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Please Help Close Brothers GrimmFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Brothers Grimm (disambiguation).
Wilhelm (left) and Jacob Grimm (right) in an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau-BaumannThe Brothers Grimm (German: Brüder Grimm or Die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859), were Germanic academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who together collected folklore. They are among the most well-known storytellers of European folk tales, and their work popularized such stories as "Cinderella" (Aschenputtel), "The Frog Prince" (Der Froschkönig), "Hansel and Gretel" (Hänsel und Gretel), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" (Rumpelstilzchen), and "Snow White" (Schneewittchen). Their first collection of folk tales, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in 1812.
The brothers spent their formative years first in the German town of Hanau and then in Steinau. Their father's death in 1796, about a decade into their lives, caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years. They attended the University of Marburg where historian and jurist Friedrich von Savigny spurred their interest in philology and Germanic studies—a field in which they are now considered pioneers—and at the same time developed a curiosity for folklore, which grew into a lifelong dedication to collecting German folk tales.
The rise of romanticism in the 19th century revived interest in traditional folk stories, which to the Grimm brothers represented a pure form of national literature and culture. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, the brothers established a methodology for collecting and recording folk stories that became the basis for folklore studies. Between 1812 and 1857 their first collection was revised and published many times, and grew from 86 stories to more than 200. In addition to writing and modifying folk tales, the brothers wrote collections of well-respected German and Scandinavian mythologies and in 1808 wrote a definitive German dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch) that remained incomplete in their lifetime.
The popularity of the Grimms' collected folk tales endured well beyond their lifetimes. The tales are available in more than 100 translations and have been adapted to popular Disney films such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Sleeping Beauty, and Cinderella. In the mid-20th century the tales were used as propaganda by the Third Reich; later in the 20th century psychologists such as Bruno Bettelheim reaffirmed the value of the work, in spite of the cruelty and violence in the original versions of some of the tales that were sanitized.
Contents [hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life
1.2 Kassel
1.3 Göttingen
1.4 Berlin and later years
2 Collaborations
2.1 Children's and Household Tales
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Methodology
2.1.3 Writing
2.1.4 Themes and analysis
2.1.5 Editions
2.2 Philology
3 Reception and legacy
4 Collaborative works
5 Notes
5.1 See also
5.2 References
5.3 Sources
6 External links
[edit] Biography[edit] Early life
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm lived in this house in Steinau from 1791 to 1796.Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm, born on 4 January 1785, was 13 months older than his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm (b. 24 February 1786). Both were born in Hanau, Germany, to Philipp Wilhelm Grimm, a jurist, and Dorothea Grimm, née Zimmer, daughter of a Kassel city councilman.[1] They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, three of whom died in infancy.[2][3][4] The family moved to the countryside town of Steinau in 1791, where Philip was employed as district magistrate (Amtmann). Residing in a large home, the family were prominent members of the community. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy and "clearly fond of country life".[1] The children were first taught at home by private tutors, and received strict instruction as Calvinists that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. They later attended local schools.[1]
Philipp Grimm's unexpected death of pneumonia 1796 created severe and sudden financial hardship for the family. Forced to relinquish the servants and the house, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, who was then first lady-in-waiting at the court of Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse. As eldest living son, at age 11, Jacob quickly assumed adult responsibilities (shared with Wilhelm) for the next two years, adhering to the advice of their grandfather who continually exhorted them to be industrious.[1]
In 1798, the brothers left the Steinau and their family, moving to Kassel to attend the prestigious Friedrichsgymnasium, arranged and paid for by their aunt. Lacking a male provider (their grandfather died that year), they relied greatly on each other and became exceptionally close. Although the two brothers differed in temperament—Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm outgoing (although he often suffered from ill-health)—they shared a strong work ethic and excelled in their studies. In Kassel they became acutely aware of their inferior social status relative to "high-born" students who received more attention. Each brother graduated at the head of his class: Jacob in 1803 and Wilhelm (who missed a year of school due to scarlet fever) in 1804.[1][5]
[edit] KasselAfter graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students, and there they became painfully aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. Their low social standing disqualified them from admission and they had to request dispensation to study law. Furthermore, wealthier students had the benefit of stipends, while the brothers were excluded even from tuition aid. Their poverty excluded them from student activities or university social life. However, their outsider status worked in their favor and they pursued their studies with extra vigor.[5]
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm in an 1843 drawing by their younger brother Ludwig Emil GrimmInspired by their law professor, Friedrich von Savigny, who awakened in them an interest in history and philology the brothers turned to studying medieval German literature.[6] They shared with Savigny the wish to see the 200 principalities of Germany become united in a single state. Through Savigny and his circle of friends—German romantics such as Clemens Brentano and Ludwig Achim von Arnim—the Grimms were introduced to the ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder, who felt that German literature should return to what he defined as Volkspoesie (natural poetry) as opposed to Kunstpoesie (artistic poetry).[7] In Marburg, the brothers dedicated themselves with great enthusiasm to their studies, about which Wilhelm wrote in his autobiography, "the ardor with which we studied Old German helped us overcome the spiritual depression of those days."[8]
Jacob, who was still financially responsible for his mother, brother, and younger siblings, accepted a post in Paris as research assistant to von Savigny in 1805. On his return to Marburg he was forced to abandon his studies to support the family, whose poverty was so extreme that food was often scarce. He took a job with the Hessian War Commission. In a letter written to his aunt at this time, Wilhelm wrote of their circumstances, "We five people eat only three portions and only once a day".[6]
In 1808, Jacob was appointed court librarian to the King of Westphalia, and went on to become librarian in Kassel.[2] After their mother's death in 1808, Jacob became fully responsible for his younger siblings. He arranged and paid for his brother Ludwig's studies at art school, and for Wilhelm's extended visit to Halle who needed treatment for his heart and respiratory ailments, after which he joined Jacob as librarian in Kassel.[1] At Brentano's request, the brothers began to collect folk tales around this time. Zipes writes that "the Grimms were unable to devote all their energies to their research and did not have a clear idea about the significance of collecting folk tales in this initial phase."[1]
During their employment as librarians—which paid little but afforded them ample time for research—the brothers had a productive period of scholarship, publishing a number of books between 1812 and 1830.[9] In 1812, they published their first volume of 86 folk tales, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, followed quickly by two volumes of German legends and a volume of early literary history.[2] They went on to publish works about Danish and Irish folk tales and Norse mythology, while continuing to edit the German folk tale collection. These works became so widely recognized that the brothers received honorary doctorates from universities in Marburg, Berlin and Breslau.[9]
[edit] GöttingenIn 1825, Wilhelm married Henriette Dorothea (Dortchen) Wild, a long-time family friend and one of a group who supplied the brothers with stories. Jacob, who never married, would continue to live in the household with Wilhelm and Dortchen.[10] The brothers were greatly disappointed at being overlooked in the appointment of a chief librarian in Kassel,[9] and in 1830 moved the household to Göttingen. There they took employment at the University of Göttingen—Jacob as a professor and head librarian and Wilhelm as professor.[2]
Jacob Grimm lecturing (illustration by Ludwig Emil Grimm, c. 1830)During the next seven years the brothers continued to research, write and publish. In 1835 Jacob published the well-regarded German Mythology (Deutsche Mythologie); Wilhelm continued to edit and prepare for publication the third edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen. They established the field of German studies at the university, becoming well-respected in the newly created discipline.[10] In 1837, however, they lost their university posts after joining in protest with the Göttingen Seven. The 1830s were a period of political upheaval and peasant revolt, leading to the movement for democratic reform known as Young Germany. Although not directly aligned with the Young Germans, the brothers and five of their colleagues reacted against the demands of King Ernest Augustus I, who in 1837 dissolved the parliament of Hannover and demanded oaths of allegiance from civil servants—including professors at the University of Göttingen. For refusing to sign the oath, the seven professors were dismissed and three were deported from Hannover, including Jacob, who left for Kassel. He was later joined there by Wilhelm, Dortchen and their four children.[10]
Without income and once more in extreme financial difficulty, in 1838 the brothers began what would become a lifelong project: the writing of a definitive dictionary. The first volume of their German Dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch) was not published until 1854. The brothers again depended on friends and supporters for financial assistance and influence in finding employment.[10]
[edit] Berlin and later years
The graves of the Brothers Grimm in Schöneberg, Berlin (St. Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery)In 1840, through the efforts of friends such as Bettina von Armin and von Savigny, who appealed to Frederick William IV of Prussia on behalf of the brothers, they were offered posts at the University of Berlin. In addition to teaching, they received offers from the Academy of Sciences to continue their research. After their household was established in Berlin, they directed their efforts toward the German dictionary and continued to publish. Jacob began his own research on German legal traditions and the history of the German language, published in the late 1840s and early 1850s, while Wilhelm produced new editions of the Hausmärchen and research in medieval literature.[9]
After the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states, the brothers were elected to the civil parliament. Jacob became a prominent member of the National Assembly at Mainz.[10] Their political activities were short-lived, however, as their hope for a unified Germany dwindled and their disenchantment grew. At that time Jacob resigned his university position and saw the publication of his The History of the German Language (Geschichte der deutschen Sprache). Wilhelm continued at the university until his retirement in 1852. The brothers then devoted themselves to work on their German Dictionary for the rest of their lives.[10] Wilhelm died of an infection in Berlin in 1859,[11] and Jacob, deeply upset at his brother's death, became increasingly reclusive. He continued work on the dictionary until his own death in 1863. Zipes writes of the Grimm brothers' dictionary, and of their very large body of work: "Symbolically the last word was Frucht (fruit)."[10]
[edit] Collaborations[edit] Children's and Household TalesMain article: Grimms' Fairy Tales
[edit] BackgroundThe 19th century rise of romanticism, Romantic nationalism and trends in valuing popular culture revived interest in fairy tales, which had otherwise been in decline since their late-17th century peak.[12] In Germany a popular collection of tales by Johann Karl August Musäus had been published between 1782 and 1787;[13] the Grimms aided the revival with their folklore collection, built on the conviction that a national identity could be found in popular culture and with the common folk (volk). They collected and published tales as a reflection of German cultural identity, but in the first collection they also included the tales of Charles Perrault, published in Paris in 1697, that were written for the literary salons of an aristocratic audience. Scholar Lydia Jean explains that to reconcile Perrault's aristocratic audience with the idea that the tales originated with the common people, a myth was created that Perrault's work, much of which was original, was an "exact reflection of folklore".[12]
The Grimms defined "Little Red Riding Hood", shown here in an illustration by Arthur Rackham, as representative of a uniquely German tale although it existed in various versions and regions.[14]Directly influenced by Brentano and von Arnim who edited and adapted the folksongs of Des Knaben Wunderhorn (The Boy's Magic Horn or cornucopia),[13] the brothers began the collection with the purpose of creating a scholarly treatise of traditional stories and of preserving the stories as they had been handed from generation to generation—a practice that was threatened by increased industrialization.[15] Maria Tatar, professor of German studies at Harvard University, explains that it is precisely in the handing from generation to generation, and the genesis in the oral tradition, that gives folk tales an important mutability. Versions of tales differ from region to region, "picking up bits and pieces of local culture and lore, drawing a turn of phrase from a song or another story, and fleshing out characters with features taken from the audience witnessing their performance."[16]
However, as Tatar explains, the Grimms appropriated as uniquely German stories such as "Little Red Riding Hood", which had existed in many versions and regions throughout Europe, because they believed that such stories were reflections of Germanic culture.[14] Furthermore, the brothers saw fragments of old religions and faiths reflected in the stories which they thought continued to exist and survive through the telling of stories.[17]
[edit] MethodologyWhen Jacob returned to Marburg from Paris in 1806, their friend Brentano sought the brothers' help in adding to his collection of folk tales, at which time the brothers began to gather tales in an organized fashion.[1] By 1810 they had produced a manuscript collection of several dozen tales, written after inviting storytellers to their home and transcribing what they heard. These tales were heavily modified in transcription and many had roots in previously written sources.[18] At Brentano's request, they printed and sent him copies of the 53 tales they collected for inclusion in his third volume of Des Knaben Wunderhorn.[2] Brentano either ignored or forgot about the tales, leaving the copies in a church in Alsace where they were found in 1920. Known as the Ölenberg manuscript, it is the earliest extant version of the Grimms' collection, and has become a valuable source to scholars studying the evolution of the Grimms' collection from the time of its inception. The manuscript was published in 1927 and again in 1975.[19]
Although the brothers gained a reputation for collecting tales from peasants, many tales came from middle-class or aristocratic acquaintances. Wilhelm's wife Dortchen Wild and her family, with their nursery maid, told the brothers some of the more well-known tales, such as “Hansel and Gretel” and “Sleeping Beauty”.[20] Wilhelm collected a number of tales after befriending August von Haxthausen, whom he visited in 1811 in Westphalia where he heard stories from von Haxthausen's circle of friends.[21] Several of the storytellers were of Huguenot ancestry, telling tales of French origin such as those told to the Grimms by Marie Hassenpflug, an educated woman of French Huguenot ancestry,[18] and it is probable that these informants were familiar with Perrault’s Histoires ou contes du temps passé (Stories from Past Times).[12] Other tales were collected from the wife of a middle-class tailor, Dorothea Viehmann, also of French descent. Despite her middle-class background, in the first English translation she was characterized as a peasant and given the name Gammer Gretel.[15]
Stories such as "Sleeping Beauty", shown here in a Walter Crane illustration, had been previously published and were rewritten by the Brothers Grimm.[12]According to scholars such as Ruth Bottigheimer and Maria Tatar some of the tales probably originated in written form during the medieval period with writers such as Straparola and Boccaccio, but were modified in the 17th century, and again rewritten by the Grimms. Moreover, Tatar writes that the brothers' goal of preserving and shaping the tales as something uniquely German at a time of French occupation was a form of "intellectual resistance", and in so doing they established a methodology for collecting and preserving folklore that set the model to be followed later by writers throughout Europe during periods of occupation.[15]
[edit] WritingFrom 1807 onward the brothers added to the collection. Jacob established the framework that was maintained through many iterations. By 1815 until his death, Wilhelm assumed sole responsibility for editing and rewriting the tales. Zipes explains that the process of editing included re-composing the tales in a stylistically similar manner, adding dialogue, removing pieces "that might detract from a rustic tone", improving the plots and incorporating psychological motifs.[21] Ronald Murphy writes in The Owl, the Raven, and the Dove that the brothers, and in particular Wilhelm, additionally added religious and spiritual motifs to the tales. He believes that Wilhelm "gleaned" bits from old Germanic faiths, Norse mythology, Roman and Greek mythology and from biblical stories that he reshaped.[17]
Over the years, Wilhelm worked extensively on the prose, expanded and added detail to the stories to the point that many grew to be twice the length as in the earliest published editions.[22] In the later editions Wilhelm polished the language to make it more enticing to a bourgeoise audience, eliminated sexual elements, and added Christian elements. After 1819 he began writing for children (children were not initially considered the primary audience), adding entirely new tales or adding new elements that were often strongly didactic to existing tales.[21]
Some changes were made in light of unfavorable reviews, particularly from those who objected that not all the tales were suitable for children because of scenes of violence and sexuality.[23] He worked to modify plots for of the many stories: for example, "Rapunzel" in the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen clearly shows the relationship between the prince and the girl in the tower as sexual, which he edited out in subsequent editions.[22] Tatar writes that morals were added (in the second edition a king's regret was added to the scene in which his wife is burned at the stake), and often the characters in the tale were amended to appear more German: "every fairy (Fee), prince (Prinz) and princess (Prinzessin) (all words of French origin) was transformed into a more Teutonic-sounding enchantress (Zauberin) or wise woman (weise Frau), king's son (Königssohn), king's daughter (Königstochter)."[24]
[edit] Themes and analysisThe Grimm's legacy contains legends, novellas and folk stories, the vast majority of which were not intended as children's tales. Deeply concerned by the content of some of the tales—such as those that showed children being eaten—von Armin suggested they be removed. Instead the brothers added an introduction with cautionary advice that parents steer children toward age-appropriate stories. Despite von Armin's unease, none of the tales were eliminated from the collection, in the brothers' belief that all the tales were of value and reflected inherent cultural qualities. Furthermore, the stories were didactic in nature at a time when discipline relied on fear, according to scholar Linda Dégh, who explains that tales such as "Little Red Riding Hood" and "Hansel and Gretel" were written to be "warning tales" for children.[25]
Hansel and Gretel, illustrated by Arthur Rackham, was a "warning tale" for children.[25]The stories in Kinder- und Hausmärchen include scenes of violence that have since been sanitized. For example the Grimms' version of "Snow White" ends with the stepmother dancing at Snow White's wedding wearing a pair of red-hot iron shoes that kill her; another story has a servant being pushed into a barrel "studded with sharp nails" and then rolled down the street.[11] The Grimms' version of "The Frog Prince" describes the princess throwing the frog against a wall instead of kissing him. Some of extent the cruelty and violence may have been a reflection of medieval culture from which the tales originated, such as scenes of witches burning, as described "The Six Swans".[11]
Tales with a spinning motif are broadly represented in the collection. In her essay "Tale Spinners: Submerged Voices in Grimms' Fairy Tales", children's literature scholar Bottigheimer explains that these stories reflect the degree to which spinning was crucial in the life of women in the 19th century and earlier. Spinning, and particularly the spinning of flax, was commonly performed in the home by women. Although many stories begin by describing the occupation of a main character, as in "There once was a miller", as an occupation spinning is never mentioned, probably because the brothers did not consider it an occupation. Instead, spinning was a communal activity, frequently performed in a Spinnstube (spinning room), a place where women most likely kept the oral traditions alive by telling stories while engaged in tedious work.[26] In the stories, a woman's personality is often reflected by her attitude toward spinning: a wise woman might be a spinster, and Bottigheimer explains the spindle was the symbol of a "diligent, well-ordered womanhood."[27] In some stories, such as "Rumpelstiltskin", spinning is associated with a threat; in others spinning might be avoided by a character who is either too lazy or not accustomed to spinning because of her high social status.[26]
The tales were also criticized for being insufficiently German, which not only influenced the tales the brothers included, but their use of language. Scholars such as Heinz Rölleke however say the stories are an accurate depiction of German culture, showing "rustic simplicity [and] sexual modesty".[11] German culture is deeply rooted in the forest (wald), a dark dangerous place to be avoided, most particularly the old forests with large oak trees, and yet a place to which Little Red Riding Hood's mother sent her daughter to deliver food to grandmother's house.[11]
"Rumpelstiltskin", shown here in an illustrated border by Walter Crane, is an example of a "spinning tale".Some critics such as Alistair Hauke, use Jungian analysis to say that the deaths of the brothers' father and grandfather are the reason for the Grimms' tendency to idealize and excuse fathers, as well as the predominance of female villains in the tales such as the wicked stepmothers, such as the evil stepmother and stepsisters in "Cinderella", but this disregards the fact that they were collectors, not authors of the tales.[28] Another possible influence can be found in the selection of stories such as "The Twelve Brothers", which mirrors the brothers' family structure of one girl and several brothers overcoming opposition.[29] Zipes believes that a number of the stories show autobiographical elements and that the brothers may have used their work as a "quest" to replace the family life they lost when their father died. The collection includes 41 tales about siblings, which Zipes believes are representative of Jacob and Wilhelm. Many of the sibling stories follow a simple plot in which the characters lose a home, work industriously at a specific task, and in the end find a new home.[30]
[edit] EditionsBetween 1812 and 1864 Kinder- und Hausmärchen was published 17 times: seven of the "Large edition" (Große Ausgabe) and ten of the "Small edition" (Kleine Ausgabe). The Large editions contained all the tales collected to date, extensive annotations and scholarly notes written by the brothers; the Small editions had only 50 tales and were intended for children. Emil Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm's younger brother, illustrated the Small editions adding Christian symbolism to the drawings, such as depicting Cinderella's mother as an angel and adding a bible to the bedside table of Little Red Riding Hood's grandmother.[9]
Frontispiece and title-page, illustrated by Ludwig Emil Grimm of the 1819 edition of Kinder- und HausmärchenThe first volume was published in 1812 with 86 folktales,[20] and a second volume with 70 additional tales was published late in 1814 (dated 1815 on the title page); together the two volumes and their 156 tales are considered the first of the Large (annotated) editions.[31][32] A second expanded edition with 170 tales was published in 1819, followed in 1822 by a volume of scholarly commentary and annotations.[2][23] Five more Large editions were published in 1837, 1840, 1843, 1850 and 1857. The seventh and final edition of 1857 contained 211 tales—200 numbered folk tales and the rest were legends.[2][23][32]
In Germany Kinder- und Hausmärchen was also released in a "popular poster-sized Bilderbogen (broadsides)"[32] format and in single story formats for the more popular tales such as "Hansel and Gretel". Pirated editions became common; the stories were often added to collections by other authors as the tales became a focus of interest for children's book illustrators,[32] with well-known artists such as Arthur Rackham, Walter Crane and Edmund Dulac illustrating the tales; a popular edition that sold well, released in the mid-19th century, included elaborate etchings by George Cruikshank.[33] At the deaths of the brothers, the copyright went to Hermann Grimm (Wilhelm's son) who continued the practice of printing the volumes in expensive and complete editions, however after 1893 when copyright lapsed the stories began to be published in many formats and editions.[32] In the 21st century, Kinder- und Hausmärchen, commonly called Grimms' Fairy Tales in English, is a universally recognized text. Jacob and Wilhelm's collection of stories has been translated to over 160 languages with 120 different editions of the text are available for sale in the US alone.[11]
[edit] Philology
Deutsche Sagen, (German Legends) included stories such as "The Pied Piper of Hamelin", shown here in an illustration by Kate Greenaway.During their studies at the University of Marburg the brothers came to see culture as tied to language, and regarded the purest cultural expression in the grammar of a language. For this reason they began to distance themselves from the practices of Brentano and the other romanticists who frequently changed the original oral style of folk tales to fit a literary style that the brothers considered artificial; they believed that the style of the people (the volk) represented a natural and divinely inspired poetry (naturpoesie) as opposed to the kunstpoesie (art poetry) which they thought of as artificially constructed.[34][35] As literary historians and scholars they delved into the origins of stories and attempted to retrieve them from the oral tradition without loss of the original traits of oral language.[34]
The brothers strongly believed the dream of national unity and independence relied on a full knowledge of the cultural past that was reflected in folklore.[35] They worked to discover and crystallize a kind of Germanness in the stories they collected because they believed that folklore contained kernels of ancient mythologies and beliefs, crucial to understanding the essence of German culture,[15] and by examining culture from a philological point-of-view they sought to establish connections between German law, culture, and local beliefs.[34]
Frontispiece of 1854 edition of German Dictionary (Deutsches Wörterbuch)The Grimms considered the tales to have origins in traditional Germanic folklore, which they thought had been "contaminated" by later literary tradition.[15] In the shift from the oral tradition to the printed book, tales were translated from regional dialects to Standard German (Hochdeutsch or High German),[36] however, over the course of the many modifications and revisions, the Grimms sought to reintroduce regionalisms, dialects and low German to the tales—to re-introduce the language of the original form of the oral tale.[37]
As early as 1812, they published a version of the Lay of Hildebrand, a 9th-century German heroic song, along with Die beiden ältesten deutschen Gedichte aus dem achten Jahrhundert: Das Lied von Hildebrand und Hadubrand und das Weißenbrunner Gebet, (The Two Oldest German Poems of the Eight Century: The Song of Hildebrand and Hadubrand and the Wessobrunn Prayer), the earliest known German heroic song.[38]
Between 1816 and 1818 the brothers published a two-volume work titled Deutsche Sagen, (German Legends) consisting of 585 German legends.[31] Jacob undertook most of the work of collecting and editing the legends that he organized according to region and historical (ancient) legends,[39] and which were about real people or events.[38] Meant to be a scholarly work, the historical legends were often taken from secondary sources, interpreted, modified and rewritten, resulting works "that were regarded as trademarks".[39] Although some scholars criticized the Grimm's methodology in collecting and rewriting the legends, conceptually they set an example for legend collections that was to be followed by others throughout Europe. Unlike the collection of folk tales, Deutsche Sagen sold poorly.[39]
Less well-known, is the brothers' monumental scholarly work on a German dictionary, the Deutsches Wörterbuch, which they began in 1838. Not until 1852 did they begin publishing the dictionary in installments.[39] The work on the dictionary could not be finished in their lifetime because in it they gave a history and analysis of each word.[38]
[edit] Reception and legacy
Berlin memorial plaque, Brüder Grimm, Alte Potsdamer Straße 5, Berlin-Tiergarten, Germany
Design of the front of the 1992 1000 Deutsche Mark showing the Brothers Grimm[40]Kinder- und Hausmärchen was not an immediate bestseller but its popularity grew with each edition.[41] The early editions attracted lukewarm critical reviews, generally on the basis that the stories were unappealing to children. The brothers responded with modifications and rewrites in order to increase the book's market appeal to that demographic.[15] By the 1870s the tales had increased greatly in popularity, to the point they were added to the teaching curriculum in Prussia. In the 20th century the work has maintained status as second only to the bible as the most popular book in Germany. Its sales generated a mini-industry of criticism which analyzed the tales folkloric content in the context of literary history, socialism and psychological elements often along Freudian and Jungian lines.[41]
In their research, the brothers made a science of the study of folklore, generating a model of research that "launched general fieldwork in most European countries",[42] and setting standards for research and analysis of stories and legends that made them pioneers in the field of folklore in the 19th century.[43]
During the Third Reich the Grimms' stories were used to foster nationalism and the Nazi party decreed Kinder- und Hausmärchen was a book each household should own; later in occupied Germany the book was banned for a period.[44] In the US, the 1937 release of Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs shows the triumph of good over evil, innocence over oppression, according to Zipes: a popular theme that Disney repeated in 1959 during the Cold War with the production of Sleeping Beauty.[45] The Grimms' tales have provided much of the early foundation on which the Disney empire was built.[11] In film, the Cinderella motif, the story of a poor girl finding love and success, continues to be repeated in movies such as Pretty Woman, Ever After, Maid in Manhattan, and Ella Enchanted.[46]
20th century educators debated the value and influence of teaching stories that include brutality and violence, causing some of the more grim details to be sanitized.[41] Dégh writes that some educators believe children should be shielded from cruelty of any form, that stories with a happy ending are fine to teach whereas those that are darker, particularly the legends, might pose more harm. On the other hand some educators and psychologist believe children easily discern the difference between what is a story and what is not and that the tales continue to have value for children.[47] The publication of Bruno Bettleheim's 1976 The Uses of Enchantment brought a new wave of interest in the stories as children's literature, with an emphasis on the "therapeutic value for children".[46] More popular stories such as "Hansel and Gretel" and "Little Red Riding Hood" have become staples of modern childhood presented in coloring books, puppet shows and cartoons. Other stories, however, have been considered too gruesome and have not made a popular transition.[44]
Regardless of the debate, the Grimms' stories have continued to be resilient and popular around the world,[47] although a recent study in England appears to suggest that parents consider the stories to be overly violent and inappropriate for young children, writes Libby Copeland for Slate.[48]
[edit] Collaborative worksDie beiden ältesten deutschen Gedichte aus dem achten Jahrhundert: Das Lied von Hildebrand und Hadubrand und das Weißenbrunner Gebet, (The Two Oldest German Poems of the Eight Century: The Song of Hildebrand and Hadubrand and the Wessobrunn Prayer)—9th century heroic song, published 1812
Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales)—seven editions, between 1812 and 1857
Altdeutsche Wälder (Old German Forests)—three volumes between 1813 and 1816)
Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Poor Heinrich by Hartmann von der Aue)—1815
Lieder der alten Edda (Songs from the Elder Edda)—1815
Deutsche Sagen (German Sagas)—published in two parts between 1816 and 1818
Irische Elfenmärchen&—Grimms' translation of Thomas Crofton Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland, 1826
Deutsches Wörterbuch (German Dictionary)—32 volumes published between 1852 and 1960.[38]
[edit] Notes[edit] See alsoGrimm's law
High German consonant shift
[edit] References1.^ a b c d e f g h Zipes 1988, pp. 2–5
2.^ a b c d e f g Ashliman, D.L. "Grimm Brothers Home Page". University of Pittsburgh. http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm.html. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
3.^ Frederick Herman George (Friedrich Hermann Georg; 12 December 1783 – 16 March 1784), Jacob, Wilhelm, Carl Frederick (Carl Friedrich; 24 April 1787 – 25 May 1852), Ferdinand Philip (Ferdinand Philipp; 18 December 1788 – 6 January 1845), Louis Emil (Ludwig Emil; 14 March 1790 – 4 April 1863), Frederick (Friedrich; 15 June 1791 – 20 August 1792), Charlotte "Lotte" Amalie (10 May 1793 – 15 June 1833) and George Edward (Georg Eduard; 26 July 1794 – 19 April 1795).
4.^ Michaelis-Jena 1970, p. 9
5.^ a b Zipes 1988, p. 31
6.^ a b qtd. in Zipes 1988, p. 35
7.^ Zipes 2002, pp. 7–8
8.^ qtd. in Zipes 2002, p. 7
9.^ a b c d e Zipes 2000, pp. 218–219
10.^ a b c d e f g Zipes 1988, pp. 7–9
11.^ a b c d e f g O'Neill, Thomas. "Guardians of the Fairy Tale: The Brothers Grimm". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/grimm/article.html. Retrieved March 18, 2012.
12.^ a b c d Jean 2007, pp. 280–282
13.^ a b Haase 2008, p. 138
14.^ a b Tatar 2004, pp. xxxviii
15.^ a b c d e f Tatar 2004, pp. xxxiv–xxxviii
16.^ Tatar 2004, pp. xxxvi
17.^ a b Murphy 2000, pp. 3–4
18.^ a b Haase 2008, p. 579
19.^ Zipes 2000, p. 62
20.^ a b Joosen 2006, pp. 177–179
21.^ a b c Zipes 1988, pp. 11–14
22.^ a b Tatar 2004, pp. xi–xiii
23.^ a b c Tatar 1987, pp. 15–17
24.^ Tatar 1987, p. 31
25.^ a b Dégh 1979, pp. 91–93
26.^ a b Bottigheimer 1982, pp. 142–146
27.^ Bottigheimer 1982, p. 143
28.^ Alister & Hauke 1998, pp. 216–219
29.^ Tatar 2004, p. 37
30.^ Zipes 1988, pp. 39–42
31.^ a b Michaelis-Jena 1970, p. 84
32.^ a b c d e Zipes 2000, pp. 276–278
33.^ Haase 2008, p. 73
34.^ a b c Zipes 1988, pp. 32–35
35.^ a b Dégh 1979, pp. 84–85
36.^ Zipes 1994, p. 14
37.^ Robinson 2004, pp. 47–49
38.^ a b c d Hetting 2001, pp. 154–155
39.^ a b c d Haase 2008, pp. 429–431
40.^ Deutsche Bundesbank (Hrsg.): Von der Baumwolle zum Geldschein. Eine neue Banknotenserie entsteht. 2. Auflage. Verlag Fritz Knapp GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-611-00222-4, S. 103.
41.^ a b c Zipes 1988, pp. 15–17
42.^ Dégh 1979, p. 87
43.^ Zipes & 1981 163
44.^ a b Dégh 1979, pp. 94–96
45.^ Zipes 1988, p. 25
46.^ a b Tatar 2010
47.^ a b Dégh 1979, pp. 99–101
48.^ Copeland, Libby. "Tales Out of Fashion?". Slate. The Slate Group. http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/02/why_i_don_t_want_to_read_fairy_tales_to_my_daughter_.html. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
[edit] SourcesAlister, Ian; Hauke, Christopher, eds. (1998). Contemporary Jungian Analysis. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14166-6.
Bottigheimer, Ruth (1982). "Tale Spinners: Submerged Voices in Grimms' Fairy Tales". New German Critique 27 (27): 141–150. doi:10.2307/487989.
Dégh, Linda (1979). "Grimm's Household Tales and its Place in the Household". Western Folklore 38 (2): 85–103.
Haase, Donald (2008). "Literary Fairy Tales". In Donald Haase. The Greenwood encyclopedia of folktales and fairy tales. 2. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-33441-2.
Hetting, Donald (2001). The Brothers Grimm. New York: Clarion. ISBN 978-0-618-05599-9.
Jean, Lydia (2007). "Charles Perrault's Paradox: How Aristocratic Fairy Tales became Synonymous with Folklore Conservation". Trames 11 (61): 276–283.
Joosen, Vanessa (2006). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514656-1.
Michaelis-Jena, Ruth (1970). The Brothers Grimm. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-6449-3.
Murphy, Ronald G. (2000). The Owl, the Raven, and the Dove. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515169-5.
Robinson, Orrin W. (2004). "Rhymes and Reasons in the Grimms' Kinder- und Hausmärchen". The German Quarterly 77 (1): 47–58.
Simpson, Jacqueline; Roud, Steve (2000). A Dictionary of English Folklore. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-210019-1.
Tatar, Maria (2004). The Annotated Brothers Grimm. W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-05848-2.
Tatar, Maria (1987). The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-06722-3.
Tatar, Maria (2010). "Why Fairy Tales Matter: The Performative and the Transformative". Western Folklore 69 (1): 55–64.
Zipes, Jack (1994). Myth as Fairy Tale. Kentucky University Press. ISBN 978-0-8131-1890-1.
Zipes, Jack (1988). The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World (1st ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-90081-2.
Zipes, Jack (2002). The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-312-29380-2.
Zipes, Jack (1984). "The Grimm German Legends in English". Children's Literature 12: 162–166. doi:10.1353/chl.0.0073.
Zipes, Jack (2000). The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860115-9.
[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brothers Grimm
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Brothers Grimm
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Brothers Grimm
Brothers Grimm on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
Grimms' Fairy Tales at Project Gutenberg Translated by Edgar Taylor and Marian Edwardes.
Grimms' household tales at Project Gutenberg. Translated by Margaret Hunt.
[hide]v ·t ·eThe Brothers Grimm
Key articles Jacob Grimm ·Wilhelm Grimm ·Grimms' Fairy Tales
Notable tales The Frog Prince ·Cat and Mouse in Partnership ·Mary's Child ·The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was ·The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids ·Trusty John ·The Wonderful Musician ·The Twelve Brothers ·Brother and Sister ·Rapunzel ·The Three Little Men in the Wood ·The Three Spinners ·Hansel and Gretel ·The White Snake ·The Fisherman and His Wife ·The Valiant Little Tailor ·Cinderella ·The Riddle ·Little Red Riding Hood ·Town Musicians of Bremen ·Sleeping Beauty ·Snow White ·Rumpelstiltskin
Other Grimm's law ·Göttingen Seven ·Grim Tales ·The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm ·Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics ·The Brothers Grimm ·Grimm Tales ·The Sisters Grimm ·Fairy tale ·American McGee's Grimm ·German Fairy Tale Route ·Grimm ·Once Upon a Time
[show]v ·t ·eCharles Perrault
Works Histoires ou contes du temps passé (1697) ·Griselidis (1695) ·The Ridiculous Wishes (1695) ·Donkeyskin (1695) ·Cinderella (1697) ·Little Red Riding Hood (1697) ·Sleeping Beauty (1697) ·Puss in Boots (1697) ·Bluebeard (1697) ·Diamonds and Toads (1697) ·Riquet with the Tuft (1697) ·Hop-o'-My-Thumb (1697)
Related Marie-Jeanne L'Héritier ·Brothers Grimm
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