WILLÇIAM D. COOLIDGE

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Please Help Close William D. CoolidgeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search William D. Coolidge



William Coolidge (far left)

Born October 23, 1873

Hudson, Massachusetts

Died February 3, 1975(1975-02-03) (aged 101)

Schenectady, New York

Residence United States

Nationality American

Fields Electrical engineering

Alma mater University of Leipzig

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Known for his contributions to the incandescent electric lighting and the X-rays art

Notable awards IEEE Edison Medal



William David Coolidge (October 23, 1873 – February 3, 1975)[1] was an American physicist, who made major contributions to X-ray machines. He was the director of the General Electric Research Laboratory and a vice-president of the corporation. He was also famous for the invention of "ductile tungsten", which is important for the incandescent light bulb.



Contents [hide]

1 Early years

2 Ductile tungsten

3 Improved X-ray tube

4 Awards

5 Later career

6 Patents

7 References

8 External links





[edit] Early yearsCoolidge was born on a farm near Hudson, Massachusetts. He studied electrical engineering from 1891 until 1896 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After a year as a laboratory assistant, he went to Germany for further study and received his doctorate from the University of Leipzig. From 1899 to 1905 he was a research assistant to Arthur A. Noyes of the Chemistry Department at MIT.



[edit] Ductile tungstenCoolidge went to work as a researcher at General Electric's new research laboratory in 1905, where he conducted experiments that led to the use of tungsten as filaments in light bulbs. He developed 'ductile tungsten', which could be more easily drawn into filaments, by purifying tungsten oxide. Starting in 1911, General Electric marketed lamps using the new metal and they soon became an important source of income for GE. He applied for and received a patent (US#1,082,933) for this 'invention' in 1913. However, in 1928 a US court ruled [2][3] that his 1913 patent was not valid as an invention.



[edit] Improved X-ray tubeIn 1913 he invented the Coolidge tube, an X-ray tube with an improved cathode for use in X-ray machines that allowed for more intense visualization of deep-seated anatomy and tumors. The Coolidge tube, which also utilized a tungsten filament, was a major development in the then-nascent medical specialty of radiology, and its basic design is still in use. He filed for patent in 1913 and finally it was granted as US Patent 1,203,495 in 1916.



[edit] AwardsThe American Academy of Arts and Sciences awarded Coolidge the Rumford Prize in 1914. Coolidge was awarded the American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal in 1927 For his contributions to the incandescent electric lighting and the X-rays art. He rejected this prestigious award in 1926 on the basis that his ductile tungsten patent (1913) was ruled by court as invalid. He was awarded the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1926 and the Louis E. Levy Medal in 1927. Coolidge was awarded the Faraday Medal in 1939. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1944. [4] In 1975 he was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame, shortly before his death at age 101 in Schenectady, New York.



[edit] Later careerCoolidge became director of the GE research laboratory in 1932, and a vice-president of General Electric in 1940, until his retirement in 1944. He continued to consult for GE after retirement.



[edit] PatentsCoolidge, U.S. Patent 1,203,495, Coolidge tube

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,211,092, "X-ray tube"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,215,116, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,250,093, "Stereoscopic x-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,310,061, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,365,638, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,394,143, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,409,989, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,430,550, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,437,290, "X-ray tube shield"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,502,907, "X-ray device"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,529,344, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,541,627, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,543,654, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,550,506, "X-ray apparatus and method"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,550,507, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,600,867, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,655,455, "X-ray apparatus"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,659,133, "X-ray device"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,714,975, "X-ray anode"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,917,099, "X-ray tube"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,946,312, "X-ray tube"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,967,869, "X-ray device"

Coolidge, U.S. Patent 1,971,812, "X-ray device"

[edit] References1.^ Suits, C. G.. "National Academy of Sciences Memorial Biography". National Academy of Sciences. http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/coolidge.html. Retrieved 2008-05-09.

2.^ General Electric Co. v. De Forest Radio Co., 28 F.2d 641, 643 (3rd Cir. 1928)

3.^ Lakshman D. Guruswamy, Jeffrey A. McNeely, Protection of global biodiversity: converging strategies. Duke University Press, 1998, p.333.

4.^ James E. Brittain History William D. Coolidge and Ductile Tungsten in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Sept/Oct 2004, page 10

M.F. Wolff, "William D. Coolidge: shirt-sleeves manager", IEEE Spectrum, vol. 21, no. 5 (May 1984), pp. 81-85.

J.E. Brittain, "William D. Coolidge and ductile tungsten", IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 10, no. 5 (September/October 2004), pp. 9-10.

J.E. Brittain, "Electrical Engineering Hall of Fame: William D. Coolidge", Proc. IEEE, vol. 94, no. 11 (November 2006), pp. 2045-2048.

[edit] External linksThe Cathode Ray Tube site

William Coolidge's Case File at The Franklin Institute with info about his 1926 Franklin Award for the x-ray tube

IEEE History Center biography

John Anderson Miller, Yankee scientist: William David Coolidge, Mohawk Development Service, 1963 ISBN 0-677-65150-3

[hide]v ·t ·eIEEE Edison Medal



1926–1950 William D. Coolidge (1927) ·Frank B. Jewett (1928) ·Charles F. Scott (1929) ·Frank Conrad (1930) ·Edwin W. Rice (1931) ·Bancroft Gherardi (1932) ·Arthur Edwin Kennelly (1933) ·Willis R. Whitney (1934) ·Lewis B. Stillwell (1935) ·Alex Dow (1936) ·Gano Dunn (1937) ·Dugald C. Jackson (1938) ·Philip Torchio (1939) ·George Ashley Campbell (1940) ·John B. Whitehead (1941) ·Edwin H. Armstrong (1942) ·Vannevar Bush (1943) ·Ernst Alexanderson (1944) ·Philip Sporn (1945) ·Lee De Forest (1946) ·Joseph Slepian (1947) ·Morris E. Leeds (1948) ·Karl B. McEachron (1949) ·Otto B. Blackwell (1950)



Complete roster ·1909–1925 ·1926–1950 ·1951–1975 ·1976–2000 ·2001–present



Persondata

Name Coolidge, William

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth October 23, 1873

Place of birth Hudson, Massachusetts

Date of death February 3, 1975

Place of death Schenectady, New York

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This page was last modified on 6 May 2012 at 07:23.



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