10753 - JAIME II, REI CATÓLICO

James II of England James II da Inglaterra From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
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James II & VII [ 1 ] James II e VII [1]

King of England , Scotland and Ireland ( more... ) Rei da Inglaterra , Escócia e Irlanda ( mais ... )
Reign Reinado 6 February 1685 – 11 December 1688 06 de fevereiro de 1685 - 11 dez 1688
Coronation Coroação 23 April 1685 23 de abril de 1685
Predecessor Antecessor Charles II Charles II
Successor Sucessor William III & II and Mary II William III e II e II Mary
( William and Mary ) ( William e Mary )

Spouse Cônjuge Anne Hyde Anne Hyde
m. m. 1660; dec. 1660, dezembro 1671 1671
Mary of Modena Maria de Modena
m. m. 1673; wid. 1673; wid. 1701 1701
among others entre outros Issue Edição
Mary II Maria II
Anne Anne
James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick Fitzjames James, 1 º duque de Berwick
James, Prince of Wales James, Príncipe de Gales
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart Louisa Stuart Maria Teresa
House Casa House of Stuart Casa de Stuart
Father Pai Charles I of England Charles I da Inglaterra
Mother Mãe Henrietta Maria of France Henrietta Maria da França
Born Nascido 14 October 1633 ( 1633-10-14 ) 14 outubro de 1633 (1633/10/14)
( NS : 24 October 1633) ( NS : 24 de outubro de 1633)
St. James's Palace , London Palácio de St. James , em Londres
Died Morreu 16 September 1701 ( 1701-09-16 ) (aged 67) ( NS ) 16 setembro de 1701 (1701/09/16) (67 anos) ( NS )
Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France Saint-Germain-en-Laye , França
Burial Enterro Saint-Germain-en-Laye Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Signature Assinatura
Religion Religião Roman Catholicism Catolicismo romano
James II & VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) [ 2 ] was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII , [ 1 ] from 6 February 1685. James II e VII (14 outubro de 1633 - 16 Setembro 1701) [2] foi rei da Inglaterra e do rei de Portugal como James II, Rei da Escócia como Jaime VII, [1] a partir de 06 de fevereiro de 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England , Scotland , and Ireland . Ele foi o último católico monarca a reinar sobre os reinos de Inglaterra , Escócia e Irlanda . Increasingly members of Britain's political and religious elite opposed him as too pro-French, too pro-Catholic, and too much of an absolute monarch. Cada vez mais membros da elite política e religiosa da Grã-Bretanha se opuseram a ele como "pró-franceses, também pró-católica, e muito de um monarca absoluto. When he produced a Catholic heir , the tension exploded and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands. Quando ele produziu um herdeiro católico , a tensão explodiu e os nobres líderes convidou William III de Orange (seu genro e sobrinho) a terra de um exército de invasão da Holanda. James fled England (and thus abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. [ 3 ] He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III , ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II . James fugiu da Inglaterra (e, portanto, abdicou) na Revolução Gloriosa de 1688. [3] Ele foi substituído por Guilherme de Orange, que se tornou rei de William III , decidindo em conjunto com sua esposa (filha de James), Mary II . Thus William and Mary , both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. Assim, Guilherme e Maria , ambos protestantes, tornou-se comum os governantes em 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. James fez uma séria tentativa de recuperar sua coroa, quando ele desembarcou na Irlanda em 1689 mas, após a derrota dos jacobitas Forças pela Williamite forças na batalha do Boyne , no verão de 1690, James voltou para a França. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV . Ele viveu o resto de sua vida como um pretendente a um tribunal patrocinado por seu primo e aliado, o rei Luís XIV .

James is best known for his belief in absolute monarchy and his attempts to create religious liberty for his subjects against the wishes of the English Parliament . James é mais conhecido por sua crença na monarquia absoluta e suas tentativas de criar a liberdade religiosa para os seus súditos contra a vontade do Parlamento Inglês . Parliament, opposed to the growth of absolutism that was occurring in other European countries, as well as to the loss of legal supremacy for the Church of England , saw their opposition as a way to preserve what they regarded as traditional English liberties. Parlamento, em oposição ao crescimento do absolutismo que estava ocorrendo em outros países europeus, bem como a perda da supremacia jurídica da Igreja da Inglaterra , viu a sua oposição como uma forma de preservar o que eles considerados tradicionais liberdades Inglês. This tension made James's four-year reign a struggle for supremacy between the English Parliament and the Crown, resulting in his deposition, the passage of the English Bill of Rights , and the Hanoverian succession . Esta tensão feita no ano reinado de quatro James uma luta pela supremacia entre o Parlamento Inglês e da Coroa, resultando em seu depoimento, a passagem do Bill Inglês dos Direitos e da sucessão de Hanover .

Contents Conteúdo [hide]
1 Birth and early life 1 Nascimento e início da vida
1.1 Civil War 1,1 Guerra Civil
1.2 Exile in France 1,2 exílio na França
2 Restoration 2 Restauração
2.1 First marriage 2,1 Primeiro casamento
2.2 Military and political offices 2,2 e escritórios políticos Militar
2.3 Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage 2,3 conversão ao catolicismo romano e segundo casamento
2.4 Exclusion Crisis 2,4 Crise Exclusão
2.5 Return to favour 2,5 voltar a favor
3 Reign 3 Reign
3.1 Ascension to the throne 3,1 Ascensão ao trono
3.2 Two rebellions 3.2 Duas rebeliões
3.3 Absolutism and religious liberty 3,3 Absolutismo e liberdade religiosa
4 Glorious Revolution 4 Revolução Gloriosa
5 Later years Mais tarde, cinco anos
5.1 War in Ireland 5,1 guerra na Irlanda
5.2 Return to exile and death 5,2 retorno ao exílio e à morte
6 Succession 6 Sucessão
7 Historiography 7 Historiografia
8 Titles and styles 8 títulos e estilos
9 Arms 9 Armas
10 In popular culture 10 Na cultura popular
11 Ancestors 11 Antepassados
12 Issue 12 Issue
13 See also 13 Ver também
14 Notes 14 Notas
15 References 15 Referências
16 External links 16 ligações externas

[ edit ] Birth and early life [ editar ] Nascimento e primeiros anos de vida

The future James II with his father, Charles I O futuro de James II com seu pai, Carlos I James, the second surviving son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France , was born at St. Tiago, o filho sobrevivente segundo Charles I e Henrietta Maria da França , nasceu em St. James's Palace in London on 14 October 1633. [ 4 ] Later that same year, James was baptized by William Laud , the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury . [ 5 ] James was educated by tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II , and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham , George and Francis Villiers. [ 6 ] At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral ; the position was initially honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration, when James was an adult. [ 7 ] Palácio James em Londres em 14 de outubro de 1633. [4] Mais tarde, naquele mesmo ano, James foi batizado por William Laud , o anglicano Arcebispo de Cantuária . [5] James foi educado pelos tutores, junto com seu irmão, o futuro rei Charles II , e os dois filhos do Duque de Buckingham , George Francis. Villiers e [6] Em três anos de idade, James foi nomeado Senhor Almirante , a posição foi inicialmente honorário, mas se tornaria um escritório de fundo após a Restauração, quando James foi um adulto. [7]

[ edit ] Civil War [ editar ] Guerra Civil James was invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, [ 8 ] and created Duke of York on 22 January 1644. [ 5 ] As the King's disputes with the English Parliament grew into the English Civil War James stayed in Oxford , a Royalist stronghold. [ 9 ] When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, Parliamentary leaders ordered the Duke of York to be confined in St. James foi investido com a Ordem da Jarreteira em 1642, [8] e criou Duque de York em 22 de janeiro de 1644. [5] Como King's contesta a com o Parlamento Inglês cresceu na Guerra Civil Inglês James permaneceu em Oxford , um reduto monarquista . [9] Quando a cidade se rendeu após o cerco de Oxford em 1646, os líderes parlamentares ordenou o duque de York, para ser confinados em St. James's Palace . [ 10 ] In 1648, he escaped from the Palace and from there he went to The Hague in disguise. [ 11 ] When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed James's older brother Charles II of England . [ 12 ] Charles II was recognized by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in Scotland in 1651. Palácio James . [10] Em 1648, ele fugiu do palácio e de lá ele foi para Haia em disfarçar. [11] Quando Carlos I foi executado pelos rebeldes em 1649, monarquistas proclamaram mais velho Tiago, irmão de Carlos II de Inglaterra . [ 12] Charles II foi reconhecido pelo Parlamento da Escócia e do Parlamento da Irlanda e foi coroado Rei da Escócia em Scone , na Escócia, em 1651. Although he was proclaimed King at Jersey Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France and exile. [ 12 ] Embora ele foi proclamado rei em Jersey Charles foi incapaz de garantir a coroa da Inglaterra e, consequentemente, fugiu para a França e exílio. [12]

[ edit ] Exile in France [ editar ] Exílio em França

Turenne, James's commander in France Turenne, comandante James em França Like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde , and later against their Spanish allies. [ 13 ] In the French army, James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he "ventures himself and chargeth gallantly where anything is to be done". [ 13 ] In 1656, when his brother, Charles, entered into an alliance with Spain —an enemy of France—James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turenne's army. [ 14 ] James quarrelled with his brother over the diplomatic choice of Spain over France. Como seu irmão, James buscou refúgio na França, ao serviço do exército francês, sob Turenne contra a Fronda , e mais tarde contra os seus aliados espanhóis. [13] No exército francês, James teve a sua primeira experiência de verdadeira batalha, onde, de acordo com um observador , ele "joint-se e chargeth galantemente, onde tudo deve ser feito". [13] Em 1656, quando seu irmão, Charles, que entrou em uma aliança com a Espanha , um inimigo da França, Jaime foi expulso da França e forçado a deixar Turenne's exército. [14] James brigou com seu irmão sobre a escolha diplomática da Espanha sobre a França. Exiled and poor, there was little that either Charles or James could do about the larger diplomatic situation, and James ultimately travelled to Bruges and (along with his younger brother, Henry ) joined the Spanish army under Louis, Prince of Condé , fighting against his former French comrades at the Battle of the Dunes . [ 15 ] During his term of service in the Spanish army, James became friendly with two Irish Catholic brothers in the Royalist entourage, Peter and Richard Talbot , and began to be somewhat estranged from his brother's Anglican advisers. [ 16 ] In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace . Exilado e pobres, havia pouco que seja Charles ou James poderia fazer sobre o maior situação diplomática, e James finalmente viajou para Bruges e (juntamente com seu irmão mais novo, Henry ) se juntou ao exército espanhol, sob Louis, príncipe de Condé , lutando contra o seu ex-camaradas franceses na Batalha das Dunas . [15] Durante seu tempo de serviço no exército espanhol, James fez amizade com dois irlandeses irmãos católicos na comitiva monárquicos, Peter e Richard Talbot , e começou a ser um pouco afastado de seu irmão conselheiros Anglicana. [16] Em 1659, o francês eo espanhol feito a paz . James, doubtful of his brother's chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy. [ 17 ] Ultimately, he declined the position; by the next year the situation in England had sufficiently changed, and Charles II was proclaimed King. [ 18 ] James, duvidoso do irmão de suas chances de recuperar o trono, considerados tendo uma oferta espanhola a ser um almirante da sua marinha. [17] Finalmente, ele se recusou a posição, no ano seguinte a situação em Inglaterra teve bastante alterado, e Charles II foi proclamado rei. [18]

[ edit ] Restoration [ editar ] Restauração [ edit ] First marriage [ editar ] Primeiro casamento

James and Anne Hyde in the 1660s, by Sir Peter Lely James e Anne Hyde na década de 1660, por Sir Peter Lely After Oliver Cromwell's death in 1658 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, Charles II was restored to the English throne. Depois de Oliver Cromwell, a morte em 1658 eo subseqüente colapso da Commonwealth em 1660, Charles II foi restaurado ao trono Inglês. Although James was the heir-presumptive , it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. [ 19 ] Upon his brother's restoration, James was created Duke of Albany in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York. Embora James foi o herdeiro presuntivo , parecia improvável que ele iria herdar a coroa, como Charles ainda era um jovem capaz de ter filhos. [19] sobre o irmão de restauração dele, Tiago foi criado Duque de Albany , na Escócia, para ir junto com o título Inglês, o duque de York. Upon his return to England, James produced an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to Anne Hyde , the daughter of Charles's chief minister, Edward Hyde . [ 20 ] In 1659, while attempting to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne. [ 21 ] Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the Restoration and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a commoner , no matter what he had pledged beforehand. [ 22 ] Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, they did so. [ 22 ] The couple was married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660 , in London . Após o seu regresso a Inglaterra, James produziu uma controvérsia imediata, ao anunciar seu noivado com Anne Hyde , filha do ministro-chefe, Charles, Edward Hyde . [20] Em 1659, ao tentar seduzi-la, James prometeu que iria casar com Anne. [21 ] Anne ficou grávida em 1660, mas após a restauração e de retorno de James no poder, ninguém na corte real esperado um príncipe para se casar com um plebeu , não importa o que ele havia prometido anteriormente. [22] Apesar de quase todos, incluindo o pai de Anne, pediu que os dois não se casar, o fizeram. [22] O casal casou-se secretamente, em seguida, passou por uma cerimônia de casamento oficial em 03 de setembro 1660 , em Londres . Their first child, Charles, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further sons and daughters. [ 22 ] Only two daughters survived: Mary (born 30 April 1662) and Anne (born 6 February 1665). [ 23 ] Samuel Pepys wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, writing that he played with them "like an ordinary father", a contrast to the distant parenting common to royals at the time. [ 24 ] James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions. [ 25 ] Even so, he kept a variety of mistresses, including Arabella Churchill and Catherine Sedley , and was reputed to be "the most unguarded ogler of his time." [ 26 ] With Catherine Sedley, James II had a daughter, Catherine Darnley (so named because James II was a descendant of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ). Seu primeiro filho, Charles, nasceu há menos de dois meses depois, mas morreu na infância, assim como cinco filhos e filhas ainda mais. [22] Apenas duas filhas sobreviveram: Maria (nascida em 30 de abril de 1662) e Anne (nascido em 06 fevereiro de 1665) . [23] Samuel Pepys escreveu que Tiago gostava de seus filhos e seu papel como um pai, por escrito, que jogou com eles "como um pai comum", um contraste com os pais distantes comuns a realeza da época. [24] a mulher de James foi dedicado a ele e influenciou muitas das suas decisões. [25] Mesmo assim, ele manteve uma série de amantes, incluindo Arabella Churchill e Sedley Catarina , e tinha fama de ser "o mais subterrâneo ogler de seu tempo." [26 ] Com Catherine Sedley, James II, teve uma filha, Catherine Darnley (assim chamada por James II era descendente de Henrique Stuart, Lord Darnley ). Anne Hyde died in 1671. Anne Hyde morreu em 1671.

[ edit ] Military and political offices [ editar ] Militar e cargos políticos After the Restoration, James was confirmed as Lord High Admiral , an office that carried with it the subsidiary appointments of Governor of Portsmouth and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports . [ 27 ] James commanded the Royal Navy during the Second (1665–1667) and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars (1672–1674). Após a Restauração, James foi confirmado como Senhor Almirante , um escritório que levou com ele as nomeações filial de Governador do Portsmouth e Warden Senhor do Cinque Ports . [27] James comandou a Marinha Real Britânica durante a Segunda (1665-1667) e Terceira Guerra Anglo-holandesa (1672-1674). Following the raid on the Medway in 1667, James oversaw the survey and re-fortification of the southern coast. [ 28 ] The office of Lord High Admiral, combined with his revenue from post office and wine tariffs (granted him by Charles upon his restoration) gave James a sufficient salary to keep a sizeable court household. [ 29 ] Após a invasão no Medway em 1667, Tiago supervisionou o levantamento e re-fortificação do litoral sul. [28] O cargo de Lord High Admiral, combinada com sua receita de correios e as tarifas de vinho (concedidos a ele por Charles sobre sua restauração ) James deu um salário suficiente para manter uma casa tribunal considerável. [29]

In 1664, Charles granted American territory between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers to James. Em 1664, Charles concedida território norte-americano entre os rios Delaware e Connecticut para James. Following its capture by the English the former Dutch territory of New Netherland was named the Province of New York in James's honour. Após sua captura pela ex-território holandês Inglês da Nova Holanda foi nomeado o Província de Nova Iorque , em honra de James. After the founding, the duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley . Fort Orange , 240 kilometres (150 miles) north on the Hudson River , was renamed Albany after James's Scottish title. [ 22 ] In 1683, he became the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company , but did not take an active role in its governance. [ 22 ] James also headed the Royal African Company , a slave trading company. [ 30 ] Após a fundação, o duque fez parte da colônia aos proprietários George Carteret e Berkeley John . Forte Orange , 240 quilômetros (150 milhas) ao norte do rio Hudson , foi rebatizado Albany após escocês título de James. [22] Em 1683, tornou-se o governador do Hudson's Bay Company , mas não ter um papel activo na sua governação. [22] James também dirigiu a Royal Company Africano , um comércio de escravos da companhia. [30]

In September 1666, his brother Charles put him in charge of firefighting operations for the Great Fire of London , in the absence of action by Mayor Thomas Bloodworth . Em setembro de 1666, seu irmão Charles colocá-lo no comando das operações de combate a incêndios para o Grande Incêndio de Londres , na ausência de ação pelo prefeito Thomas Bloodworth . While this was not strictly a political office, his actions and leadership were noteworthy. Enquanto isso não era estritamente um cargo político, suas ações e liderança foram notáveis. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September. [ 31 ] "O Duque de York, tem conquistado os corações das pessoas com o seu incansável dores dia e noite, contínua e para ajudar a apagar o fogo", escreveu um testemunho em uma carta em 08 de setembro. [31]

[ edit ] Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage [ editar ] Conversão ao Catolicismo Romano e segundo casamento

Mary of Modena , James's second wife Maria de Modena , segundo a esposa de James James's time in France had exposed him to the beliefs and ceremonies of Catholicism ; he and his wife, Anne, became drawn to that faith. [ 32 ] James took Eucharist in the Roman Catholic Church in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for some time and he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676. [ 33 ] In spite of his conversion, James continued to associate primarily with Anglicans, including John Churchill and George Legge , as well as French Protestants , such as Louis de Duras , the Earl of Feversham. [ 34 ] É hora de James na França expôs-lhe as crenças e cerimônias do catolicismo , e sua esposa, Anne, foi atraído para a fé. ele [32] James tomou Eucaristia na Igreja Católica Romana em 1668 ou 1669, apesar de sua conversão foi mantida em segredo há algum tempo e ele continuou a freqüentar as missas anglicanas até 1676. [33] Apesar de sua conversão, James continuou a ser associado principalmente com os anglicanos, incluindo John Churchill e George Legge , assim como protestantes franceses , como Louis de Duras , a Conde de Feversham. [34]

Growing fears of Catholic influence at court led the English Parliament to introduce a new Test Act in 1673. [ 35 ] Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required not only to disavow the doctrine of transubstantiation , but also denounce certain practices of the Catholic Church as superstitious and idolatrous) and to receive the Eucharist under the auspices of the Church of England . [ 36 ] James refused to perform either action, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. crescentes temores de influência católica na corte levou o Parlamento Inglês para introduzir um novo teste de Lei em 1673. [35] Segundo esta lei, todos os funcionários civis e militares foram obrigados a prestar juramento (em que foram necessários não só para repudiar a doutrina da transubstanciação , mas também denunciar certas práticas da Igreja Católica como supersticiosos e idólatras) e para receber a Eucaristia, sob os auspícios da Igreja da Inglaterra . [36] James se recusou a realizar uma ação, em vez de escolher a abandonar o cargo de Lord High Almirante. His conversion to Catholicism was thereby made public. [ 35 ] Sua conversão ao catolicismo é, assim, tornado público. [35]

Charles II opposed the conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised as Protestants. [ 37 ] Nevertheless, he allowed James to marry the Catholic Mary of Modena , a fifteen-year-old Italian princess. [ 38 ] James and Mary were married by proxy in a Catholic ceremony on 20 September 1673. [ 39 ] On 21 November, Mary arrived in England and Nathaniel Crew , Bishop of Oxford , performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the Catholic marriage. [ 40 ] Many of the British people, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the Pope . [ 41 ] Carlos II opôs-se à conversão, ordenando que filhas de James, Mary e Anne, ser levantada como protestantes. [37] No entanto, ele permitiu que Tiago se casar com a católica Maria de Modena , um ano de idade princesa italiana quinze anos. [38] Tiago e Maria foram casados ​​por procuração em uma cerimônia católica em 20 de setembro de 1673. [39] Em 21 de Novembro, Mary chegou à Inglaterra e Nathaniel Crew , Bispo de Oxford , realizou uma breve cerimônia anglicana que pouco mais fez do que reconhecer o casamento católico. [40 ] Muitos do povo britânico, desconfiado do catolicismo, considerado a nova duquesa de York como um agente do papa . [41]

[ edit ] Exclusion Crisis [ editar ] Exclusão de Crise In 1677, James reluctantly consented to his daughter Mary's marriage to the Protestant William of Orange (who was also James's nephew). Em 1677, James relutantemente aceitaram o casamento de sua filha Maria ao protestante Guilherme de Orange (que era também sobrinho de James). James acquiesced after his brother Charles and William had agreed upon the marriage. [ 42 ] Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife, Catherine of Braganza , to produce any children. James concordou depois que seu irmão Charles e William tinham acordado o casamento. [42] Apesar de o casamento protestante, os medos de um monarca católico potencial persistiu, intensificado pela falha de Charles II e sua esposa, Catarina de Bragança , para produzir filhos. A defrocked Anglican clergyman, Titus Oates , spoke of a " Popish Plot " to kill Charles and put the Duke of York on the throne. [ 43 ] The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation. A defrocked clérigo anglicano, Titus Oates , falou de uma " Parcela papista "para matar Charles e colocou o Duque de York ao trono. [43] O enredo fabricado causou uma onda de histeria anti-católica para varrer toda a nação.



The Duke of Monmouth was involved in plots against James O duque de Monmouth foi envolvido em conspirações contra James In England, the Earl of Shaftesbury , a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, attempted to have James excluded from the line of succession. [ 44 ] Some members of Parliament even proposed that the crown go to Charles's illegitimate son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth . [ 45 ] In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. [ 46 ] Two further Parliaments were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. [ 47 ] The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the Whigs were those who supported the Bill, while the Tories were those who opposed it. Na Inglaterra, o conde de Shaftesbury , um ex-ministro e agora um dos principais opositores do catolicismo, tentou ter James excluído da linha de sucessão. [44] Alguns membros do Parlamento chegou a propor que a coroa vai para filho ilegítimo de Charles, James Scott, primeiro Duque de Monmouth . [45] Em 1679, com a Lei de Exclusão em perigo de passar, Carlos II dissolveu o Parlamento. [46] Dois outros Parlamentos foram eleitos em 1680 e 1681, mas foram dissolvidos pelo mesmo motivo. [47 ] A Crise da Exclusão contribuíram para o desenvolvimento do sistema bipartidário Inglês: os whigs eram aqueles que apoiavam o projeto, enquanto os conservadores foram os que se opuseram a ela. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government. [ 48 ] Em última análise, a sucessão não foi alterada, mas Tiago foi convencido a retirar todos os órgãos de política e de aceitar um papel menor no governo de seu irmão. [48]

On the orders of the King, James left England for Brussels . [ 49 ] In 1680, he was appointed Lord High Commissioner of Scotland and took up residence at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh in order to suppress an uprising and oversee royal government. [ 50 ] James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death. [ 51 ] The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in the English Parliament, including the Earl of Danby , a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment turned against him. [ 52 ] Sob as ordens do rei, James deixou a Inglaterra para Bruxelas . [49] Em 1680, foi nomeado Senhor Alto Comissário da Escócia e passou a residir no Palácio de Holyrood em Edimburgo , a fim de reprimir uma revolta e fiscalizar o governo real. [ 50] James retornou à Inglaterra para um momento em que Charles foi ferido mal e parecia estar perto da morte. [51] A histeria das acusações eventualmente sumiu, mas de relações James com muitos no Parlamento Inglês, incluindo a Conde de Danby , um ex- aliado, foram sempre tensas e um segmento contínuo se virou contra ele. [52]

[ edit ] Return to favour [ editar ] Return to favor In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles and James and spark a republican revolution to re-establish a government of the Cromwellian style . [ 53 ] The conspiracy, known as the Rye House Plot , backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James. [ 54 ] Several notable Whigs , including the Earl of Essex and the King's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth , were implicated. [ 53 ] Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot, implicating fellow-plotters, but later recanted. [ 53 ] Essex committed suicide and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into Continental exile. [ 55 ] Charles reacted to the plot by increasing repression of Whigs and dissenters. [ 53 ] Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the privy council in 1684. [ 56 ] While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed. Em 1683, foi descoberto um complô para assassinar Carlos, Tiago e acender um republicano revolução para restabelecer um governo do estilo de Cromwell . [53] A conspiração, conhecida como a casa do centeio Terreno , saiu pela culatra em cima de sua conspiradores e provocou uma onda de simpatia para o rei e James. [54] Vários notáveis ​​Whigs , incluindo o conde de Essex e de um filho ilegítimo, o rei, o duque de Monmouth , foram implicados. [53] Monmouth inicialmente confessou cumplicidade na conspiração, implicando companheiros conspiradores, mas depois se retratou. [53] cometeu suicídio Essex e Monmouth, juntamente com vários outros, foi obrigado a fugir para o exílio Continental. [55] Charles reagiu à parcela de aumento da repressão Whigs e os dissidentes. [53] Aproveitando James repercussão popularidade, Charles convidou-o de volta para o Conselho Privado em 1684. [56] Embora alguns no Parlamento Inglês permaneceu cauteloso sobre a possibilidade de um rei católico, a ameaça de exclusão de James do trono tinha passado.

[ edit ] Reign [ editar ] Reinado [ edit ] Ascension to the throne [ editar ] Ascensão ao trono

Statue of James II in Trafalgar Square , London Estátua de James II, em Trafalgar Square , Londres Charles died in 1685 after converting to Catholicism on his deathbed. [ 57 ] Having no legitimate children, Charles was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II, and in Scotland as James VII. Charles morreu em 1685 após se converter ao catolicismo em seu leito de morte. [57] Não ter filhos legítimos, Charles foi sucedido por seu irmão Tiago, que reinou na Inglaterra e na Irlanda, James II, e na Escócia como Jaime VII. There was little initial opposition to his succession, and there were widespread reports of public rejoicing at the orderly succession. [ 58 ] James wanted to proceed quickly to the coronation, and was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1685. [ 59 ] The new Parliament that assembled in May 1685, which gained the name of " Loyal Parliament ", was initially favourable to James, and the new King sent word that even most of the former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule. [ 58 ] Most of Charles's officers continued in office, the exceptions being the promotion of James's brothers-in-law, the Earls of Clarendon and Rochester , and the demotion of Halifax . [ 60 ] Parliament granted James a generous life income, including all of the proceeds of tonnage and poundage and the customs duties. [ 61 ] James worked harder as king than his brother had, but was less willing to compromise when his advisers disagreed. [ 62 ] Houve oposição inicial pouco a sua sucessão, e houve relatos generalizados de regozijo público na sucessão ordenada. [58] James queria avançar rapidamente para a coroação, e foi coroado na Abadia de Westminster em 23 de abril de 1685. [59] O novo Parlamento , que reuniu maio 1685, que ganhou o nome de " Loyal Parlamento ", foi inicialmente favorável a Tiago, e que o novo rei mandou dizer que mesmo a maioria dos ex-exclusionistas seria perdoado se aquiesceu ao seu governo. [58] A maioria dos de de funcionários Charles continuou no cargo, sendo as excepções a promoção de irmãos James-de-lei, os condes de Clarendon e Rochester , eo rebaixamento de Halifax . [60] , o Parlamento deu James uma renda vitalícia generoso, incluindo todos os produtos do tonelagem e poundage e costumes funções. [61] James trabalhou duro como o rei que seu irmão tinha, mas era menos dispostos a fazer concessões, quando seus conselheiros discordou. [62]

[ edit ] Two rebellions [ editar ] Duas rebeliões Main article: Monmouth Rebellion Ver artigo principal: Rebelião Monmouth
Soon after becoming king, James faced a rebellion in southern England led by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth , and another rebellion in Scotland led by Archibald Campbell , the Earl of Argyll . [ 63 ] Argyll and Monmouth both began their expeditions from Holland , where James's nephew and son-in-law, William of Orange , had neglected to detain them or put a stop to their recruitment efforts. [ 64 ] Argyll sailed to Scotland and, on arriving there, raised recruits mainly from amongst his own clan, the Campbells . [ 65 ] The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll himself was captured at Inchinnan on 18 June 1685. [ 65 ] Having arrived with fewer than 300 men and unable to convince many more to flock to his standard, Argyll never posed a credible threat to James. [ 66 ] Argyll was taken as a prisoner to Edinburgh. Logo depois de se tornar rei, James enfrentou uma rebelião no sul da Inglaterra liderado por seu sobrinho, o duque de Monmouth , e uma outra rebelião, na Escócia, liderados por Archibald Campbell , o Conde de Argyll . [63] Argyll e Monmouth ambas começaram suas expedições de Holanda , onde está o sobrinho Tiago e genro, Guilherme de Orange , tinha deixado de imobilizá-los ou pôr termo ao recrutamento seus esforços. [64] Argyll navegou para a Escócia e, ao chegar lá, levantou recrutas principalmente entre seu próprio clã, o Campbells . [65] A rebelião foi rapidamente esmagada, Argyll e ele mesmo foi capturado em Inchinnan em 18 de Junho de 1685. [65] Tendo chegado com menos de 300 homens e incapaz de convencer muitos mais a se bandear para o seu padrão, nunca representou uma Argyll ameaça credível de James. [66] Argyll foi levado como prisioneiro para Edimburgo. A new trial was not commenced because Argyll had previously been tried and sentenced to death. Um novo julgamento não foi iniciada porque Argyll já havia sido julgado e condenado à morte. The King confirmed the earlier death sentence and ordered that it be carried out within three days of receiving the confirmation. O Rei confirmou a sentença de morte precoce e ordenou que fosse realizado no prazo de três dias do recebimento da confirmação.

Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but the former was more dangerous to James. rebelião de Monmouth foi coordenada com Argyll, mas o antigo era mais perigoso para James. Monmouth had proclaimed himself King at Lyme Regis on 11 June. [ 67 ] He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army. [ 68 ] Monmouth's rebellion attacked the King's forces at night, in an attempt at surprise, but was defeated at the Battle of Sedgemoor . [ 68 ] The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels. [ 68 ] Monmouth himself was captured and executed at the Tower of London on 15 July. [ 69 ] The King's judges—most notably, George Jeffreys —condemned many of the rebels to transportation and indentured servitude in the West Indies in a series of trials that came to be known as the Bloody Assizes . [ 70 ] Some 250 of the rebels were executed. [ 69 ] While both rebellions were defeated easily enough, the effect on James was to harden his resolve against his enemies and to increase his suspicion of the Dutch. [ 71 ] Monmouth tinha se proclamado rei em Lyme Regis , em 11 de junho. [67] Ele tentou levantar recrutas, mas foi incapaz de reunir os rebeldes o suficiente para derrotar mesmo James pequeno exército permanente. [68] da rebelião de Monmouth atacado Rei forças à noite, em uma tentativa a surpresa, mas foi derrotado na Batalha de Sedgemoor . [68] King's forças A, liderada por Feversham e Churchill, dispersaram rapidamente o preparado rebeldes doente. [68] Monmouth mesmo foi capturado e executado na Torre de Londres em 15 de Julho . [69] King's juizes A, mais notavelmente, George Jeffreys condenado muitos dos rebeldes para transporte e trabalho escravo nas Índias Ocidentais , em uma série de testes que veio a ser conhecido como o Assizes Bloody . [70] Cerca de 250 dos rebeldes foram executados. [69] Embora ambas as rebeliões foram derrotados facilmente, o efeito sobre o James estava a endurecer a sua determinação contra os seus inimigos e aumentar a sua desconfiança dos holandeses. [71]

[ edit ] Absolutism and religious liberty [ editar ] Absolutismo e liberdade religiosa To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety in an enlarged standing army . [ 72 ] This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime. [ 73 ] Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his dispensing power to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act. [ 72 ] When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament prorogued in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign. [ 74 ] In the beginning of 1686 two papers were found in Charles II's strong box and his closet, in his own hand, stating the arguments for Catholicism over Protestantism. Para se proteger de novas rebeliões, James buscou segurança em uma alargada exército permanente . [72] Isto alarmou seus súditos, não só por causa dos soldados problemas causados ​​nas cidades, mas porque era contra a tradição de Inglês para manter um exército profissional em tempo de paz. [73] Ainda mais alarmante para o Parlamento foi a utilização de James do seu poder de distribuição para permitir que os católicos romanos de comandar vários regimentos sem ter de fazer o juramento obrigatório pela Lei de teste. [72] Quando até mesmo o apoio do Parlamento já se opuseram a essas medidas , James mandou Parlamento prorrogou em novembro de 1685, nunca se reunir novamente em seu reinado. [74] No início de 1686 dois artigos foram encontrados nos é forte caixa de Carlos II e seu armário, na sua própria mão, indicando os argumentos para o catolicismo sobre o protestantismo . James published these papers with a declaration signed by his sign manual and challenged the Archbishop of Canterbury and the whole Anglican episcopal bench to refute Charles's arguments: "Let me have a solid answer, and in a gentlemanlike style; and it may have the effect which you so much desire of bringing me over to your church". James publicou estes artigos com uma declaração assinada por seu manual de sinal e desafiou o Arcebispo de Cantuária eo banco Anglicana todo episcopal para refutar os argumentos de Charles: "Deixe-me dar uma resposta sólida, e num estilo como um cavalheiro, e ele pode ter o efeito que que tanto desejo de aproximar-me sobre a sua igreja ". The Archbishop refused on the grounds of respect for the late king. [ 75 ] O arcebispo se recusou por razões de respeito pelo falecido rei. [75]



Rochester , once amongst James's supporters, turned against him by 1688, along with most Anglicans Rochester , uma vez que entre os apoiantes de James, virou-se contra ele em 1688, juntamente com a maioria dos anglicanos James advocated repeal of the penal laws in all three of his kingdoms, but refused to allow those dissenters who did not petition for relief to receive it. [ 76 ] In his own words, James expressed indignation that men had the impudence to advocate repeal of the penal laws against Protestants. [ 77 ] James sent a letter to the Scottish Parliament at its opening in 1685, declaring his wish for new penal laws against refractory Presbyterians and lamented that he was not there in person to promote such a law. James defendeu a revogação da legislação penal em todos os três de seus reinos, mas se recusou a permitir que os dissidentes que não pedido de socorro para recebê-la. [76] Em suas próprias palavras, James expressou indignação que os homens tiveram o descaramento de defender a revogação da as leis penais contra os protestantes. [77] James enviou uma carta ao Parlamento escocês em sua abertura em 1685, declarando seu desejo de novas leis penais contra os presbiterianos refratário e lamentou que ele não estava lá em pessoa para promover uma tal lei. In response, the Parliament passed an Act which stated that "whoever should preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, either as preacher or as a hearer, a conventicle in the open air, should be punished with death and confiscation of property". [ 78 ] In March 1686, James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Catholics but that the persecution of the Presbyterian Covenanters should continue, calling them to London when they refused to acquiesce his wishes. [ 79 ] The Privy Councillors explained that they would grant relief to Catholics only if a similar relief was provided for the Covenanters and if James promised not to attempt anything which would harm the Protestant religion. Em resposta, o Parlamento aprovou uma lei que dizia que "quem deve pregar em uma conventicle sob um teto, ou deveria participar, seja como pastor ou como ouvinte, um conventicle ao ar livre, deve ser punido com a morte e confisco de bens ". [78] Em março de 1686, James enviou uma carta ao Conselho Privado defendendo a tolerância da Escócia para os católicos, mas que a perseguição do Covenanters Presbiteriana deve continuar, chamando-os de Londres, quando eles se recusaram a aceitar os seus desejos. [79] O Privy Conselheiros explicou que daria alívio para os católicos se um alívio semelhante foi fornecido para a Covenanters e James se comprometeu a não tentar nada que possa prejudicar a religião protestante. James agreed to a degree of relief to Presbyterians but not to the full toleration he wanted for Catholics, declaring that the Protestant religion was false and he would not promise not to prejudice a false religion. [ 79 ] James concordou com um grau de alívio para os presbiterianos, mas não para a tolerância completa ele queria para os católicos, declarando que a religião protestante é falsa e que não iria prometer que não vai prejudicar uma religião falsa. [79]

James allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of the Kingdoms, and received at his court the papal nuncio , Ferdinando d'Adda , the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of Mary I . [ 80 ] James's Jesuit confessor, Edward Petre , was a particular object of Protestant ire. [ 81 ] When the King's Secretary of State, the Earl of Sunderland , began replacing office-holders at court with Catholic favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters. [ 82 ] Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's Anglican brothers-in-law and their supporters. [ 82 ] Catholics made up no more than one fiftieth of the English population. [ 83 ] In May 1686, James sought to obtain from the English common-law courts a ruling which showed that his power to dispense with Acts of Parliament was legal. James permitiu católicos romanos para ocupar os mais altos cargos dos Reinos, e recebeu em sua corte o núncio papal , Ferdinando d'Adda , o primeiro representante de Roma a Londres desde o reinado de Maria I . [80] James jesuíta confessor, Edward Petre , foi um determinado objeto da ira protestante. [81] Quando o Rei do Secretário de Estado, o Conde de Sunderland , começaram a substituir cargos públicos na corte com os favoritos Católica, James começou a perder a confiança de muitos dos seus apoiantes Anglicana. [82 ] é limpar Sunderland do mandato dos titulares até no King's irmãos Anglicana-de-lei e os seus apoiantes. [82] católicos composta não mais de um quinto da população Inglês. [83] Em maio de 1686, James buscou obter os tribunais Inglês lei comum uma decisão que mostrou que seu poder de dispensar Atos do Parlamento foi legal. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter as well as the Solicitor General Heneage Finch . [ 84 ] The case, Godden v. Hales, affirmed his dispensing power, [ 85 ] with eleven out of the twelve judges in Godden ruling in favour of the dispensing power. [ 86 ] Ele descartou juízes que não concordavam com ele sobre este assunto, bem como o Procurador Geral Heneage Finch . [84] O caso, Godden v. Hales, afirmou o seu poder de dispensar, [85] , com onze dos doze juízes na sentença em favor Godden do poder de dispensa. [86]

In 1687, James issued the Declaration of Indulgence , also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, in which he used his dispensing power to negate the effect of laws punishing Catholics and Protestant Dissenters . [ 87 ] He attempted to garner support for his tolerationist policy by giving a speaking tour in the West of England in the summer of 1687. Em 1687, James emitiu a Declaração de Indulgência , também conhecida como a Declaração de Liberdade de Consciência, no qual ele usou seu poder de distribuição para anular o efeito de leis para punir os católicos e protestantes dissidentes . [87] Ele tentou angariar apoio para sua tolerationist política, dando um circuito de palestras no oeste da Inglaterra, no verão de 1687. As part of this tour, he gave a speech at Chester where he said "suppose... there should be a law made that all black men should be imprisoned, it would be unreasonable and we had as little reason to quarrel with other men for being of different [religious] opinions as for being of different complexions." [ 88 ] At the same time, James provided partial toleration in Scotland, using his dispensing power to grant relief to Catholics and partial relief to Presbyterians. [ 89 ] Como parte desta turnê, ele fez um discurso em Chester, onde ele disse "... suponhamos que deveria haver uma lei feita que todos os negros deveriam ser presos, não seria razoável e que teve como motivo para brigar com outros homens para estar dos diferentes grupos religiosos] pareceres [como por ser de cores diferentes. " [88] Ao mesmo tempo, James desde tolerância parcial na Escócia, usando seu poder de distribuição para conceder a isenção para os católicos e alívio parcial presbiterianos. [89]

In 1688, James ordered the Declaration read from the pulpits of every Anglican church, further alienating the Anglican bishops against the Catholic governor of their church. [ 90 ] While the Declaration elicited some thanks from Catholics and dissenters, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges. [ 90 ] James provoked further opposition by attempting to reduce the Anglican monopoly on education. [ 91 ] At the University of Oxford , James offended Anglicans by allowing Catholics to hold important positions in Christ Church and University College , two of Oxford's largest colleges. Em 1688, James mandou a declaração lida nos púlpitos de todas as igrejas anglicanas, ainda alienar os bispos anglicanos contra o governador de sua igreja católica. [90] Enquanto a Declaração provocou alguns agradecimentos dos católicos e os dissidentes, ele deixou a igreja estabelecida, o tradicional aliado da monarquia, em uma posição difícil de ser forçado a diminuir seus privilégios. [90] James ainda provocou a oposição de tentar reduzir o monopólio anglicano na educação. [91] Na Universidade de Oxford , James ofendido anglicanos, permitindo Católicos ocupam cargos importantes na Igreja de Cristo e da University College , duas das maiores faculdades de Oxford. He also attempted to force the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College to elect Anthony Farmer , a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be secretly Catholic, [ 92 ] as their president when the Protestant incumbent died, a violation of the Fellows' right to elect a candidate of their own choosing. [ 91 ] Ele também tentou forçar a Fellows protestante do Magdalen College de eleger Anthony Farmer , um homem de má reputação em geral que se acreditava ser secretamente Católica, [92], como seu presidente, quando os protestantes históricos morreu, uma violação dos Fellows 'o direito de eleger um candidato da sua escolha. [91]

In 1687 James prepared to pack Parliament with his supporters so that it would repeal the Test Act and the penal laws. Em 1687 James preparado para embalar Parlamento, com os seus apoiantes para que revogaria a Lei de teste e as leis penais. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. James foi convencido por endereços de dissidentes que tinha o seu apoio e assim poderia dispensar a depender Tories e anglicanos. James instituted a wholesale purge of those in offices under the crown opposed to James's plan, appointing new lords-lieutenant and remodeling the corporations governing towns and livery companies. [ 93 ] In October James gave orders for the lords-lieutenant in the provinces to provide three standard questions to all members of the Commission of the Peace: would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the penal laws; would they assist candidates who would do so; and would they accept the Declaration of Indulgence. James instituiu um expurgo grosso das pessoas em escritórios sob a coroa contra o plano de James, que nomeia novos senhores-tenente e remodelação das corporações que regem as cidades e empresas de libré. [93] Em Outubro de James deu ordens para que os senhores-tenente nas províncias de fornecer três perguntas padrão para todos os membros da Comissão da Paz: será que o consentimento para a revogação da Lei de teste e as leis penais; que ajudam os candidatos que iria fazê-lo, e teria que aceitar a Declaração de Indulgência. During the first three months of 1688, hundreds of those asked the three questions who gave hostile replies were dismissed. [ 94 ] Corporations were purged by agents given wide discretionary powers in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine. [ 95 ] Finally, on 24 August 1688, James ordered writs to be issued for a general election. [ 96 ] However, upon realising in October that William of Orange was going to land in England, James withdrew the writs and wrote to the lords-lieutenant to inquire over allegations of abuses committed during the regulations and election preparations as part of the concessions James made in order to win support. [ 97 ] Durante os três primeiros meses de 1688, centenas de inquiridos três perguntas que deram respostas hostis foram demitidos. [94] As corporações foram removidos por agentes dado amplos poderes discricionários na tentativa de criar uma máquina real eleitoral permanente. [95] Finalmente, em 24 de agosto de 1688, James mandou mandado a ser emitido para uma eleição geral. [96] No entanto, ao perceber que em outubro de Guilherme de Orange estava indo aterrar em Inglaterra, James retirou o mandado e escreveu para os senhores-tenente para saber mais denúncias de abusos cometidos durante a preparação das eleições legislativas, regulamentares e como parte das concessões de Tiago fez para ganhar apoio. [97]

[ edit ] Glorious Revolution [ editar ] Revolução Gloriosa Main article: Glorious Revolution Ver artigo principal: Revolução Gloriosa


James's nephew and son-in-law, William , was invited to "save the Protestant religion" sobrinho Tiago e genro, William , foi convidado para "salvar a religião protestante" In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergymen to read it in their churches. [ 98 ] When seven Bishops , including the Archbishop of Canterbury , submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for seditious libel . [ 99 ] Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Catholic son and heir, James Francis Edward on 10 June of that year. [ 100 ] When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary phenomenon, but when the Prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Catholic dynasty, such men had to reconsider their position. [ 101 ] Threatened by a Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants claimed the child was "supposititious" and had been smuggled into the Queen's bedchamber in a warming pan. [ 102 ] They had already entered into negotiations with William, Prince of Orange, when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of James's son reinforced their convictions. [ 103 ] Em abril de 1688, James re-emitiram a Declaração de Indulgência, posteriormente ordenar clérigos anglicanos para lê-lo em suas igrejas. [98] Quando sete bispos , incluindo o arcebispo de Canterbury , apresentou uma petição pedindo a reconsideração da religiosa de políticas King, eles foram presos e julgados por difamação sediciosa . [99], o alarme público aumentaram quando a rainha Mary deu à luz um filho católico e herdeiro, James Francis Edward em 10 de junho daquele ano. [100] Quando é só James possíveis sucessores estavam as suas duas filhas protestantes, Anglicanos podia ver seu católicos políticas pró como um fenômeno temporário, mas quando o príncipe é o nascimento abriu a possibilidade de um católico dinastia permanente, esses homens tiveram que reconsiderar a sua posição. [101] Ameaçado por uma dinastia católica, vários protestantes influentes alegou que a criança era "espúrio" e tinham sido contrabandeadas para o Queen's dormitório em uma panela quente. [102] Eles tinham já entrado em negociações com William, Príncipe de Orange, quando se tornou conhecida a rainha estava grávida, eo nascimento do filho de James reforçou a sua convicções. [103]

On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles invited the Prince of Orange to come to England with an army. [ 104 ] By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade. [ 105 ] Believing that his own army would be adequate, James refused the assistance of Louis XIV, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention. [ 105 ] When William arrived on 5 November 1688, many Protestant officers, including Churchill, defected and joined William , as did James's own daughter, Princess Anne . [ 106 ] James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority. [ 107 ] On 11 December, James tried to flee to France, first throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames . [ 108 ] James was captured in Kent ; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Em 30 de junho de 1688, um grupo de sete nobres protestantes convidou o príncipe de Orange para vir para a Inglaterra com um exército. [104] Em setembro, tornou-se claro que William tentou invadir. [105] Acreditando que seu próprio exército seria adequada, James recusou o apoio de Luís XIV, temendo que o Inglês se opor à intervenção francesa. [105] Quando Guilherme chegou em 05 de novembro de 1688, muitos oficiais protestantes, incluindo Churchill, desertou e se juntou a William , assim como própria filha de James, a princesa Anne . [106] James perdeu a coragem e se recusou a atacar o exército invasor, apesar de numérica superioridade de seu exército. [107] Em 11 de Dezembro, Tiago tentou fugir para a França, primeiro jogando o Grande Selo do Reino para o Rio Tamisa . [ 108], James foi capturado em Kent , mais tarde, ele foi libertado e colocado sob a guarda protetora holandês. Having no desire to make James a martyr, the Prince of Orange let him escape on 23 December. [ 108 ] James was received by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension. Não tendo nenhum desejo de fazer um mártir James, o Príncipe de Orange deixá-lo escapar, em 23 de dezembro. [108], James foi recebido por seu primo e aliado, Louis XIV, que lhe ofereceu um palácio e uma pensão.



John Churchill had been a member of James's household for many years, but defected to William of Orange in 1688 John Churchill tinha sido um membro do agregado familiar de James por muitos anos, mas desertou para a Guilherme de Orange em 1688 William convened a Convention Parliament to decide how to handle James's flight. William convocou uma Convenção Parlamento para decidir como lidar com o vôo de James. While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively abdicated the throne, and that the throne had thereby become vacant. [ 109 ] To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689, declared James to have forfeited the throne. [ 110 ] The English Parliament passed a Bill of Rights that denounced James for abusing his power. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments. [ 111 ] The Bill also declared that henceforth, no Catholic would be permitted to ascend to the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Catholic. [ 112 ]

[ edit ] Later years [ editar ] Últimos anos [ edit ] War in Ireland Main article: Williamite War in Ireland
With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689. [ 113 ] The Irish Parliament did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive bill of attainder against those who had rebelled against him. [ 114 ] At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. [ 115 ] James worked to build an army in Ireland, but was ultimately defeated at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690 when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control. [ 116 ] James fled to France once more, departing from Kinsale , never to return to any of his former kingdoms. [ 116 ] Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as Séamus an Chaca or 'James the be-shitten'. [ 117 ]

[ edit ] Return to exile and death

The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , James's home during his final exile In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . [ 118 ] James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the Earl of Melfort ; most, but not all, were Catholic. [ 119 ] In 1692, James's last child, Louisa Maria Teresa , was born. [ 120 ] Some supporters in England attempted to restore James to the throne by assassinating William III in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular. [ 121 ] Louis XIV's offer to have James elected King of Poland in the same year was rejected, for James feared that acceptance of the Polish crown might (in the minds of the English people) render him incapable of being King of England. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much in the way of assistance to James. [ 122 ]

During his last years, James lived as an austere penitent . [ 123 ] He wrote a memorandum for his son advising him on how to govern England, specifying that Catholics should possess one Secretary of State, one Commissioner of the Treasury, the Secretary at War, with the majority of the officers in the army. [ 124 ]

He died of a brain hemorrhage on 16 September 1701 at Saint-Germain-en-Laye . [ 125 ] His body was laid to rest in a coffin at the Chapel of Saint Edmund in the Church of the English Benedictines in the Rue St. Jacques in Paris, with a funeral oration by Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette . [ 125 ] In 1734, the Archbishop of Paris heard evidence to support James's canonization, but nothing came of it. [ 125 ] During the French Revolution , James's tomb was raided and his remains scattered. [ 126 ]

[ edit ] Succession [ editar ] Sucessão

James's son was known as "James III and VIII" to his supporters, and "The Old Pretender" to his enemies James's younger daughter Anne succeeded to the throne when William III died in 1702. The Act of Settlement provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were to be extinguished, then the crown would go to a German cousin, Sophia, Electress of Hanover , and to her Protestant heirs. [ 127 ] Sophia was a granddaughter of James VI and I through his eldest daughter, Elizabeth Stuart , the sister of King Charles I . Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (fewer than two months after the death of Sophia), the crown was inherited by George I , Sophia's son, the Elector of Hanover and Anne's second cousin. [ 127 ]

James's son James Francis Edward was recognised as King at his father's death by Louis XIV of France and James's remaining supporters (later known as Jacobites ) as "James III and VIII." [ 128 ] He led a rising in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated. [ 129 ] Jacobites rose again in 1745 led by Charles Edward Stuart , James II's grandson, and were again defeated. [ 130 ] Since then, no serious attempt to restore the Stuart heir has been made. Charles's claims passed to his younger brother Henry Benedict Stuart , the Dean of the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church . [ 131 ] Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the Jacobite claim since then. [ 132 ]

[ edit ] Historiography [ editar ] Historiografia

Macaulay wrote in the Whig tradition

Belloc was a notable apologist for James II. Historical analysis of James II has gone through considerable change since he was overthrown. Initially, Whig historians, led by Lord Macaulay , cast James as a cruel absolutist and his reign as "tyranny which approached to insanity". [ 133 ] Subsequent scholars, such as GM Trevelyan (Macaulay's great nephew) and David Ogg, while more balanced than Macaulay, continued Macaulay's tradition into the twentieth century, characterizing James as a tyrant, his attempts at religious tolerance as a fraud, and his reign as an aberration in the course of British history. [ 134 ] In 1892, AW Ward wrote for the Dictionary of National Biography that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing objects of his policy." [ 135 ]

Hilaire Belloc broke with this tradition in 1928. Belloc cast James as an honorable man and a true advocate for freedom of conscience, and his enemies as "men in the small clique of great fortunes ... which destroyed the ancient monarchy of the English." [ 136 ] Belloc's thesis failed to alter the course of historical opinion at the time, but by the 1960s and 1970s, Maurice Ashley and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule. [ 137 ] These modern authors moved away from the school of thought that preached inevitability of the Glorious Revolution and the continuous march of progress and democracy. "[H]istory is," Ashley wrote, "after all, the story of human beings and individuals, as well as of the classes and the masses." [ 138 ] He cast James II and William III as "men of ideals as well as human weaknesses." [ 138 ] John Miller, writing in 2000, accepted the claims of James's absolutism, but argued that "his main concern was to secure religious liberty and civil equality for Catholics. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end." [ 139 ] In 2004, WA Speck wrote in the new Oxford Dictionary of National Biography that "James was genuinely committed to religious toleration, but also sought to increase the power of the crown." [ 140 ] He added that, unlike the government of the Netherlands, "James was too autocratic to combine freedom of conscience with popular government. He resisted any check on the monarch's power. That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch." [ 140 ]

Tim Harris's conclusions from his 2006 book summarize the crossroads of modern scholarship on James II:

The jury will doubtless remain out on James for a long time…Was he an egotistical bigot…a tyrant who rode roughshod over the will of the vast majority of his subjects (at least in England and Scotland)…simply naïve, or even perhaps plain stupid, unable to appreciate the realities of political power…Or was he a well-intentioned and even enlightened ruler—an enlightened despot well ahead of his time, perhaps—who was merely trying to do what he thought was best for his subjects? [ 141 ]
[ edit ] Titles and styles [ editar ] Títulos e estilos Royal styles of estilos Real de
King James II of England

Reference style estilo de referência His Majesty Sua Majestade
Spoken style Falado estilo Your Majesty Sua Majestade
Alternative style estilo alternativo Sire Pai
Royal styles of estilos Real de
James VII, King of Scotland

Reference style estilo de referência His Grace Sua Graça
Spoken style Falado estilo Your Grace Sua Graça
Alternative style estilo alternativo Sire Pai
14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685 : Prince James
27 January 1644 – 6 February 1685 : The Duke of York
10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685 : The Earl of Ulster
31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685 : The Duke of Albany
before 1 January 1665 – 6 February 1685 : His Royal Highness [ 142 ]
6 February 1685 – 11 December 1688 : His Majesty The King
11 December 1688 – 16 September 1701 : His Majesty King James II [ citation needed ]
Jacobite : His Majesty The King
The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England , Scotland , France and Ireland , Defender of the Faith , etc." (The claim to France was only nominal, and was asserted by every English King from Edward III to George III , regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled.) In Scotland, he was James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc. . [ 143 ]

James was created " Duke of Normandy " by King Louis XIV of France, 31 December 1660. This was a few months after the restoration of his brother Charles II to the English and Irish thrones (Charles II had been crowned King of Scotland in 1651), and probably was done as a political gesture of support for James – since his brother also would have claimed the title "Duke of Normandy".

[ edit ] Arms [ editar ] Armas

Half-Crown coin of James II, 1686 Prior to his accession, James's arms were those of the kingdom (which he later inherited), differenced by a label argent of three points ermine , although it is noted that, when it become clear that his position as heir-presumptive was not under threat, a label argent of three points was sometimes used. [ 144 ] His arms as King were: Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England ); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland ) .


Coat of arms of James II of England

Coat of arms of James VII in Scotland


[ edit ] In popular culture [ editar ] Na cultura popular James is a character in the novel The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo . He was portrayed by Josef Moser in the 1921 Austrian silent film Das Grinsende Gesicht and by Sam De Grasse in the 1928 silent film The Man Who Laughs .

He has also been portrayed by Gibb McLaughlin in the 1926 silent film Nell Gwynne , based on a novel by Joseph Shearing , Lawrence Anderson in the 1934 film Nell Gwyn , Vernon Steele in the 1935 film Captain Blood , based on the novel by Rafael Sabatini , Douglas Matthews in the 1938 BBC TV drama Thank You, Mr. Pepys , Henry Oscar in the 1948 film Bonnie Prince Charlie , John Westbrook in the 1969 BBC TV series The First Churchills , Guy Henry in the 1995 film England, My England , the story of the composer Henry Purcell , and Charlie Creed-Miles in the 2003 BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power & the Passion .

[ edit ] Ancestors [ editar ] Ancestrais Ancestors of James II of England


16. Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox



8. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley



17. Margaret Douglas



4. James I of England



18. James V of Scotland 18. James V da Escócia



9. Mary, Queen of Scots 9. Mary, Rainha dos Escoceses



19. Mary of Guise 19. Maria de Guise



2. Charles I of England 2. Charles I da Inglaterra



20. Christian III of Denmark 20. III Christian da Dinamarca



10. Frederick II of Denmark 10. Frederico II da Dinamarca



21. Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 21. Dorothea de Saxe-Lauenburg



5. Anne of Denmark 5. Anne da Dinamarca



22. Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 22. Ulrich III de Mecklenburg-Schwerin



11. Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11. Sofie de Mecklenburg-Schwerin



23. Elizabeth of Denmark 23. Elizabeth da Dinamarca



1. James II of England 1. James II da Inglaterra



24. Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme 24. Carlos de Bourbon, duque de Vendôme



12. Antoine of Navarre 12. Antoine de Navarra



25. Francoise d'Alencon 25. Françoise d'Alençon



6. Henry IV of France 6. Henrique IV de França



26. Henry II of Navarre 26. Henrique II de Navarra



13. Jeanne III of Navarre 13. III Jeanne de Navarra



27. Marguerite de Navarre 27. Marguerite de Navarra



3. Henrietta Maria of France 3. Henrietta Maria da França



28. Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 28. Cosimo I de 'Medici, Grão-Duque da Toscana



14. Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 14. Francesco I de Medici, Grão-Duque da Toscana



29. Eleonora di Toledo 29. Eleonora di Toledo



7. Marie de' Medici 7. Marie 'Medici



30. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 30. Fernando I, Imperador do Sacro Império



15. Johanna of Austria 15. Johanna da Áustria



31. Anna of Bohemia and Hungary 31. Ana da Boêmia e da Hungria




[ edit ] Issue [ editar ] Edição Main article: Descendants of James II of England Ver artigo principal: Descendentes de James II de Inglaterra
Children of James II of England Crianças de James II da Inglaterra
Scottish and English Royalty Banco escocês e Inglês
House of Stuart Casa de Stuart

James II & VII James II e VII
Mary II Maria II
Anne Anne
James Stuart James Stuart
Grandchildren Netos
Charles Edward Stuart Charles Edward Stuart
Henry Benedict Stuart Henry Stuart Bento
Name Nome Birth Nascimento Death Morte Notes Notas
By Anne Hyde Por Anne Hyde
Charles, Duke of Cambridge Charles, o duque de Cambridge 22 October 1660 22 de outubro de 1660 5 May 1661 05 de maio de 1661
Mary II Maria II 30 April 1662 30 de abril de 1662 28 December 1694 28 de dezembro de 1694 married 1677, William III, Prince of Orange ; no issue 1677 casada, Guilherme III, Príncipe de Orange , sem problema
James, Duke of Cambridge James, Duque de Cambridge 12 July 1663 12 de julho de 1663 20 June 1667 20 de junho de 1667
Anne Anne 6 February 1665 06 de fevereiro de 1665 1 August 1714 01 de agosto de 1714 married 1683, Prince George of Denmark ; no surviving issue casado 1683, o príncipe George da Dinamarca ; nenhuma questão de sobrevivência
Charles, Duke of Kendal Charles, o Duque de Kendal 4 July 1666 04 de julho de 1666 22 May 1667 22 de maio de 1667
Edgar, Duke of Cambridge Edgar, o duque de Cambridge 14 September 1667 14 de setembro de 1667 8 June 1671 08 junho de 1671
Henrietta Henrietta 13 January 1669 13 de janeiro de 1669 15 November 1669 15 nov 1669
Catherine Catarina 9 February 1671 09 de fevereiro de 1671 5 December 1671 05 de dezembro de 1671
By Mary of Modena Por Maria de Modena
Catherine Laura Catherine Laura 10 January 1675 10 de janeiro de 1675 3 October 1676 03 de outubro de 1676 died of convulsions. [ 145 ] morreu de convulsões. [145]
Isabel Isabel 28 August 1676 28 de agosto de 1676 2 March 1681 02 março de 1681
Charles, Duke of Cambridge Charles, o duque de Cambridge 7 November 1677 07 de novembro de 1677 12 December 1677 12 dez 1677 died of smallpox [ 146 ] morreu de varíola [146]
Elizabeth Elizabeth 1678 1678 c. c. 1678 1678
Charlotte Maria Charlotte Maria 16 August 1682 16 de agosto de 1682 16 October 1682 16 de outubro de 1682 died of convulsions [ 147 ] morreu de convulsões [147]
James, Prince of Wales Old Pretender James, Prince of Wales Old Pretender 10 June 1688 10 de junho de 1688 1 January 1766 01 de janeiro de 1766 married 1719, Mary Sobieski ; had issue 1719 se casou, Maria Sobieski ; tinha problema
Louisa Maria Teresa Louisa Maria Teresa 28 June 1692 28 de junho de 1692 20 April 1712 20 de abril de 1712
By Arabella Churchill Por Arabella Churchill
Henrietta FitzJames Henrietta Fitzjames 1667 1667 3 April 1730 3 de abril de 1730 Married first Henry Waldegrave ; had issue. Casado primeiro Henry Waldegrave ; tinha problema. Married secondly Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye ; no issue. Casado em segundo lugar Piers Butler, 3 Visconde Galmoye ; nenhum problema.
James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick Fitzjames James, 1 º duque de Berwick 21 August 1670 21 de agosto de 1670 12 June 1734 12 de junho de 1734
Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle Fitzjames Henry, 1 º Duque de Albemarle August, 1673 Agosto de 1673 December, 1702 Dezembro de 1702
Arabella FitzJames Arabella Fitzjames 1674 1674 7 November 1704 07 de novembro de 1704 Became a nun. Tornou-se freira.
By Catherine Sedley Por Catherine Sedley
Catherine Darnley Catherine Darnley c. c. 1681 1681 13 March 1743 Março 13, 1743 Alleged daughter. Alegadas filha. Married firstly, James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey and had issue, Casado em primeiro lugar, James Annesley, terceiro conde de Anglesey e teve a edição,
married secondly, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby and had issue. casou em segundo lugar, John Sheffield, primeiro duque de Buckingham e Normanby e teve a edição.
James Darnley James Darnley 1684 1684 1685 1685
[ edit ] See also [ editar ] Ver também Touch Pieces Toque Pieces
List of James II deserters to William of Orange Lista de James II desertores a Guilherme de Orange
[ edit ] Notes [ editar ] Notas ^ a b In Scotland, he was called James VII, as there were six previous kings of that nation named James. ^ um b Na Escócia, ele foi chamado James VII, havia seis reis anteriores de que a nação chamado James.
^ An assertion found in many sources that James II died 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 New Style ) may result from a miscalculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London" (Somers Tracts, ed. 1809–1815, XI, pp. 339–342). The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 New Style falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", an inevitable conclusion is that the author miscalculated the date which later made it to various reference works. See "English Historical Documents 1660–1714", ed. by Andrew Browning (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 136–138.
^ The Convention Parliament of England deemed James to have abdicated on 11 December 1688. The Parliament of Scotland on 11 April 1689 declared him to have forfeited the throne.
^ Miller, 1
^ a b Callow, 31
^ Callow, 34
^ Miller, 10; Callow, 101
^ Callow, 36
^ Callow, 42; Miller, 3
^ Callow, 45
^ Callow, 48–50
^ a b Royle, 517
^ a b Miller, 16–17
^ Miller, 19–20
^ Miller, 19–25
^ Miller, 22–23
^ Miller, 24
^ Miller, 25
^ Callow, 89
^ Callow, 90
^ Miller, 44
^ a b c d e Miller, 44–45
^ Waller, 49–50
^ Miller, 46.
^ Miller, 45–46.
^ Miller, 46. Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary that James "did eye my wife mightily". Ibid. Ibid. James's taste in women was often maligned, with Gilbert Burnet famously remarking that James's mistresses must have been "given him by his priests as a penance." Miller, 59.
^ Callow, 101.
^ Callow, 104.
^ Miller, 42.
^ Miller, 43–4.
^ Spelling modernised for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). 80. By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London . London: Jonathan Cape. Londres: Jonathan Cape.
^ Miller, 58–59; Callow, 144–145. Callow writes that Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband". Ibid., 144.
^ Callow, 143–144; Waller, 135
^ Callow, 149
^ a b Miller, 69–71
^ Kenyon, 385
^ Waller, 92
^ Waller, 16–17
^ Miller, 73
^ Turner, 110–111
^ Waller, 30–31
^ Miller, 84; Waller, 94–97. According to Turner, James's reaction to the agreement was "The King shall be obeyed, and I would be glad if all his subjects would learn of me to obey him". Turner, 132.
^ Miller, 87
^ Miller, 99–105
^ Harris, 74
^ Miller, 93–95
^ Miller, 103–104
^ Miller, 90
^ Miller, 87–91
^ Miller, 95
^ Miller, 98–99
^ Miller, 89; Callow, 180–183
^ a b c d Miller, 115–116
^ Miller, 116; Waller, 142–143
^ Miller, 116–117
^ Miller, 117
^ Miller, 118–119
^ a b Miller, 120–121
^ Harris, 45. The English coronation only crowned James King of England and Ireland; James was never crowned in Scotland, but was proclaimed King of Scotland around the same time.
^ Miller, 121
^ Harris, 44–45
^ Miller, 123
^ Miller, 140–143; Harris, 73–86
^ Miller, 139–140
^ a b Harris, 75–76
^ Harris, 76
^ Harris, 82–85
^ a b c Miller, 141
^ a b Harris, 88
^ Miller, 141–142
^ Miller, 142
^ a b Miller, 142–143
^ Harris, 95–100
^ Miller, 146–147
^ Macaulay, 349-50.
^ Macaulay, 242; Harris, 480–481. Covenanters , as they did not recognise James (or any uncovenanted king) as a legitimate ruler, would not petition James for relief from the penal laws.
^ Macaulay, 242
^ Macaulay, 242; Harris, 70
^ a b Macaulay, 385-86; Turner, 373
^ Miller 142; Macaulay, 445
^ Harris, 195–196
^ a b Miller, 150–152
^ Macaulay, 444.
^ Macaulay, 368.
^ Miller, 156–157; Harris, 192–195
^ Macaulay, 368-69; Harris, 192
^ Kenyon, 389–391
^ Sowerby, 32
^ Macaulay, 429; Harris, 480-82
^ a b Harris, 216–224
^ a b Harris, 224–229
^ Farmer's exact religious affiliation is unclear. Macaulay says Farmer "pretended to turn Papist". Prall, at 148, calls him a "Catholic sympathizer". Miller, at 170, says "although he had not declared himself a Catholic, it was believed he was no longer an Anglican." Ashley, at 89, does not refer to Farmer by name, but only as the King's Catholic nominee. All sources agree that Farmer's bad reputation as a "person of scandalous character" was as much a deterrent to his nomination as his uncertain religious loyalties. See, eg, Prall, 148.
^ Jones, 132.
^ Jones, 132-33.
^ Jones, 146.
^ Jones, 150.
^ Jones, 159.
^ Harris, 258–259
^ Harris, 260–262; Prall, 312
^ Miller 186–187; Harris, 269–272
^ Harris, 271–272; Ashley, 110–111
^ Gregg, Edward. Queen Anne. Yale University Press (2001), 58.
^ Waller, 43–46; Miller, 186–187
^ Ashley, 201–202
^ a b Miller, 190–196
^ Waller, 236–239.
^ Miller, 201–203
^ a b Miller, 205–209
^ Miller, 209. Harris, 320–328, analyses the legal nature of the abdication; James did not agree that he had abdicated.
^ Devine, 3; Harris, 402–407
^ Ashley, 206–209; Harris, 329–348
^ Harris, 349–350
^ Miller, 222–224
^ Miller, 226–227
^ Harris, 440
^ a b Harris, 446–449
^ Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites, Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 . 48: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-3774-3 .
^ Miller, 235
^ Miller, 235–236
^ SCOTTISH ROYAL LINEAGE – THE HOUSE OF STUART Part 4 of 6 online at burkes-peerage.net (accessed 9 February 2008)
^ Miller, 238; Waller, 350
^ Miller, 239
^ Miller, 234–236
^ Macaulay, 445
^ a b c Miller, 240
^ Miller, 240; Waller, 401; MacLeod, 349. MacLeod and Waller say all of James's remains were lost. McFerran says parts of his bowel sent to the parish church of St. Germain-en-Laye were rediscovered in 1824 and are the only known remains left. The English Illustrated Magazine s article on St. Germain from September 1901 concurs.
^ a b Harris, 493
^ MacLeod, 349
^ MacLeod 361–363
^ MacLeod, 365–371
^ MacLeod, 371–372
^ MacLeod, 373–374
^ Macaulay, 239
^ See Prall, vii–xv, for a more detailed historiography.
^ ^ " James II of England ". Dictionary of National Biography . London: Smith, Elder & Co . 1885-1900. Londres: Smith, Elder & Co 1885-1900..
^ Belloc, vii
^ See Ashley, 196–198; Prall, 291–293
^ a b Ashley, 9
^ Miller, ix
^ a b WA Speck, " James II and VII (1633–1701) ", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press, Sept. 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed 15 October 2007. Speck elaborated that James "wished that all his subjects could be as convinced as he was that the Catholic church was the one true church. He was also convinced that the established church was maintained artificially by penal laws which proscribed nonconformity. If these were removed, and conversions to Catholicism were encouraged, then many would take place … James underestimated the appeal of protestantism in general and the Church of England in particular. His was the zeal and even bigotry of a narrow-minded convert...."
^ Harris, 478–479
^ London Gazette : no. ^ London Gazette : não. 1693, p. 2 , 6 February 1681.;
London Gazette : no. London Gazette : não. 1728, p. 4 , 8 June 1682.;
London Gazette : no. London Gazette : não. 1849, p. 1 , 6 August 1683.
^ London Gazette : no. ^ London Gazette : não. 2009, p. 1 ,. 1 .
^ Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family ^ marcas, de Cadência na Família Real Britânica
^ Stuart, Catherine Laura
^ Stuart, Charles of Cambridge, Duke of Cambridge
^ Stuart, Charlotte Maria
[ edit ] References [ editar ] Referências Ashley, Maurice , The Glorious Revolution of 1688 , Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00896-2 .
Belloc, Hilaire , James the Second , JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia 1928, popular; Catholic perspective
Callow, John, The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King , Sutton Publishing, Ltd, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2000. ISBN 0-7509-2398-9 .
Clarke, James S. (Editor), The Life of James II , London, 1816
Dekrey, Gary S. "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain," History Compass 2008 6(3): 738–773,
Devine, TM , The Scottish Nation 1700–2007 , Penguin Books, London, 2006. ISBN 0-14-102769-X
Glassey, Lionel, ed. The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II (1997)
Goodlad, Graham. " Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy?," History Review . Issue: 58; 2007. pp 10+. Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II. in Questia
Hallam, Henry , The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII to the Death of George II, W. Clowes & Sons, London, 1855.
Harris, Tim, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720 , Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006. ISBN 0-7139-9759-1 .
"James II," Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London, 1911: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, JR The Revolution of 1688 in England , Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988. ISBN 0-297-99467-0 .
Kenyon, JP , The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary , 2d ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986. ISBN 0-521-31327-9 .
MacLeod, John, Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807 , Hodder and Stoughton, London 1999. ISBN 0-340-70767-4 .
Macaulay, Thomas Babington , The History of England from the Accession of James the Second . Popular Edition in Two Volumes . Longmans, London 1889.
Miller, John. James II (3rd ed. 2000) ISBN 0-300-08728-4 , Miller sees James as more interested in his own survival and tolerance for Catholics and suggests he did not have a grand plan to Catholicize England
Miller, John. The Stuarts (2004), 320pp; standard scholarly survey
Miller, John. The Glorious Revolution , (2nd ed. 1997) ISBN 0-582-29222-0
McFerran, Noel S. (2003). "James II and VII."
Mullett, M. James II and English Politics 1678–1688 (1993) ISBN 0-415-09042-3
Pincus, Steve. 1688: The First Modern Revolution (2009) ISBN 0-300-11547-4 , influential new interpretation
Prall, Stuart, The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688 , Anchor Books, Garden City, New York 1972.
Royle, Trevor, The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660 , Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0-312-29293-7 .
Sowerby, Scott, "Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II's Toleration Campaign," English Historical Review, vol. 124 (2009), pp. 29–52.
Speck, WA James II (2002), argues James did not seek to impose Catholicism, but his ambitions went far beyond equal treatment for Catholics.
Turner, Francis C., James II , Eyre and Spottiswoode, London, 1948
Waller, Maureen, Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown , Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2002. ISBN 0-312-30711-X .
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King James II on Find-A-Grave
James II of England James II da Inglaterra
House of Stuart Casa de Stuart
Born: 14 October 1633 Died: 16 September 1701
Regnal titles títulos reinado
Preceded by Precedido por
Charles II King of England Rei da Inglaterra
King of Ireland Rei da Irlanda
King of Scotland
1685–1688 Vacant Vago
Title next held by Título próxima posse
William III/II and Mary II
British royalty realeza britânica
Preceded by Precedido por
Charles, Prince of Wales
(became Charles II) Heir to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones
as heir presumptive como herdeira presuntiva
30 January 1649 – 6 February 1685 Succeeded by Sucedido por
Mary, Princess of Orange
(became Mary II)
Honorary titles títulos honorários
Preceded by Precedido por
The Earl of Winchilsea Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports Senhor Governador do Cinque Ports
1660–1673 Succeeded by Sucedido por
John Beaumont
Political offices escritórios políticos
Vacant Vago Lord High Admiral Senhor Almirante alta
1660–1673 Succeeded by Sucedido por
Charles II
Preceded by Precedido por
The Duke of Lennox Lord High Admiral of Scotland
1673–1701 Succeeded by Sucedido por
The Duke of Richmond
Preceded by Precedido por
The Duke of Lauderdale Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
1680–1685 Succeeded by Sucedido por
The Duke of Queensberry
Preceded by Precedido por
Charles II Lord High Admiral Senhor Almirante alta
1685–1688 Succeeded by Sucedido por
William III William III
Peerage of England Pariato da Inglaterra
New creation criação de novos Duke of York Duque de York
5th creation criação de 5
1644–1685 Merged in the Crown Incorporada na Coroa
Peerage of Scotland Pariato da Escócia
New creation criação de novos Duke of Albany Duque de Albany
6th creation
1660–1685 Merged in the Crown Incorporada na Coroa
Peerage of Ireland Pariato da Irlanda
New creation criação de novos Earl of Ulster Conde de Ulster
3rd creation 3 criação
1659–1685 Merged in the Crown Incorporada na Coroa
Titles in pretence Títulos com fingimento
Loss of title A perda de título

Deposed in Glorious Revolution — TITULAR — - TITULAR -
King of England and Ireland
1688–1701
Reason for succession failure: Motivo de sucessão fracassada:
Succession overruled by English Parliament Succeeded by Sucedido por
James III
— TITULAR — - TITULAR -
King of Scotland
1688–1701
Reason for succession failure: Motivo de sucessão fracassada:
Succession overruled by Scots Parliament
Preceded by Precedido por
Charles II of England Carlos II de Inglaterra — TITULAR — - TITULAR -
King of France
1685–1688
Reason for succession failure: Motivo de sucessão fracassada:
Capetian Succession Failure Succeeded by Sucedido por
William III and Mary II
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HRH The Prince Andrew, Duke of York

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Persondata Persondata
Name Nome James II James II
Alternative names Nomes alternativos Stuart, James Stuart, James
Short description Breve descrição King of England, King of Ireland, King of Scotland
Date of birth Data de nascimento 14 October 1633 14 outubro de 1633
Place of birth Local de nascimento London Londres
Date of death Data da morte 5 September 1701
Place of death Local da morte Saint-Germain-en-Laye , France Saint-Germain-en-Laye , França


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