Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . http://web.archive.org/web/20070211110943/http://ramsar.org/profile/profiles_venezuela.htm . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ "Biodiversity and Protected Areas—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles . World Resources Institute. World Resources Institute. 2003 . http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/bio_cou_862.pdf . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ "El acuerdo de Ginebra del 17 February 1996" . Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores . http://www.mre.gob.ve/metadot/index.pl?id=3870&isa=Category&op=show . Retrieved 1 December 2007 . Retirado 01 dezembro de 2007. [ dead link ] (Spanish)
^ [1] ^ [1]
^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf
^ Venezuela Energy Profile , Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 25 June 2008.
^ "Venezuela: Energy overview" . BBC. BBC. 16 February 2006 . http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4692534.stm . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Julho de 2007.
^ Pierre-René Bauquis (16 February 2006). "What the future for extra heavy oil and bitumen: the Orinoco case" . World Energy Council . http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_1_04.asp . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Julho de 2007.
^ Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power [Simon and Schuster, 1990], pp. 233–236; 432
^ Yergin, pp. 510–513
^ Yergin. p. p. 767 767
^ Michael McCaughan, The Battle of Venezuela. London, 2004. p 128
^ Margarita López Maya. Venezuela 2001–2004: actores y estrategias. CDC. [online]. ago. atrás. 2004, vol.21, no.56 [citado 04 Agosto 2010], p.109-132. Disponible en la World Wide Web: < http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1012-25082004000200006&lng=es&nrm=iso >. ISSN 1012-2508. p 19.
^ "Afro-Venezuelans and the Struggle to End Racism" . Venezuela Information Office. 2007 . http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Afro-Venezuelans.htm . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Retirado 18 de janeiro de 2008.
^ "Indigenous Peoples in Venezuela" . Venezuela Information Office. 2007 . http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Indigenous.htm . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Retirado 18 de janeiro de 2008.
^ "World Refugee Survey 2008" . US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 19 June 2008 . http://www.refugees.org/survey .
^ Venezuela - Population . Source: US Library of Congress.
^ "Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles . World Resources Institute. World Resources Institute. 2003 . http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ "Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica" . Ine.gob.ve . http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&cuadro=cuadro229 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Retirado 25 de abril de 2010.
^ Ethnologue. Languages of Venezuela .
^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Venezuela . United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (21 December 2008)
^ a b c "Human Development Report 2009 - Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)" . Hdrstats.undp.org . http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_VEN.html . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Retirado 25 de abril de 2010.
^ "Health Care for All: Venezuela's Health Missions at Work" . Venezuela Information Office. 2007 . http://www.rethinkvenezuela.com/downloads/Healthcare%20for%20All.htm . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Retirado 18 de janeiro de 2008.
^ Castro, Arachu (2008). "Barrio adentro a look at the origins of a social mission" . David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University . http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1114 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . Retirado 29 de janeiro de 2009.
^ By Jeff Green CNN (10 May 2006). "US death rate" . CNN.com . http://www.cnn.com/2006/HEALTH/parenting/05/08/mothers.index/index.html . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Retirado 25 de abril de 2010.
^ UNDP . Human Development Report 2006: Venezuela . Retrieved 8 March 2007.
^ "Population, Health, and Human Well-Being—Venezuela" (PDF). EarthTrends Country Profiles . World Resources Institute. World Resources Institute. 2003 . http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/pop_cou_862.pdf . Retrieved 10 March 2007 . Extraído a 10 de Março de 2007.
^ FAO. Venezuela . Retrieved 20 September 2006.
^ Unicef. Venezuela . Retrieved 20 September 2006.
^ Venezuela Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
^ http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/misc-view/sharedfiles/Metas_Milenio.pdf
^ From 1917, "greater awareness of the country's oil potential had the pernicious effect of increasing the corruption and intrigue amongst Gomez's family and entourage, the consequences of which would be felt up to 1935 - BS McBeth (2002), Juan Vicente Gómez and the Oil Companies in Venezuela, 1908-1935 , Cambridge University Press , p17.
^ "The perception of petroleum as the cause of Venezuela's corruption had become widespread during this period." - Coronil, F. (1988), The magical state: nature, money, and modernity in Venezuela , p353
^ United Nations, World Drug Report 2010 Statistical Annex: Drug seizures
^ "Crime in Venezuela: Shooting the messenger" . 2010-08-18 . http://www.economist.com/node/21009630 . Retrieved 2010-08-18 . Obtido 2010/08/18.
^ El Pais retrieved 03.Nov.2009: "96 homicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes"
^ "Crime threatens Chavez vote in Venezuela slums | Reuters" . Uk.reuters.com. Uk.reuters.com. 14 November 2008 . http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN14277528 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Retirado 25 de abril de 2010.
^ Simon Romero. [Venezuela more deadly than Iraq . New York Times. New York Times. August 24, 2010 24 de agosto de 2010
^ Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005). "Compulsory voting around the world" . London: The Guardian . http://politics.guardian.co.uk/apathy/story/0,,1521096,00.html . Retrieved 10 March 2007 .
^ "Luisa Estela Morales afirma que la división de poderes debilita al Estado" . El Informador. 5 December 2009 . http://www.elinformador.com.ve/noticias/venezuela/poder-judicial/luisa-estela-morales-afirma-division-poderes-debilita-estado/8397 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Retirado 16 de janeiro, 2010. (Spanish) (Espanhol)
^ "Coro and its Port" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1993 . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/658 .
^ "Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas" . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2000 . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/986 .
^ "Happiness Statistics By Country" . Nationmaster.com . http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/lif_hap_lev_ver_hap-lifestyle-happiness-level-very-happy . Retrieved 21 June 2007 .
External links Ligações externas
Find more about Venezuela on Wikipedia's sister projects :
Definitions from Wiktionary Definições da Wikcionário

Textbooks from Wikibooks Livros didáticos da Wikipédia

Quotations from Wikiquote Citações de Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource textos Fonte do Wikisource

Images and media from Commons Imagens e media no Commons

News stories from Wikinews As notícias do Wikinews

Learning resources from Wikiversity Recursos de aprendizagem da Wikiversidade

E-Government (in Spanish)
Venezuela travel guide from Wikitravel
Chief of State and Cabinet Members Chefe de Gabinete e os membros do Estado
Venezuela entry at The World Factbook
Venezuela at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Venezuela at the Open Directory Project
Venezuela at Encyclopædia Britannica
Venezuela from the Library of Congress Country Studies (1990)
Venezuela Information Office
Venezuela Music
[show]Links to related articles Links para artigos relacionados

[hide]v • d • e v • d • e Administrative divisions of Venezuela

Capital District Distrito Capital Caracas Caracas

States Estados Amazonas · Anzoátegui · Apure · Aragua · Barinas · Bolívar · Carabobo · Cojedes · Delta Amacuro · Falcón · Guárico · Lara · Mérida · Miranda · Monagas · Nueva Esparta · Portuguesa · Sucre · Táchira · Trujillo · Vargas · Yaracuy · Zulia

Dependencies Dependências Los Monjes Archipelago · Las Aves archipelago · Isla Aves · Los Hermanos Archipelago · Islas Los Frailes · Los Roques archipelago · La Sola Island · La Tortuga Island · La Orchila · Blanquilla Island · Los Testigos Islands · Isla de Patos

Regions Regiões Andean · Capital · Central · Central-Western · Guayana · Insular · Llanos · North-Eastern · South-Western · Zulian

Claimed Reivindicado Guayana Esequiba

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Venezuela topics

History História New Granada · Captaincy General · Declaration of Independence · War of Independence · First Republic · Second Republic · Military career of Simón Bolívar · Battle of Carabobo · Gran Colombia · Federal War


Politics Política Elections · Political parties ( Fifth Republic Movement · Democratic Action · Copei – Social Christian Party of Venezuela · For Social Democracy · Communist Party · United Socialist Party · A New Era ) Constitution · Foreign relations · Military • Missions · National Assembly · Presidents · Supreme Tribunal of Justice · International rankings

Geography Geografia Environmental issues · Fauna · Flora · National parks · Subdivisions ( Administrative regions · Cities · States ) · World Heritage Sites

Economy Economia Communications · Companies · Cooperatives · Currency · Energy · Stock exchange · Transport

Demographics Demografia Public holidays · Languages · Religion · Notable Venezuelans · Indigenous peoples

Culture Cultura Cuisine · Cinema · Education · Healthcare · Heritage · Internet domain · Literature · Media · Miss Venezuela · Music

Symbols Símbolos National flag · Coat of arms · National anthem · National symbols

WikiProject · Portal

[show]v • d • e v • d • e World Heritage Sites in Venezuela

Canaima National Park (includes Angel Falls ) · University City of Caracas · Coro and its Port




[show] Geographic locale localidade geográfica

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Countries of South America Países da América do Sul

Countries and territories also in or commonly reckoned to be elsewhere in the Americas shown in italics

Sovereign states Os estados soberanos
Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela

Overseas department departamento ultramarino
French Guiana ( France )

Dependencies Dependências
Falkland Islands / South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( UK ) · Aruba / Curaçao ( Netherlands )



[show]International membership filiação internacional

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Latin Union União Latina

Member nations Estados-nações Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela

Permanent observers Os Observadores Permanentes Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Argentina · Santa Sé · Ordem Militar Soberana de Malta

Official languages Os idiomas oficiais Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Union of South American Nations União das Nações Sul-Americanas

Members Deputados Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela

Topics Tópicos Cusco Declaration · Constitutive Treaty · Pro tempore Presidency · Secretary General · Bank of the South · South American Parliament · Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America · Mercosur · Andean Community · 2004 South American Summit · South American Energy Summit Declaração de Cusco · Tratado Constitutivo · Presidência Pro Tempore · Secretário Geral · Banco do Sul · América do Sul Parlamento · Iniciativa para a Integração de Infra-estrutura da América do Sul · Mercosul · Comunidade Andina · 2004 Cúpula América do Sul · Cúpula Energética Sul-Americana

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Andean Community of Nations

Members Deputados
Bolivia · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru
Associate members Associados
Argentina · Brazil · Chile · Paraguay · Uruguay · Venezuela
Observers Observadores
Mexico · Panama



[show]v • d • e v • d • e Mercosur · Mercosul Mercosul Mercosul · (Southern Common Market) (Mercado Comum do Sul)

Full Members Membros Efetivos
Argentina · Brazil · Paraguay · Uruguay
Becoming Full Members Tornar-se membro integral
Venezuela Venezuela
Associate members Associados
Bolivia · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru
Observers Observadores
Mexico México



[show]v • d • e v • d • e Organization of American States (OAS) Organização dos Estados Americanos (OEA)

Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Barbados • Brazil • Belize • Bahamas · Bolivia · Costa Rica · Cuba · Canada • Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · St. Kitts and Nevis · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela

[show]v • d • e v • d • e Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)

Algeria Argélia

Argentina Argentina

Brazil Brasil
Chile Chile

Egypt Egito

India Índia
Indonesia Indonésia

Iran Irão

Jamaica Jamaica
Kenya Quénia

Malaysia Malásia

Mexico México
Nigeria Nigéria

Peru Peru

Senegal Senegal
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka

Venezuela Venezuela

Zimbabwe Zimbabué



[show]v • d • e v • d • e Members of the Arab League

Members Deputados Algeria · Bahrain · Comoros · Djibouti · Egypt · Iraq · Jordan · Kuwait · Lebanon · Libya · Mauritania · Morocco · Oman · Palestine · Qatar · Saudi Arabia · Somalia · Sudan · Syria · Tunisia · United Arab Emirates · Yemen

Observers Observadores Brazil · Eritrea · India · Venezuela

Diplomacy Diplomacia Arab Peace Initiative




Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "
Categories : Venezuela | Caribbean countries | Federal countries | Former Spanish colonies | G15 nations | OPEC member states | South American countries | Spanish-speaking countries | States and territories established in 1811
Hidden categories: Articles with dead external links from September 2010 | Wikipedia semi-protected pages | Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages | Articles containing Italian language text | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 | All articles containing potentially dated statements | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 | Use dmy dates from August 2010
Personal tools Ferramentas pessoais
New features Novos recursos Log in / create account Entrar / criar conta Namespaces Namespaces
Article Artigo Discussion Discussões Variants Variantes Views Vistas
Read Leia View source Ver fonte View history Ver histórico Actions Ações Search Pesquisa
Navigation Navegação
Main page Página Principal Contents Conteúdo Featured content Conteúdo em destaque Current events Eventos atuais Random article aleatória Donate Doar Interaction Interação
About Wikipedia Sobre a Wikipédia Community portal Portal da comunidade Recent changes Mudanças recentes Contact Wikipedia Contato Wikipedia Help Ajuda Toolbox Ferramentas
What links here O que traz aqui Related changes Alterações relacionadas Upload file Carregar arquivo Special pages Páginas especiais Permanent link Link permanente Cite this page Citar esta página Print/export Imprimir / Exportar
Create a book Criar um livro Download as PDF Versão em PDF Printable version Versão para impressão Languages Línguas
Acèh Aceh Afrikaans Afrikaans Alemannisch Alemannisch Ænglisc Ænglisc العربية العربية Aragonés Aragonés Arpetan Arpetan Asturianu Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Azərbaycanca Bamanankan Bamanankan বাংলা বাংলা Bân-lâm-gú Ban-lam-gu Беларуская Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Bikol Central Bislama Bislama བོད་ཡིག བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Bosanski Brezhoneg Brezhoneg Български Български Català Catalão Чӑвашла Чӑвашла Cebuano Cebuano Česky Česky Chavacano de Zamboanga Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Corsu Cymraeg Cymraeg Dansk Dansk Deutsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް ދ ި ވ ެ ހ ި ބ ަ ސ ް Diné bizaad Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Dolnoserbski Eesti Eesti Ελληνικά Ελληνικά Español Español Esperanto Esperanto Estremeñu Estremeñu Euskara Euskara Eʋegbe Eʋegbe فارسی فارسی Fiji Hindi Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Føroyskt Français Français Frysk Frysk Gaeilge Gaeilge Gaelg Gaelg Gàidhlig Gaidhlig Galego Galego Хальмг Хальмг 한국어 한국어 Հայերեն Հայերեն हिन्दी हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Hrvatski Ido Ido Ilokano Ilokano ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী ইমার ঠার / বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Indonésia Interlingua Interlingua Interlingue Interlingue Иронау Иронау Íslenska Íslenska Italiano Italiano עברית עברית Basa Jawa Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Kapampangan ქართული ქართული Қазақша Қазақша Kernewek Kernewek Kiswahili Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Ayisyen Kreyòl Kurdî Kurdî Ladino Ladino Latina Latina Latviešu Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lietuvių Líguru Líguru Lingála Lingala Lojban Lojban Lumbaart Lumbaart Magyar Magiar Македонски Македонски Malagasy Malgaxe മലയാളം മലയാളം मराठी मराठी مصرى مصرى مازِرونی مازرونی Bahasa Melayu Bahasa Melayu Мокшень Мокшень Монгол Монгол Nāhuatl Nahuatl Nederlands Nederlands 日本語 日本语 Nnapulitano Nnapulitano ‪Norsk (bokmål)‬ ‪ Norsk (bokmål) ‬ ‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬ ‪ Norsk (nynorsk) ‬ Novial Novial Occitan Occitano O'zbek O'zbek Pangasinan Pangasinan پنجابی پنجابی Papiamentu Papiamentu Piemontèis Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Plattdüütsch Polski Polski Português Português Qırımtatarca Qırımtatarca Română Română Rumantsch Romanche Runa Simi Runa Simi Русский Русский Саха тыла Саха тыла Sámegiella Sámegiella Gagana Samoa Gagana Samoa संस्कृत संस्कृत Scots Escocês Shqip Shqip Sicilianu Sicilianu Simple English Simples Inglês Slovenčina Slovenčina Slovenščina Slovenščina Ślůnski Ślůnski Soomaaliga Soomaaliga Српски / Srpski Српски / Srpski Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски Suomi Suomi Svenska Svenska Tagalog Tagalog தமிழ் தமிழ் Татарча/Tatarça Татарча / Tatarça Tetun Tétum ไทย ไทย Тоҷикӣ Тоҷикӣ Tshivenda Tshivenda Türkçe Türkçe Türkmençe Türkmençe Українська Українська اردو اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche‎ ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Veneto Tiếng Việt Tiếng Việt Volapük Volapük Võro Võro 文言 文言 Winaray Winaray Wolof Wolof 吴语 吴语 ייִדיש ייִדיש Yorùbá Yorùbá 粵語 粤语 Zazaki Zazaki Žemaitėška Žemaitėška 中文 中文 This page was last modified on 13 October 2010 at 21:16. Esta página foi modificada pela última vez em 13 de Outubro de 2010 às 21:16.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License O texto está disponível sob a Creative Commons Attribution License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. ; Condições adicionais podem aplicar Veja. Termos de Uso para obter detalhes.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Wikipedia ® é uma marca comercial da Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , uma organização sem fins lucrativos.

Contact us Contacte-nos
Privacy policy Política de privacidade About Wikipedia Sobre a Wikipédia Disclaimers Disclaimers
Texto original em inglês:
Venezuela is a founder member of the United Nations (1945), the Organization of American States (1948), the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (1960), the Group of 15 (1989), the World Trade Organization (1995), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) (2004) and the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) (2008).
Sugira uma tradução melhor


COPYRIGHT AUTOR DO TEXTO