sábado, 24 de março de 2012

LIBRARY - PART 2

arranged in carrels (perpendicular to the walls and therefore to the windows) in order to maximize lighting, with low bookcases in front of the windows. This "stall system" (fixed bookcases perpendicular to exterior walls pierced by closely spaced windows) was characteristic of English institutional libraries. In European libraries, bookcases were arranged parallel to and against the walls. This "wall system" was first introduced on a large scale in Spain's El Escorial.

[edit] Early modern period
Reading room of the Laurentian LibraryFrom the 15th century in central and northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons provided a nucleus around which an "academy" of scholars congregated in each Italian city of consequence. Cosimo de Medici in Florence established his own collection, which formed the basis of the Laurentian Library.[23] In Rome, the papal collections were brought together by Pope Nicholas V, in separate Greek and Latin libraries, and housed by Pope Sixtus IV, who consigned the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana to the care of his librarian, the humanist Bartolomeo Platina in February 1475.[24] In the 16th century Sixtus V bisected Bramante's Cortile del Belvedere with a cross-wing to house the Apostolic Library in suitable magnificence. The 16th and 17th centuries saw other privately endowed libraries assembled in Rome: the Vallicelliana, formed from the books of Saint Filippo Neri, with other distinguished libraries such as that of Cesare Baronio, the Biblioteca Angelica founded by the Augustinian Angelo Rocca, which was the only truly public library in Counter-Reformation Rome; the Biblioteca Alessandrina with which Pope Alexander VII endowed the University of Rome; the Biblioteca Casanatense of the Cardinal Girolamo Casanate; and finally the Biblioteca Corsiniana founded by the bibliophile Clement XII Corsini and his nephew Cardinal Neri Corsini, still housed in Palazzo Corsini in via della Lungara.

Tianyi Chamber, founded in 1561 by Fan Qin during the Ming Dynasty, is the oldest existing library in China. In its heyday it boasted a collection of 70,000 volumes of antique books.

The 17th and 18th centuries include what is known as a golden age of libraries;[25] during this some of the more important libraries were founded, such as the Bodleian Library at Oxford, the British Museum Library in London, the Mazarine Library and the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris, the National Central Library in Italy, the Prussian State Library, and the M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library of St Petersburg.[26]

[edit] 18th centuryThe 18th century is considered to be an advancement to all cultural developments in library history, and it is at this time that we see the beginning of the functional library. In France, the French Revolution saw the confiscation in 1789 of church libraries and rich nobles' private libraries, and their collections became state property. The confiscated stock became part of a new national library – the Bibliothèque Nationale. Two famous librarians, Hubert-Pascal Ameilhon and Joseph Van Praet, selected and identified over 300,000 books and manuscripts that became the property of the people in the Bibliothèque Nationale.[27] During the French Revolution, librarians were solely responsible for the bibliographic planning of the nation. Out of this came the implementation of the concept of library service – the democratic extension of library services to the general public regardless of wealth or education.[27]

[edit] TypesMany institutions make a distinction between a "circulation" or "lending library", (usually a public library where materials are expected and intended to be loaned to patrons, institutions, or other libraries) and a "research" or "reference library" (where the materials are selected on a basis of their natures or subject matter, and are usually not lent out). Modern libraries are often a mixture of both, as they contain a general collection for circulation, and a reference collection which is often more specialized, as well as restricted to the library premises.

National

National Library of WalesA national or state library serves as a national repository of information, and has the right of legal deposit, which is a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to deposit a copy of each publication with the library. Unlike a public library, they rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. There are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis to the repository character.[28][29] Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfil their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL). The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state.

Research
A research library contains an in-depth collection of material on one or more subjects.[30] A research library supports scholarly research and will generally include primary as well as secondary sources; it will maintain permanent collections and attempt to provide access to all necessary material. A research library is most often an academic or national library, but a large special library may have a research library within its special field and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries. A large university library may be considered a research library; and in North America they may belong to the Association of Research Libraries.[31]

A research library can be either a reference library, which does not lend its holdings, or a lending library, which does lend all or some of its holdings. Some extremely large or traditional research libraries are entirely reference in this sense, lending none of their material; most academic research libraries, at least in the U.S., now lend books, but not periodicals or other material.

Reference
A reference library does not lend books and other items; instead, they must be read at the library itself. Typically such libraries are used for research purposes, for example at a university. Some items at reference libraries may be historical and even unique. Examples of reference libraries include the British Library in London and the Bodleian Library at Oxford University. Many libraries contain a "reference section", which holds books, such as dictionaries, which are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out.[32] Such references sections may be referred to as "reading rooms", which may also include newspapers and periodicals.[33]

Public lending

The public library of Police, Poland
A community library in EthiopiaMain article: Public library
A public or public lending library provides a service to the general public and makes at least some of its books available for borrowing, so that readers may use them at home over a period of days or weeks. Typically, libraries issue library cards to community members wishing to borrow books. Many public libraries also serve as community organizations that provide free services and events to the public, such as reading groups and toddler story time.

The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for the benefit of users who were not members of an institution such as a cathedral or college was the Francis Trigge Chained Library in Grantham, Lincolnshire, established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of later public library systems. The beginning of the modern, free, open access libraries really got its start in the U.K. in 1847. Parliament appointed a committee, led by William Ewart, on Public Libraries to consider the necessity of establishing libraries through the nation: In 1849 their report noted the poor condition of library service, it recommended the establishment of free public libraries all over the country, and it led to the Public Libraries Act in 1850, which allowed all cities with populations exceeding 10,000 to levy taxes for the support of public libraries. Another important act was the 1870 Public School Law, which increased literacy, thereby the demand for libraries, so by 1877, more than 75 cities had established free libraries, and by 1900 the number had reached 300.[34] This finally marks the start of the public library as we know it. And these acts led to similar laws in other countries, most notably the U.S.

1876 is a well known year in the history of librarianship in the United States. The American Library Association was formed, as well as The American Library Journal, Melvil Dewey published his decimal based system of classification, and the United States Bureau of Education published its report, "Public libraries in the United States of America; their history, condition, and management." During the post-Civil War years, there was a rise in the establishment of public libraries, a movement led chiefly by newly formed women's clubs. They contributed their own collections of books, conducted lengthy fund raising campaigns for buildings, and lobbied within their communities for financial support for libraries, as well as with legislatures and the Carnegie Library Endowment founded in the 20th century.[35] They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country.[36]

In 1979 and 1991 White House Conferences on Library and Information Services were held to demonstrate the key role libraries play in American Democracy.[37]

The American Library Association (ALA) continues to play a major role in libraries to this day, with its public library focused division, the Public Library Association, establishing standards and planning guidelines.[38] Dewey's classification system, although under heavy criticism of late, still remains the prevailing method of classification used in the United States.

As the number of books in libraries increased, so did the need for compact storage and access with adequate lighting, giving birth to the stack system, which involved keeping a library's collection of books in a space separate from the reading room. This arrangement arose in the 19th century. Book stacks quickly evolved into a fairly standard form in which the cast iron and steel frameworks supporting the bookshelves also supported the floors, which often were built of translucent blocks to permit the passage of light (but were not transparent, for reasons of modesty). The introduction of electrical lighting had a huge impact on how the library operated. The use of glass floors was largely discontinued, though floors were still often composed of metal grating to allow air to circulate in multi-story stacks. As more space was needed, a method of moving shelves on tracks (compact shelving) was introduced to cut down on otherwise wasted aisle space.

Library 2.0, a term coined in 2005, is the library's response to the challenge of Google and an attempt to meet the changing needs of users by using web 2.0 technology. Some of the aspects of Library 2.0 include, commenting, tagging, bookmarking, discussions, use of online social networks by libraries, plug-ins, and widgets.[39] Inspired by web 2.0, it is an attempt to make the library a more user-driven institution.

Despite the importance of public libraries, they are routinely having their budgets cut by state legislature. Funding has dwindled so badly that some smaller public libraries have been forced to cut their hours and release employees.

Academic
Main article: Academic library

The Robarts Library at the University of Toronto, CanadaAn academic library is generally located on the campuses of colleges and universities and serve primarily the students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some academic libraries, especially those at public institutions, are accessible to members of the general public in whole or in part.

Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions, such as colleges and universities. The main functions of an academic library are to provide resources and research support for students and faculty of the educational institution. Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the library, such as copies of textbooks and article readings held on 'reserve' (meaning that they are loaned out only on a short-term basis, usually a matter of hours).

Academic libraries offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded coursework, which are meant to provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs.[40] These workshops may include help with citations, effective search techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. These workshops provide students with skills that can help them achieve success in their academic careers (and often, in their future occupations), which they may not learn inside the classroom.

The academic library provides a quiet study space for students on campus; it may also provide group study space, such as meeting rooms. In North America, Europe, and other parts of the world, academic libraries are becoming increasingly digitally oriented. The library provides a "gateway" for students and researchers to access various resources, both print/physical and digital.[41] Academic institutions are subscribing to electronic journals databases, providing research and scholarly writing software, and usually provide computer workstations or computer labs for students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, internet access, and course- or task-related software (i.e. word processing and spreadsheet software). They are increasingly acting as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, such as the collection and curation of digital copies of students' theses and dissertations.[42][43]

Special
All other libraries fall into the "special library" category. Many private businesses and public organizations, including hospitals, museums, research laboratories, law firms, and many government departments and agencies, maintain their own libraries for the use of their employees in doing specialized research related to their work. Special libraries may or may not be accessible to some identified part of the general public. Branches of a large academic or research libraries dealing with particular subjects are also usually called "special libraries": they are generally associated with one or more academic departments. Special libraries are distinguished from special collections, which are branches or parts of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and similar material.

[edit] Organization This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Library shelves in Hong Kong, showing numbers of the classification scheme to help readers locate works in that sectionMost libraries have materials arranged in a specified order according to a library classification system, so that items may be located quickly and collections may be browsed efficiently. Some libraries have additional galleries beyond the public ones, where reference materials are stored. These reference stacks may be open to selected members of the public. Others require patrons to submit a "stack request," which is a request for an assistant to retrieve the material from the closed stacks: see List of closed stack libraries (in progress).

Larger libraries are often divided into departments staffed by both paraprofessionals and professional librarians.

Circulation (or Access Services) – Handles user accounts and the loaning/returning and shelving of materials.
Collection Development – Orders materials and maintains materials budgets.
Reference – Staffs a reference desk answering questions from users (using structured reference interviews), instructing users, and developing library programming. Reference may be further broken down by user groups or materials; common collections are children's literature, young adult literature, and genealogy materials.
Technical Services – Works behind the scenes cataloging and processing new materials and deaccessioning weeded materials.
Stacks Maintenance – Re-shelves materials that have been returned to the library after patron use and shelves materials that have been processed by Technical Services. Stacks Maintenance also shelf reads the material in the stacks to ensure that it is in the correct library classification order.

Card used by a user to sign-out a bookBasic tasks in library management include the planning of acquisitions (which materials the library should acquire, by purchase or otherwise), library classification of acquired materials, preservation of materials (especially rare and fragile archival materials such as manuscripts), the deaccessioning of materials, patron borrowing of materials, and developing and administering library computer systems. More long-term issues include the planning of the construction of new libraries or extensions to existing ones, and the development and implementation of outreach services and reading-enhancement services (such as adult literacy and children's programming).

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published several standards regarding the management of libraries through its Technical Committee 46 (TC 46),[44] which is focused on "libraries, documentation and information centers, publishing, archives, records management, museum documentation, indexing and abstracting services, and information science". The following is a partial list of some of them:[45]

ISO 2789:2006 Information and documentation — International library statistics
ISO 11620:1998 Information and documentation — Library performance indicators
ISO 11799:2003 Information and documentation — Document storage requirements for archive and library materials
ISO 14416:2003 Information and documentation — Requirements for binding of books, periodicals, serials and other paper documents for archive and library use — Methods and materials
ISO/TR 20983:2003 Information and documentation — Performance indicators for electronic library services



[edit] BuildingsJudging from complaints made by librarians from time to time, some of the library buildings erected have failed to respond to all of the demands made upon them. In general this condition appears to have resulted from one or more of the following causes:

an effort to erect a monumental building
to conform it to a type of architecture unsuited to library purposes
the appointment, often by competition, of an architect unschooled in the requirements of a library
failure to consult with the librarian or with library experts
Much advancement has undoubtedly been made toward cooperation between architect and librarian, and many good designers have made library buildings their specialty, nevertheless it seems that the ideal type of library is not yet realized — the type so adapted to its purpose that it would be immediately recognized as such, as is the case with school buildings at the present time. This does not mean that library constructions should conform rigidly to a fixed standard of appearance and arrangement, but it does mean that the exterior should express as nearly as possible the purpose and functions of the interior.[46]

[edit] Usage This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

Until the advent of digital catalogues, card catalogues were the traditional method of organizing the list of resources and their location within a large libraryPatrons may not know how to fully use the library's resources. This can be due to some individuals' unease in approaching a staff member. Ways in which a library's content is displayed or accessed may have the most impact on use. An antiquated or clumsy search system, or staff unwilling or untrained to engage their patrons, will limit a library's usefulness. In the public libraries of the United States, beginning in the 19th century, these problems drove the emergence of the library instruction movement, which advocated library user education. One of the early leaders was John Cotton Dana. The basic form of library instruction is sometimes known as information literacy.

Libraries should inform their users of what materials are available in their collections and how to access that information. Before the computer age, this was accomplished by the card catalogue — a cabinet (or multiple cabinets) containing many drawers filled with index cards that identified books and other materials. In a large library, the card catalogue often filled a large room. The emergence of the Internet, however, has led to the adoption of electronic catalogue databases (often referred to as "webcats" or as online public access catalogues, OPACs), which allow users to search the library's holdings from any location with Internet access. This style of catalogue maintenance is compatible with new types of libraries, such as digital libraries and distributed libraries, as well as older libraries that have been retrofitted. Electronic catalogue databases are criticized by some who believe that the old card catalogue system was both easier to navigate and allowed retention of information, by writing directly on the cards, that is lost in the electronic systems.[47] This argument is analogous to the debate over paper books and e-books. While libraries have been accused of precipitously throwing out valuable information in card catalogues, most modern ones have nonetheless made the move to electronic catalogue databases. Large libraries may be scattered within multiple buildings across a town, each having multiple floors, with multiple rooms housing the resources across a series of shelves. Once a user has located a resource within the catalogue, they must then use navigational guidance to retrieve the resource physically; a process that may be assisted through signage, maps, GPS systems or RFID tagging.

Finland has the highest number of registered book borrowers per capita in the world. Over half of Finland's population are registered borrowers.[48] In the U.S., public library users have borrowed on ovarage roughly 15 books per user per year from 1856 to 1978. From 1978 to 2004, book circulation per user declined approximately 50%. The growth of audiovisuals circulation, estimated at 25% of total circulation in 2004, accounts for about half of this decline.[49]

[edit] Shift to digital librariesSee also: Digital Library

Interior of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Alexandria, Egypt, showing both stacks and computer terminalsIn the 21st century there has been increasing use of the Internet to gather and retrieve data. The shift to digital libraries has greatly impacted the way people use physical libraries. Between 2002 and 2004, the average American academic library saw the overall number of transactions decline approximately 2.2%.[50] Libraries are trying to keep up with the digital world and the new generation of students that are used to having information just one click away. For example, the University of California Library System saw a 54% decline in circulation between 1991 to 2001 of 8,377,000 books to 3,832,000.[51]

These facts might be a consequence of the increased availability of e-resources. In 1999–2000, 105 ARL university libraries spent almost $100 million on electronic resources, which is an increase of nearly $23 million from the previous year.[52] A 2003 report by the Open E-book Forum found that close to a million e-books had been sold in 2002, generating nearly $8 million in revenue.[53] Another example of the shift to digital libraries can be seen in Cushing Academy’s decision to dispense with its library of printed books — more than 20,000 volumes in all — and switch over entirely to digital media resources.[54]


Stacks of the José Vasconcelos Library in Mexico CityOne claim to why there is a decrease in the usage of libraries stems from the observation of the research habits of undergraduate students enrolled in colleges and universities. There have been claims that college undergraduates have become more used to retrieving information from the Internet than a traditional library. As each generation becomes more in tune with the Internet, their desire to retrieve information as quickly and easily as possible has increased. Finding information by simply searching the Internet could be much easier and faster than reading an entire book. In a survey conducted by NetLibrary, 93% of undergraduate students claimed that finding information online makes more sense to them than going to the library. Also, 75% of students surveyed claimed that they did not have enough time to go to the library and that they liked the convenience of the Internet. While the retrieving information from the Internet may be efficient and time saving than visiting a traditional library, research has shown that undergraduates are most likely searching only .03% of the entire web.[55] The information that they are finding might be easy to retrieve and more readily available, but may not be as in depth as information from other resources such as the books available at a physical library.

In the mid 2000s Swedish company Distec invented a library book vending machine known as the GoLibrary, that offers library books to people where there is no branch, limited hours, or high traffic locations such as El Cerrito del Norte BART station in California.

[edit] The internetA library may make use of the internet in a number of ways. A library may make the contents of their catalogues searchable online. Some specialised search engines such as Google Scholar offer a way to facilitate searching for academic resources such as journal articles and research papers. The Online Computer Library Center allows library records to be searched online through its WorldCat database.[56] Websites such as LibraryThing and Amazon provide abstracts, reviews and recommendations of books.[56] Libraries provide computers and internet access to allow people to search for information online.[57] Online information access is particularly attractive to younger library users.[58][59][60][61]

Digitisation of books, particularly those that are out-of-print, on projects such as Google Books provide resources for library and other online users. Due to their holdings of valuable material, libraries are important partners for search engines such as Google in realising the potential of such projects and have received reciprocal benefits in cases where they have negotiated effectively.[62] As the prominence and reliance on the internet has grown, library services are moving the emphasis from providing print resources to providing computers and internet access.[63] Libraries face a number of challenges in adapting to new ways of information seeking that may stress convenience over quality,[64] reducing the priority of information literacy skills.[65] The potential decline in library usage, particularly reference services,[66] puts the necessity of these services in doubt.

Library scholars have acknowledged that libraries need to address the ways that they market their services if they are to compete with the internet and mitigate the risk of losing users.[67] This includes promoting the information literacy skills training considered vital across the library profession.[68][69][65] However, marketing of services has to be adequately supported financially in order to be successful. This can be problematic for library services that are publicly funded and find it difficult to justify diverting tight funds to apparently peripheral areas such as branding and marketing.[70]

[edit] AssociationsSee also: List of library associations
The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) is the leading international association of library organisations. It is the global voice of the library and information profession, and its annual conference provides a venue for librarians to learn from one another.[71] National associations include the American Library Association, the Australian Library and Information Association, and the Research Libraries UK. Library bodies such as CILIP may advocate the role that libraries and librarians can play in a modern internet environment, and in the teaching of information literacy skills.[72] [68]

Public library advocacy is support given to a public library for its financial and philosophical goals or needs. Most often this takes the form of monetary or material donations or campaigning to the institutions which oversee the library, sometimes by advocacy groups such as Friends of Libraries. Originally, library advocacy was centred on the library itself, but current trends show libraries positioning themselves to demonstrate they provide "economic value to the community."[73]

[edit] LawsUnited States
In the United States, each state has complete control of the library situation within its boundaries. State library legislation has concerned itself mainly with the following topics:

founding of libraries
their administration and supervision by library commissions, etc.
development of school libraries
development of country and rural libraries
development of traveling libraries
Legislative reference bureaus and provision for popular lectures and for educational extension by means of the library are provided for by some states.[74]

[edit] Islam
Qur'an manuscript on display at the Bibliotheca AlexandrinaThe centrality of the Qurʾān as the prototype of the written word in Islam bears significantly on the role of books within its intellectual tradition and educational system.[75] An early impulse in Islam was to manage reports of events, key figures and their sayings and actions. Thus, "the onus of being the last 'People of the Book' engendered an ethos of [librarianship]"[76] early on and the establishment of important book repositories throughout the Muslim world has occurred ever since.

Upon the spread of Islam, libraries in newly Islamic lands knew a brief period of expansion in the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily and Spain. Like the Christian libraries, they mostly contained books which were made of paper, and took a codex or modern form instead of scrolls; they could be found in mosques, private homes, and universities, from Timbuktu to Afghanistan and modern day Pakistan. In Aleppo, for example, the largest and probably the oldest mosque library, the Sufiya, located at the city's Grand Umayyad Mosque, contained a large book collection of which 10,000 volumes were reportedly bequeathed by the city's most famous ruler, Prince Sayf al-Dawla.[77] Ibn al-Nadim's bibliography Fihrist demonstrates the devotion of medieval Muslim scholars to books and reliable sources; it contains a description of thousands of books circulating in the Islamic world circa 1000, including an entire section for books about the doctrines of other religions. Modern Islamic libraries for the most part do not hold these antique books; many were lost, destroyed by Mongols,[78] or removed to European libraries and museums during the colonial period.[79]




[edit] Lists of librariesMain articles: List of libraries and List of national libraries
See also: List of larger libraries in the ancient world and Category:Libraries
[edit] See also Library and information science portal
Angus Snead Macdonald
Chinese Library Classification (CLC)
Controlled vocabulary
Decline of library usage
Dewey Decimal Classification
Digital reference services
Document management system
Federal depository library
Green library
Interlibrary loan
Libraries & the Cultural Record
Library 2.0
Library catalog
Library classification
Library history
Library science
Library of Congress Classification
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Library Services and Construction Act
Mellon's Theory of Library Anxiety
National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped
Public Library of Science

[edit] References^ Martin Schrettinger (1803): Versuch eines volltsändigen Lehrbuches der Bibliothek-Wissenschaft. Munich
^ Casson, Lionel (11 Aug 2002). "Libraries in the Ancient World". Yale University Press. p. 3. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ECBkVPQkNSsC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ a b Krasner-Khait, Barbara (2010 [last update]). "History Magazine". history-magazine.com. http://www.history-magazine.com/libraries.html. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ Maclay, Kathleen (6 May 2003). "Clay cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia to be placed online". http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2003/05/06_tablet.shtml. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ Renfrew, Colin. Prehistory The Making Of The Human Mind, New York: Modern Library, 2008.
^ Roberts, John Morris (17 Jul 1997). "A short history of the world". Oxford University Press. p. 35. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3QZXvUhGwhAC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
^ The American International Encyclopedia, New York: J. J. Little & Ives, 1954; Volume IX
^ Britishmuseum.org "Assurbanipal Library Phase 1", British Museum One
^ "Epic of Creation", in Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia. Oxford, 1989; pp. 233-81
^ "Epic of Gilgamesh", in Dalley, Stephanie. Myths from Mesopotamia. Oxford, 1989; pp. 50–135
^ Van De Mieroop, Marc. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000–323 BC. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2007: pg. 263
^ Zurndorfer, Harriet Thelma (1995). China bibliography: a research guide ... – Google Books. ISBN 978-90-04-10278-1. http://books.google.com/?id=uu5zn7-ImJoC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=imperial+library+library+classification+system&q=imperial%20library%20library%20classification%20system. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
^ Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Sagan, C 1980, "Episode 1: The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean"
^ a b c Phillips, Heather A., "The Great Library of Alexandria?". Library Philosophy and Practice, August 2010
^ Seneca, De tranquillitate animi ix.4–7.
^ "Stradavinisaporifc.it". Stradavinisaporifc.it. http://www.stradavinisaporifc.it/cesena.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
^ Goeje, M. J. de, ed. (1906). "Al-Muqaddasi: Ahsan al-Taqasim" (in Arabic). Bibliotheca geographorum Arabicorum. III. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 449.
^ a b Mukherjee, A. K. Librarianship: Its Philosophy and History. Asia Publishing House (1966) p. 86
^ International dictionary of library histories, 29
^ "Montecassino, one of the most important libraries in the world.". crossingitaly.net. 2012 [last update]. http://www.crossingitaly.net/travel/936/montecassino-one-of-the-most-important-libraries-in-the-world/. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^ Streeter, Burnett Hillman (10 Mar 2011). "The Chained Library". Cambridge University Press. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jM-OY0LCHCEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chained+libraries&hl=en&sa=X&ei=guNVT9v8CMTV8QPmmaTbCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Chained%20libraries&f=false. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^ Geo. Haven Putnam (1962). Books and Their Makers in the Middle Ages. Hillary.
^ Survivor: the History of the Library, history-magazine.com
^ This section on Roman Renaissance libraries follows Kenneth M. Setton, "From Medieval to Modern Library" Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 104.4, Dedication of the APS Library Hall, Autumn General Meeting, November, 1959 (August 1960:371–390) p. 372 ff.
^ Stockwell, Foster (2001). "A history of information storage and retrieval". McFarland. p. 93. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYGrRynxtMUC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ Stockwell, Foster (2000). A History of Information and Storage Retrieval. ISBN 0-7864-0840-5.
^ a b Mukherjee, A. K. (1966) Librarianship: its Philosophy and History. Asia Publishing House; p. 112
^ Line, Maurice B.; Line, J. (1979). "Concluding notes". National libraries, Aslib, pp. 317–318
^ Lor, P. J.; Sonnekus, E. A. S. (1997). "Guidelines for Legislation for National Library Services", IFLA. Retrieved on 2009-01-10.
^ Young, Heartsill (1983). ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science. Chicago, IL: American Library Association. p. 188. ISBN 0-8389-0371-1. OCLC 8907224.
^ "Association of Research Libraries (ARL) :: Member Libraries". arl.org. 2012 [last update]. http://www.arl.org/arl/membership/members.shtml. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ George Ehrenhaft, William Howard Armstrong, M. Willard Lampe (Aug 2004). "Barron's pocket guide to study tips". Barron's Educational Series. p. 263. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_lwXXb_QmLAC&pg=PA263#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
^ Champneys}, Amian L. (2007). "Public Libraries". Jeremy Mills Publishing. p. 93. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nET95M8fc_YC&pg=PA90#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
^ Harris, Michael H. (1984). The History of Libraries in the Western World. London: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1666-0.
^ Paula D. Watson, “Founding Mothers: The Contribution of Woman’s Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States”, Library Quarterly, Vol. 64, Issue 3, 1994, p.236
^ Teva Scheer, “The “Praxis” Side of the Equation: Club Women and American Public Administration”, Administrative Theory & Praxis, Vol. 24, Issue 3, 2002, p.525
^ Mathews, Virginia H. 2004. Libraries, citizens & advocacy: the lasting effects of two White House Conferences on Library and Information Services. [Washington, D.C.?]: White House Conference on Libraries and Information Services Taskforce.
^ McCook, Kathleen de la Peña (2011). Introduction to Public Librarianship, pp. 75–99. ISBN 978-1-55570-697-5.
^ Cohen, L.B. (2007). "A Manifesto for our time". American Libraries 38: 47–9.
^ For an example, see: http://main.library.utoronto.ca/workshops/
^ Dowler, Lawrence (1997). Gateways to knowledge: the role of academic libraries in teaching, learning, and research. ISBN 0-262-04159-6.
^ http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/anunobi-okoye.htm
^ See: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/
^ "ISO – Technical committees – TC 46 – Information and documentation". ISO.org. http://www.iso.org/iso/standards_development/technical_committees/list_of_iso_technical_committees/iso_technical_committee.htm?commid=48750. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
^ "ISO – ISO Standards – TC 46 – Information and documentation". ISO.org. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=48750. Retrieved 2010-03-07.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Edwin Wiley (1920). "Library Architecture and Construction". Encyclopedia Americana.
^ Mamis, Joshua (25 November 2011). "Dewey Decimal didn't die". New Haven Independent. http://www.newhavenindependent.org/index.php/archives/entry/life_death_of_the_card_catalog/. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
^ Pantzar, Katja (September 2010). "The humble Number One: Finland". This is Finland. http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160064&contentlan=2&culture=en-US. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
^ Statistics on Book Circulation Per User of U.S. Public Libraries Since 1856 from galbithink.org
^ Applegate, Rachel. "Whose Decline? Which Academic Libraries are "Deserted" in Terms of Reference Transactions?" Reference & User Services Quarterly; 2nd ser. 48 (2008): 176–89. Print.
^ University of California Library Statistics 1990–91, University-wide Library Planning, University of California Office of the President (July 1991): 12; University of California Library Statistics July 2001, 7, Ucop.edu, accessed July 17, 2005; University of California Library Statistics July 2004, 7, Ucop.edu. Retrieved July 17, 2005.
^ "ARL Libraries Spend Nearly $100 Million on Electronic Resources," ARL Bimonthly Report 219, Association of Research Libraries (December 2001), ARL.org . Retrieved July 17, 2005.
^ Striphas, Ted. The Late Age of Print: Everday Book Culture From Consumerism to Control. New York City: Columbia University Press, 2009. Print.
^ Striphas, Ted. "Books: "An Outdated Technology?" Weblog post. The Late Age of Print. 4 September 2009. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. Thelateageofprint.org
^ Troll, Denise A. "How and Why are Libraries Changing?" Digital Library Federation. Library Information Technology – Carnegie Mellon, 9 January 2001. Web. 29 November 2009. Diglib.org
^ a b Grossman, W. M. (2009). Why you can't find a library book in your search engine. The Guardian. [1] Accessed: 23rd March 2010
^ Mostafa, J.(2005). ‘Seeking Better Web Searches.’ Scientific America. Vol. 292. (2). pp. 51–57
^ Corradini, E, (2006). Teenagers Analyse their Public Library. New Library World. Vol. 107 (1230/1231). pp. 481–498. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. [2] Accessed: 25 February 2010
^ Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2005). Youth Matters. [3] Accessed: 7 March 2010
^ Nippold, M. A., Duthie, J. K. & Larsen, J. (2005). Literacy as a Leisure Activity: Free-time preferences of Older Children and Young Adolescents. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools. Vol.5. (2). pp. 34–38. In: Snowball, C. (2008). Enticing Teenagers into the Library. Library Review. Vol. 57. (1). pp. 25–35. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. [4] Accessed: 25 February 2010
^ Museums, Libraries and Archives, Department of Culture, Media and Sport & Laser Foundation. (2006). A Research Study of 14–35 year olds for the Future Development of Public Libraries. [5] Accessed: 7 March 2010
^ Darnton, R. (2009). Google & the Future of Books. New York Review of Books. 55 (2). [6] Accessed: 23rd March 2010
^ Garrod, P. (2004). Public Libraries: The changing face of the public library. Ariadne. Issue 39. [7] Accessed 26th March 2010
^ Abram, S. & Luther, J. (2004). Born with the Chip: The next generation will profoundly impact both library service and the culture within the profession. Library Journal. [8] Accessed: 26th March 2010
^ a b Bell, S. (2005). Backtalk: don't surrender library values. Library Journal. [9] Accessed: 20 April 2010
^ Novotny, E. (2002). Reference service statistics and assessment. SPEC kit. Pennsylvania State University. [10] Accessed: 16th March 2010
^ Vrana, R., and Barbaric, A. (2007). Improving visibility of public libraries in the local community: A study of five public libraries in Zagreb, Croatia. New Library World. 108 (9/10). pp 435–444.
^ a b CILIP. (2010). An introduction to information literacy. London: CILIP. [11] Accessed: 13 April 2010
^ Kenney, B. (2004). Googlizers vs. Resistors: Library leaders debate our relationship with search engines. Library Journal. [12] Accessed: 26th March 2010
^ Hood, D. & Henderson, K. (2005). Branding in the United Kingdom Public Library Service. New Library World. 106 (1208/1209), pp. 16–28
^ "International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)". ifla.org. 2012 [last update]. http://www.ifla.org/. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
^ Rowlands, I., Nicholas, D., Williams, P., Huntington, P., Fieldhouse, M., Gunter, B., Withey, R., Jamali, H. R., Dobrowolski, T., and Tenopir, C. (2008). The Google generation: the information behaviour of the researcher of the future. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives. 60 (4), 290–310. Available: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?contentType=Article&Filename=/published/emeraldfulltextarticle/pdf/2760600401.pdf. [Accessed: 19th April 2010]
^ Miller, Ellen G. (2009). "Hard Times = A New Brand of Advocacy." Georgia Library Quarterly. 46:1.
^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Edwin Wiley (1920). "Library Laws and Legislation in the United States". Encyclopedia Americana.
^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1992). "Oral Transmission and The Book in Islamic Education: The Spoken and The Written Word". Journal of Islamic Studies 3 (1): 1–14.
^ Nanji, Azim (2008). Landolt, Hermann; Sheikh, Samira; Kassam, Kutub. eds. An Anthology of Ismaili Literature: A Shi'i Vision of Islam. London: IB Tauris. p. xiii.
^ Sibai M. (1987). Mosque libraries: An Historical Study. Mansell Publishing Limited. p. 71. ISBN 0-7201-1896-4.
^ Chief among the libraries destroyed by the Mongol hordes was that of the Shia Ismaili Muslim community who occupied a network of mountain fortresses – lead from the castle of Alamut – beginning from the end of the eleventh century to about 1256 CE. “The Fatimids and their successors at Alamut were great lovers and patrons of books, and their vast libraries attracted scholars of every creed from far and wide. The Imam al-Hakim even provided ink, pens, paper, and inkstands free of charge for all who sought learning in the ‘House of Knowledge’ (dār al-ʿilm). We can only imagine the horror the Ismailis would have felt when they witnessed the destruction of the literary legacy they had so painstakingly fostered. Al-Maqrizi (d.845/1442) describes how great hills of ashes were formed when the slaves and maids of the Luwata Berber tribe burned the Fatimid books. As an act of further desecration, they used the precious bindings of the volumes to make sandals for their feet. Similarly, Juwayni exults at torching the Ismaili library of Alamut, “the fame of which,” he adds, “had spread throughout the world.” See, Shafique N. Virani (2007). The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, a Search for Salvation. Oxford University Press.
^ John L. Esposito (ed.) (1995). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506613-8.
[edit] Further readingBarnard, T. D. F. (ed.) (1967) Library Buildings: design and fulfilment; papers read at the Week-end Conference of the London and Home Counties Branch of the Library Association, held at Hastings, 21st-23rd April, 1967. London: Library Association (London and Home Counties Branch)
Terry Belanger Lunacy & the Arrangement of Books, New Castle, Del.: Oak Knoll Books, 1983; 3rd ptg 2003, ISBN 9781584560999
Bieri, Susanne & Fuchs, Walther (2001) Bibliotheken bauen: Tradition und Vision = Building for Books: traditions and visions. Basel: Birkhäuser ISBN 3764364297
Ellsworth, Ralph E. (1973) Academic Library Buildings: a guide to architectural issues and solutions. 530 pp. Boulder: Associated University Press
Fraley, Ruth A. & Anderson, Carol Lee (1985) Library Space Planning: how to assess, allocate, and reorganize collections, resources, and physical facilities. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers ISBN 0918212448
Mason, Ellsworth (1980) Mason on Library Buildings. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press ISBN 0810812916
Orr, J. M. (1975) Designing Library Buildings for Activity; 2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch ISBN 0233966226
Thompson, Godfrey (1973) Planning and Design of Library Buildings. London: Architectural Press ISBN 0851395260
[edit] External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Libraries
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Library
Look up library in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Libraries at the Open Directory Project
Centre for the History of the Book, hss.ed.ac.uk
Wikisource. The Free Library
Texts on Wikisource:
John Cotton Dana (1920). "Libraries, Special, Commercial and Industrial". Encyclopedia Americana.
"Library Publications". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
Henry Richard Tedder; James Duff Brown (1911). "Libraries". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
James Morton Paton; Charles Alexander Nelson; Melvil Dewey; James Hulme Canfield (1905). "Libraries". New International Encyclopedia.
A Library Primer by John Cotton Dana (1899)
John D. Champlin, Jr. (1879). "Library". The American Cyclopædia.
Libraries: Frequently Asked Questions, ibiblio.org
A Library Primer, by John Cotton Dana, 1903, setting out the basics of organizing and running a library. gutenberg.org

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