THE PRUSSIAN STATE LIBRARY

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Berlin State Library
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin


Country Germany
Type National library
Established 1661
Location Unter den Linden 8,
Potsdamer Straße 33, Westhafenstraße 1,
Berlin, Germany
Collection
Items collected books, journals, newspapers, magazines, music autographs, databases, maps, prints, drawings, incunabula and manuscripts
Size 23,110,423[1]
Consists of 12.3 million books; 206,700 rare books; 60,100 manuscripts; music autographs; 1,600 estate archives; 25,000 periodicals; 180,000 newspaper volumes; 4,300 databases; 2.7 million microfilms; 13.5 million images at the bpk
Legal deposit Yes, German parliament and government publications
Access and use
Access requirements Open to anyone with a need to use the collections and services
Other information
Director Barbara Schneider-Kempf
Website http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/
The Berlin State Library (German: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) is a library in Berlin, Germany and a property of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation. It is the largest and most important academic research library in the German speaking world. [2] It collects texts, media and cultural works from all fields in all languages, from all time periods and all countries of the world, providing these materials are of interest for academic and research purposes. Among the more famous items in its collection is a Gutenberg Bible, the autographs of Goethe, the world's largest collection of Johann Sebastian Bach's and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's manuscripts, and the original score of Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9.[3]

Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Library of Kings
1.2 Rise to Preeminence
1.3 War and Destruction
1.4 Rebuilding and Reunification
1.5 Legacies of the Past
2 Locations
2.1 Haus Unter Den Linden
2.2 Haus Potstdamer Straße
2.3 Additional Sites
3 The Collection
4 Notable librarians
5 In film
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

[edit] HistoryThe history of the Berlin State Library closely parallels that of German history. It has lived through creation, neglect, expansion, war damage, division, unification and re-creation like few other libraries.

[edit] Library of KingsIn the early period, the fortunes of the State Library rose and fell on royal whims. In 1658 Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg decreed that his private books be organized, cataloged and made available to the public. His library opened in 1661 at Cölln as the "Library of the Elector" (German: Churfürstliche Bibliothek zu Cölln an der Spree). In 1699, Frederick I more than doubled the collection, extended opening hours and introduced the first Prussian legal deposit law. In 1701 it was renamed the "Royal Library" (German: Königliche Bibliothek) upon Frederick I's accession as first King of Prussia. Frederick William I then cancelled the acquisition budget in 1722 and gave away the valuable scientific collection to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in 1735. Frederick the Great also cared little for the library at first, preferring instead his own literature in the French language. However in 1770 he granted the library substantial assets and it made several important acquisitions. To avoid the problems caused by its dependence on the crown, Frederick the Great also granted the library considerable autonomy.[4]

[edit] Rise to Preeminence
Old Royal Library on BebelplatzWith new resources and authority, construction began on a Royal Library building on the Bebelplatz in the center of Berlin. Built between 1775 and 1785 by Georg Christian Unger to plans by Joseph Emanuel Fischer von Erlach, it's nicknamed the Kommode (Chest of drawers) after its Neo Baroque design. The collection then underwent nearly continuous improvement and expansion. By 1905 it had became the largest and most influential repository of materials in the German language, and at 1.2 million books one of the largest libraries in the world.[5] The Bebelplatz building housed the library until 1914, when the headquarters moved into new, even larger premises on the Unter den Linden: the climax of the library's development before the first world war. Today the old Royal building houses the Faculty of Law of Humboldt University.

At the founding of the Weimar Republic the library was renamed the "Prussian State Library" (German: Preußische Staatsbibliothek). After 1919, economic effects of war and inflation on the library were mitigated through the active support of the Emergency Association of German Sciences (after 1930, the German Research Foundation).

[edit] War and Destruction
Book burning on the Bebelplatz, May 1933.The Nazi period severely damaged the institution through political intimidation, employee dismissals, restrictions on foreign acquisitions and the effects of World War II. On May 10, 1933 a book burning ceremony was held at the Bebelplatz by members of the Deutsche Studentenschaft, the National Socialist German Students' League, Sturmabteilung "brownshirts" and Hitler Youth groups at the instigation of the Propaganda Minister, Joseph Goebbels. The Nazis burned over 20,000 books - mostly from the neighboring University, not the State library itself - including works by Thomas Mann, Erich Maria Remarque, Heinrich Heine, Karl Marx and many others. Today a glass plate set into the Bebelplatz, giving a view of empty bookcases, commemorates the event. After an Allied bomb hit the Unter den Linden building in 1941, the various holdings (now some 3 million volumes and over 7,400 incunabula) were evacuated to 30 monasteries, castles and abandoned mines around Germany. By the end of the war, the main building was severely damaged, the valuable collections distributed across allied zones of occupation, the library staff had been killed or scattered, and 700,000 volumes either destroyed or lost.[6] With the formal dissolution of the State of Prussia in 1947, support for the library ended and the Prussian State Library ceased to exist.

[edit] Rebuilding and ReunificationAfter 1945, parts of the collection that had been hidden in what became the Soviet occupation zone were returned to the war-damaged Unter den Linden building in East Berlin. It first opened in 1946 as the Public Scientific Library (German: Öffentliche Wissenschaftliche Bibliothek). When further restoration work was completed in 1955, the library was renamed the German State Library (German: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek). The great domed reading room, however, remained a ruin in the center of the building.

A larger proportion of the collection wound up in the American occupation zone, including a cache of 1.5 million volumes hidden in a potash mine near Hattorf, and was moved to the University of Marburg in 1946. This collection first opened to the public as the Hessian Library (German: Hessische Bibliothek) and in 1949, as the last lost stores arrived, it was renamed the West German Library (German: Westdeutsche Bibliothek). Those parts of the collection that had been in the French occupation zone, mainly at Beuron Archabbey, were gathered to the University of Tübingen. In 1962 the Federal Republic passed a law giving administrative responsibility for all these collections to Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation and endowed it with State funding. During the 1960s, the various stocks, services and personnel began to be relocated to West Berlin. To house it all, a grand new building complex on the Kulturforum was constructed near the Berlin Wall, just 1.5km away from the library in East Berlin.[7]

After German Reunification, the two institutions were formally reunited in 1992. The new West Berlin building and the original East Berlin building became "one library with two homes" and the old State Library was reborn as the Berlin State Library.[8]

[edit] Legacies of the PastMany important items from the original collection are still located in Poland and territories of the former Soviet Union - declared as war reparations, sometimes controversially - such as the Berlinka Art Collection. The original score of Beethoven's 8th Symphony is a starker example of division: while the first, second and fourth movements are in Berlin, the third is kept in Krakow.[9] Conversely, it is estimated that about 10,000 volumes and 9,000 other items in the Berlin State Library are there as a result of Nazi plunder. Repatriation and self-criticism about these materials suffered from neglect, so in 2005 the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation established the Center for Provenance Research to speed up the process. Sometimes, however, the past cannot be mended. In 2008 a Library user found an encyclopedia entitled Religion in History and the Present Day with a bookplate indicating it once belonged to a Jewish theologian. Library staff managed to find his widow in Israel, but she wrote back: "I appreciate your offer to return this book to me, but I have no use for it now." [10]

[edit] LocationsThe State Library operates from two major public sites, Haus Unter Den Linden and Haus Potstdamer Straße, called the "Library in Two Homes". [11] There are additional subsidiary locations for newspapers, magazines, and archives not open to the public.

[edit] Haus Unter Den Linden
Haus Unter den LindenThe original main building was built between 1908 and 1913 by the Prussian Construction and Financial Direction of Berlin, then responsible for public constructions in the city. The Neo Baroque design is by popular Wilhelmine court architect Ernst Eberhard von Ihne and was further adapted by Alexander Baerwald, who was in charge of the construction management. In front of the building is an equestrian statue of Frederick the Great. It was 40% damaged during World War II, and after the division of Berlin wound up in East Berlin. The building is undergoing a major expansion by HG Merz, including a new translucent central reading room on the ruins of the old dome, and will become the main historical research library housing the collection up through 1945. [12]

[edit] Haus Potstdamer Straße
Haus Potsdamer StraßeThis is the newer building in the Kulturforum on Potsdamer Straße in West Berlin, designed by Hans Scharoun with substantial participation by Edgar Wisniewski. Construction began in 1967 to house those parts of the library's evacuated holdings from the western Allied occupation zones at the end of World War II. After 11 years of construction, it was finally dedicated by Federal President Walter Scheel and opened to the public in 1978. It was renovated from 1999-2001. The building is currently being further redeveloped into a modern research library as a companion to the Haus Unter den Linden and will house the collection from 1946 onwards. [13]

[edit] Additional SitesWesthafen: located in Berlin-Moabit, this building is a renovated granary and houses the newspaper collection. It also serves as a temporary site for other major collections while the Unter den Linden building is renovated.
Friedrichshagen Storage Magazine: located in Friedrichshagen and originally constructed in 1950 for various scientific agencies of the German Democratic Republic, this site was renovated and expanded in 2011 into a technologically advanced storage facility for cultural artifacts. It encompasses 22,000 sq meters of climate-controlled space, and plans are in place to triple this size.
[edit] The CollectionMore than 11 million books
More than 200,000 rare books
4,442 incunabula
18,300 occidental manuscripts (including parts of the Nibelungenlied)
42,170 oriental manuscripts (including early Ming block prints)
250,000 autographs (including Lessing, Goethe, Kleist)
66,350 music autographs
1,400 estate archives (including the Mendelssohn family)
460,000 editions of sheet music
1.1 million maps, atlases and globes (including the world's largest bound atlas)
38,000 subscription periodicals and monographic series
180,000 early newspaper volumes
22,900 printed and magazines
24,400 licensed electronic newspapers
4,700 databases
2.3 million microfiches and microfilms
13.5 million images at the Prussian Heritage Image Archive
Among the library’s most precious treasures are the Psalter of Ludwig the German (German: Psalter Ludwigs des Deutschen) dating from the 9th century and an elaborately adorned copy of the Gutenberg Bible. The oldest handwritten book in the collection is a Coptic codex of the biblical Book of Proverbs dating from the 3rd century; the oldest printed book is an 8th century Buddhist text from Japan, the Hyakumantó Darani.[3]

The library also has an extensive collection of important music manuscripts, including 80% of all the autographs of Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the largest collection in the world. Famous examples include Bach's Mass in B Minor, the St. Matthew and St. John Passions, and nearly all of Mozart's operas. In addition to Ludwig van Beethoven's 4th, 5th, and 8th Symphonies, the Library also holds the autograph score, autograph leaves, and historic records of Beethoven's Symphony No. 9, which was added to UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register in 2001.[14]

Other notable items are a 1491 Map of Germany by Nikolaus von Kues, the Atlas of The Great Elector (German: Atlas des Großen Kurfürsten), the Jahangir-Album from around 1600, and the largest Hebrew Bible and the largest parchment Torah scroll in the world.[3]

[edit] Notable librariansSeveral notable scholars have held positions at the library, among them:

Georg Heinrich Pertz, head librarian 1842–1873
Valentin Rose, chairman of manuscript department 1886-1905
Karl Richard Lepsius, head librarian 1873–1884
Adolf von Harnack, head librarian 1905–1921
[edit] In filmThe western library played a starring role in Wim Wenders' Wings of Desire. Two angels, the stars of the film, read the thoughts of the library's patrons.

[edit] See alsoBavarian State Library
Berlin Central and Regional Library
German National Library
Kunstbibliothek Berlin
Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
Prussian Heritage Image Archive
[edit] References^ staatsbibliothek-berlin.de in German. Retrieved 02-25-2012
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Porträt [About the State Library]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/portraet/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ a b c "Die Staatsbibliothek: Zahlen und Fakten [Facts and Figures]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/portrait/zahlen-und-fakten/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Geschichte 1661-1810 [History 1661-1810]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Geschichte 1810-1945 [History 1810-1945]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Geschichte 1946- [History 1946-]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Geschichte 1945-1990 [History 1945-1990]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Geschichte 1990- [History since 1990]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/geschichte/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Kriegsfolgen [Consquences of War]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/portraet/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "German Libraries Avoid Association with Nazi Looting" (in English). Der Spiegel Online International. 24-Oct-2008. http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,586379-2,00.html. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Die Staatsbibliothek: Zwei Häuser [Two Homes]" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/portraet/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Haus Unter den Linden" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/die-gebaeude/haus-unter-den-linden/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Haus Potsdamer Straße" (in German). http://staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/die-staatsbibliothek/die-gebaeude/potsdamer-strasse/. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
^ "Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 9 in d minor, op. 125". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-12-26. http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=21327&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
[edit] External linksStaatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz
Coordinates: 52°30′23″N 13°22′13″E / 52.50639°N 13.37028°E / 52.50639; 13.37028
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Categories: National librariesBuildings and structures in BerlinNeoclassical architecture in GermanyEducation in Berlin1661 establishmentsPrussian cultural sitesLibraries in BerlinHidden categories: Articles containing German language text
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